Temitope Faleye

Nigerian Institute of Medical Research | NIMR · Center for Human Virology and Genomics Department of Microbiology

Background Local transmission of seasonal influenza viruses (IVs) can be difficult to resolve. Here, we study if coupling high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes with variant analysis can resolve strains from local transmission that have identical consensus genome. We analyzed 24 samples collected over fo...

This study was designed to sample the fecal Resistome of Pigs from a small-scale Piggery in Ibadan, SouthWest Nigeria. Three fecal pellets were randomly picked from the floor of unit pens containing a minimum of three pigs per unit in selected piggery in Ibadan, Nigeria. The samples were pooled and resuspended in phosphate buffered saline. The susp...

Out of prescription, indiscriminate use, misuse and abuse of antibiotic administration and/or usage in both humans and farm animals have led to a consistent interference and contamination of biomes and ecobiomes. These resultantly give platforms for positive selection of resistant pathogens and high levels of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs). We...

We recently investigated the presence of enteroviruses (EVs) in non-human primates (NHPs) in Northern Nigeria and documented the presence of EV-A76 of South-East Asian ancestry in an NHP. In this study, we go further to ask if we could also find EVs in NHPs indigenous to the forested South-south Nigeria. Fresh faecal samples were collected from the...

Human enteroviruses (EVs) are highly prevalent in sewage and have been associated with human diseases with complications leading to severe neurological syndromes. We have used a recently developed molecular method to investigate the presence of EVs in eight samples collected in 2017–2018 from water streams contaminated by drainage channels in three...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from a zoonotic spill-over event and has led to a global pandemic. The public health response has been predominantly informed by surveillance of symptomatic individuals and contact tracing, with quarantine, and other preventive measures have then been applied to mitigate further s...

We describe the complete capsid of a genotype C1-like Enterovirus A71 variant recovered from wastewater in a neighborhood in the greater Tempe, Arizona area (Southwest United States) in May 2020 using a pan-enterovirus amplicon-based high-throughput sequencing strategy. The variant seems to have been circulating for over two years, but its sequence...

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is both a major public health concern and emerging global health concern, with a documented incidence of 20 million, 3.4 million clinical cases, 70,000 deaths, and 3,000 stillbirths. The aetiologic agent, HEV is a primarily enterally transmitted hepatotropic virus. Fecal samples were collected from three selected p...

Here, we describe the near-complete genome of an enterovirus F (EV-F) isolate from Nigeria. The obtained sequence was 7,378 nucleotides (nt) long and encodes 2 open reading frames (ORFs), an upstream ORF (uORF; 56 amino acids [aa]) and a polyprotein ORF (ppORF; 2,167 aa). Both ORFs overlap but are in different reading frames, with the uORF in a +1...

The genomes of seven novel members of previously described DNA and RNA virus families are described here. These viruses were recovered using a viral metagenomic approach from the stool of a drill monkey (Mandrillus leucophaeus) housed in a sanctuary in Cross River State, Nigeria.

The genomes of seven novel members of previously described DNA and RNA virus families are described here. These viruses were recovered using a viral metagenomic approach from the stool of a drill monkey ( Mandrillus leucophaeus ) housed in a sanctuary in Cross River State, Nigeria.

In 2018, a 26-month-old girl, fully vaccinated with Rotarix in 2016, presented with fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. A rapid test showed that her feces contained rotavirus A (RVA). VP7 reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and Illumina sequencing showed that a G1P[8] strain with a Wa-like genotype constellation was the etiologic agent. This is the first...

Here, we describe nearly complete genome sequences (7,361 nucleotides [nt] and 6,893 nt) of two echovirus 20 (E20) isolates from Nigeria that were simultaneously typed as CVB and E20 (dual serotype) by neutralization assay. Both include two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) of 67 and 2,183 amino acids that encoded a recently described gut infe...

In light of recurrent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus 2 (cVDPV2) in Nigeria, we describe the genome sequence of a coxsackievirus A20 strain (CVA20). The nonstructural region (NSR) of this CVA20 genome showed that the enigmatic NSRs in recombinant cVDPV2s (GenBank accession numbers JX275140 and KX162716 ) found in Nigeria were fr...

Enteroviruses (EVs) are of enormous public health significance being the etiological agents of an array of clinical conditions, local fermented product may confer protection in the gastrointestinal tract against EVs. Omidun (supernatant of fermented maize) has been traditionally used to reduce the frequency of stooling during diarrheal episodes. Ho...

Here, we describe the genome of an echovirus 7 (E7) isolate of Southeast Asian ancestry recovered from a child in Nigeria with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). The genome has 7,295 nucleotides (nt) and an open reading frame (ORF) with 2,195 amino acids.

