Tara K Scanlan

University of California, Los Angeles | UCLA · Department of Psychology

This study translated, adapted, and validated the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 (SCQ-2) for the Spanish language and cultural context. We utilized a cross-sectional design with 747 athlete participants (436 males, 311 females), ranging in age from 11-24 years (M ¼ 16.04; SD ¼ 2.57). Participants were involved in a variety of individual and team...

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to develop the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 (SCQ-2) and establish its psychometric properties. The SCQ-2 measures the updated Sport Commitment Model (SCM: Scanlan, Russell, Scanlan, Klunchoo, & Chow, 2013) and replaces the outdated Sport Commitment Questionnaire (SCQ) that assessed the original SCM (...

Following a thorough review of the current updated Sport Commitment Model, new candidate commitment sources for possible future inclusion in the model are presented. They were derived from data obtained using the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method. Three elite New Zealand teams participated: amateur All Black rugby players, amateur Silver Fern...

This is a very personal, inside the ‘head and sometimes the heart’, narrative of my passage from laboratory experimentalist to mixed methodologist. With a mixed methods approach, various quantitative and qualitative methods are integrated into a programme of research to meet the demands of the research issue at any given time. The account is person...

The Sport Commitment Model was further tested using the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method to examine its generalizability to New Zealand's elite female amateur netball team, the Silver