The anti-enteroviral activity of three stilbenoids isolated from the leaves of Macaranga barteri was investigated using the cytopathic effect reduction assay. The stilbenes were inactive against echovirus E13 but showed activity against echoviruses E7 and E19. In particular, vedelianin (2), schweinfurthin G (3) and mappain (1) elicited antiviral ac...

Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) is responsible for the most severe form of liver disease in humans. So far, eight genotypes (HDV‐1 to ‐8) have been individualized worldwide. Little is known about HDV strains that spread in Nigeria. HDV genotyping was performed in 15 positive anti‐HDV‐antibody samples from a cohort of 306 HBV‐infected patients in Abuja...

Echovirus 7, 13 and 19 are part of the diseases-causing enteroviruses identified in Nigeria. Presently, no treatment modality is clinically available against these enteric viruses. Herein, we investigated the ability of two anthraquinones (physcion and chrysophanol) and two lupane triterpenoids (betulinic acid and lupeol), isolated from the stem ba...

We describe the draft genome of a bovine enterovirus (EV) isolate recovered from sewage in Nigeria. This isolate replicates on both RD and L20B cell lines but is negative for all EV screens in use by the Global Poliovirus Eradication Initiative (GPEI). It contains 7,368 nucleotides (nt) with 50.2% G+C content and an open reading frame (ORF) with 6,...

Here we describe the genome of an Echovirus 7 isolate of South-East Asian ancestry recovered from a child with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Nigeria. The genome has 7,295nt and an open reading frame with 2,195 amino acids.

We describe the genomes of two echovirus isolates from Nigeria as reference enterovirus species B genomes for the region. These echovirus 7 and 19 genomes have 7,411 nucleotides (nt) and 7,426 nt and were recovered from sewage-contaminated water (in 2010) and an acute flaccid paralysis case (in 2014), respectively.

Objectives: In a polio-free world there might be reduced funding for poliovirus surveillance. There is therefore the need to ensure that enterovirologist globally, especially those outside the global polio laboratory network, can participate in poliovirus surveillance without neglecting their enterovirus type of interest. To accomplish this, assay...

The WHO recommended cell-culture-based algorithm requires enterovirus (EV) isolates to produce reproducible cytopathic effect (R-CPE) in RD and/or L20b cell lines. Samples with non-reproducible CPE (NR-CPE) are considered negative for EVs. We investigated whether there could be EVs lurking in samples with NR-CPE. Fifty-nine (59) cell culture supern...

We previously attempted to identify 96 nonpolio enteroviruses (EVs) recovered in RD cell culture from children <15 years with acute flaccid paralysis in Nigeria. We succeeded in identifying 69 of the isolates. Here, we describe an attempt to identify the remaining 27 isolates. Twenty-six (the 27th isolate was exhausted) isolates/samples that could...

Here we describe the genome of an Echovirus 7 isolate of South-East Asian ancestry recovered from a child with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Nigeria. The genome has 7,295nt and an open reading frame with 2,195 amino acids.

We describe the draft genome of a Bovine enterovirus (EV) recovered from sewage in Nigeria. The virus replicates on both RD and L20B cell lines, but is negative for all EV screens in use by the GPEI. It contains 7,368nt, with 50.2% G+C content and an ORF with 6,525nt (2,174aa).

Enteroviruses have been associated with a host of clinical presentations including acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). The site of primary replication for most enteroviruses is the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may confer protection in the GIT against them. This study therefore investigates the antiviral potential of some s...

We describe the genomes of two Echovirus isolates from Nigeria as reference enterovirus species B genomes for the region. These Echovirus 7 and 19 genomes have 7,411nt and 7,426nt, and were recovered from sewage contaminated water (in 2010) and an acute flaccid paralysis case (in 2014), respectively.

In light of the ongoing cVDPV2 outbreak in Nigeria, we describe the draft genome of a CVA20 strain from a child with AFP. The non-structural region of this genome unambiguously unveiled the source of such regions in recombinant cVDPV2s (JX275140 and KX162716) found in Nigeria in 2008 and 2015, respectively.

Background: Echoviruses, a serotype of enteroviruses, infect millions of people globally and there is no specific drug treatment or vaccine available for its management. The screening of medicinal plants used locally for the treatment of infectious diseases, can provide a reliable option in the discovery of potent therapeutic compounds. This study...

We present the draft genome of Mycoplasma arginini strain NGR_2017. This strain was recovered in Nigeria from cell culture in 2017. The assembly contains 620,555 bp in 12 contigs. It contains 561 coding sequences, 34 RNAs (29 tRNAs, 4 rRNAs, and 1 transfer-messenger RNA [tmRNA]), and a >26-kb integrative and conjugative element.

We previously attempted to identify 96 nonpolio enteroviruses (EVs) recovered on RD cell culture from children <15 years with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Nigeria. We succeeded in identifying 69 of the isolates. Here, we describe an attempt to identify the remaining 27 isolates. Twenty-six (the 27 th isolate was exhausted) isolates that could n...

Purpose: We recently showed that enteroviruses (EVs) andenterovirus species C (EV-C) in particular were abundant in faecal samples from children who had been diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Nigeria but declared to be EV-free by the RD-L20B cell culture-based algorithm. In this study, we investigated whether this observed prepondera...

Contact points between humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) during the past decades have increased significantly in Africa. This provides opportunities for large scale emergence of novel virus types and species with unpredictable pathogenicity and clinical impacts. This study was designed to investigate and catalogue Enteroviruses (EVs) present in c...

This study was designed to compare both the cell culture dependent and independent enterovirus detection algorithms recommended by the WHO and assess how either might impact our perception of the diversity of enterovirus types present in a sample. Sixteen paired samples (16 isolates from RD cell culture and their corresponding stool suspension, i.e...

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) remains a major public health concern in resource limited regions of the world. Yet data reporting is suboptimal and surveillance system is inadequate. In Nigeria, there is dearth of information on prevalence of acute HEV infection. This study was therefore designed to describe acute HEV infection among antenatal clinic atte...

We recently showed that Enteroviruses (EVs); majorly species Cs (EV-Cs) were present in about 46.7% of faecal samples from children <15 years old diagnosed with Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) in Nigeria but declared to be EV free by the RD-L20B cell culture based algorithm. In this study, we investigated whether this observed preponderance of EVs (a...

Recently, a reverse transcriptase semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-snPCR) assay was recommended by the WHO for direct detection of enteroviruses in clinical specimens. In this study, we use this assay and a modification thereof to screen acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) samples that had previously tested negative for enteroviruses by the RD-L...

In 2010, we described sewage contaminated water (SCW) bodies that consistently yielded enteroviruses (EVs) in enterovirus surveillance (ES) sites in Lagos, Nigeria. By 2012, we demonstrated the presence and circulation of Wild Poliovirus 3 (WPV3) in these ES sites. Here we describe ES sites that consistently yield EVs in Ibadan metropolis southwest...

Background The need to investigate the contribution of non-polio enteroviruses to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cannot be over emphasized as we move towards a poliovirus free world. Hence, we aim to identify non-polio enteroviruses recovered from the faeces of children diagnosed with AFP in Nigeria. Methods Ninety-six isolates, (95 unidentified an...

Echovirus 29 (E29) is a member of Species Enterovirus B (EV-B) in the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae , order Picornavirinae . In Nigeria, molecular characterization of E29 was first described in 2002. In 2015, we found that a new clade of E29 had replaced that described in Nigeria in 2002-2003. To date, E29 isolates described from Nigeria...

The CD4 T lymphocytes play a key role in achieving a regulated effective immune response to foreign antigens. It is also a valuable parameter for assessing HIV disease progression. However, variations in CD4 T lymphocyte values due to diverse factors have been reported. We evaluated CD4 T lymphocytes among healthy community dwellers who tested nega...

With poliovirus eradication within reach, the WHO has included in its recommendations a cell-culture independent algorithm for enterovirus surveillance. This study was designed to compare both the cell culture dependent and independent algorithms and assess how either might impact our perception of the diversity of enterovirus types present in a sa...

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) remains a major public health concern in resource limited regions of the world. Yet data reporting is suboptimal and surveillance system inadequate. In Nigeria, there is dearth of information on prevalence of acute HEV infection. This study was therefore designed to describe acute HEV infection among antenatal clinic attende...

We describe the characterization of an enterovirus isolate recovered from untreated raw sewage in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria in 2010. The isolate was neutralized by specific antisera and consequently identified as Echovirus 7 (E7). Subsequent molecular characterization showed the isolate to be a mixture of E7 and Coxsackievirus A24 (CV-A24) thereby...

Samples showing cytopathology (CPE) on initial inoculation into L20B cell line but with no observed or reproducible CPE on passage in L20B or RD are considered negative for both poliovirus and nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs). The phenomenon is termed ‘non-reproducible CPE’. Its occurrence is usually ascribed to the likely presence of reoviruses, ade...

Leaf and gel extracts of Aloe schweinfurthii and A. vera were subjected to in vitro antioxidant assay using 2,2-diphennyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), brine shrimp lethality bioassay, and cytotoxicity using the MTT assay with two human cancer cell lines: Rd and Hep-2c. Extracts of A. schweinfurthii gel had IC50 values of 44.59; A. vera gel, 41.48, and...

We recently detected EV-A119 and EV-B111 (previously shown to co-circulate between nonhuman primates (NHPs) and humans) in Nigerian children diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). This study was designed to investigate and catalogue EVs present in captive NHPs in Nigeria. Twenty-seven fecal samples collected from captive NHPs in a Wild Life...

s Recently, a reverse transcriptase seminested polymerase chain reaction (RT-snPCR) assay was recommended by the WHO for direct detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimen. In this study, we use the assay and its modification to screen acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) samples previously confirmed negative for enteroviruses by the RD-L20B algorit...

In a polio-free world there might be reduced funding for poliovirus surveillance. There is therefore the need to ensure that enterovirologist globally, especially those outside the global polio laboratory network (GPLN), can participate in poliovirus surveillance without neglecting their enterovirus type of interest. To accomplish this, assays are...

The number of independent emergence of recombinant circulating vaccine derived poliovirus serotype 2 (cVDPV2) lineages and the magnitude of the outbreak in Nigeria demonstrates the significance of enterovirus co-infection and its preponderance in the country. Despite this, besides polioviruses, little or no attention is given to enterovirus co-infe...

The oldest EV-A119 record was in 2008 in a chimpanzee in Cameroon and subsequently in more non-human primates and healthy children. Here we report for the first time the detection of EV-A119 in a child with Acute Flaccid Paralysis, thus suggesting possible association with a clinical condition in humans. WHO cell culture based algorithm [1] are opt...

Recently, a cell-culture independent protocol for detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimen was recommended by the WHO for surveillance alongside the previously established protocols. Here, we investigated whether this new protocol will show the same enterovirus diversity landscape as the established cell-culture dependent protocols. Faecal...

Enteroviruses are a group of over 250 naked icosahedral virus serotypes that have been associated with clinical conditions that range from intrauterine enterovirus transmission withfataloutcome through encephalitis and meningitis, to paralysis. Classically, enterovirus detection was done by assaying for the development of the classic enterovirus-sp...

Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its associated immune escape mutants (IEMs), is the major vehicle through which a population of chronically infected people who serve as infectious HBV reservoirs is maintained in communities. Therefore, to assess the risk of perinatal transmission, 272 pregnant women attending ante-natal clinic...

Despite its widespread use in poliovirus isolation, studies show that most RD cell line isolates are species B enteroviruses (EB), it was therefore employed to further catalogue the EB diversity in two different regions of Nigeria. Concentrates of 18 environmental samples were inoculated into RD cell line. Isolates were subjected to PCR assays to d...

| Recently, we showed that the nonstructural region of some of the cVDPV2 lineages described in Nigeria between 2005 and 2011 originated from NPEV-Cs circulating in Northern Nigeria. Here, we further investigate whether NPEV-Cs circulating in south-western Nigeria (SWN) contributed to the emergence of these lineages. In 2013 sewage contaminated wat...

In 2012, the first Nigerian Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) immune escape mutant (IEM) case was detected in a pregnant woman in southwestern Nigeria. Consequently, this study was designed to investigate the presence and possible circulation of IEMs amongst asymptomatic community dwellers in southwestern Nigeria. Blood specimens collected from 438 asymptoma...

Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing foetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programmes is prevention of congenital rubella infection and...

Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing foetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programmes is prevention of congenital rubella infection and...

Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing foetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programmes is prevention of congenital rubella infection and...

Between 2005 and 2011, 23 lineages of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) were detected in Nigeria with nonstructural region (NSR) of non-polio enterovirus C (NPEV-C) origin. However, no information exists on NPEV-C strains recombining with oral poliovirus type 2 vaccine strains (OPV2) to make type 2 cVDPVs (cVDPV2s) in Nigeria. This...

Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing foetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programmes is prevention of congenital rubella infection and...

Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing foetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programmes is prevention of congenital rubella infection and...

There has been under-reporting of nonpolio enterovirus species Cs (NPESCs) in Nigeria despite the fact that most isolates recovered from the Nigerian vaccine derived poliovirus serotype 2 (VDPV2) outbreak were recombinants with nonstructural region of NPESC origin. It has been suggested that cell lines included in enterovirus isolation protocols mi...

Background: Perinatal transmission of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) serves as the major vehicle through which a population of chronically infected people who serve as infectious HBV reservoirs is maintained in communities. Hence, the importance of identifying HBV infected pregnant women in a bid to reduce perinatal HBV transmission Methods & Materials: T...

Studies have confirmed silent circulation of enteroviruses in the environment even in the absence of associated clinical conditions in the community. In this light, 26 samples of sewage and sewage-contaminated water serving selected high-risk communities in Lagos Nigeria were examined between June and September 2010. To concentrate virus particles...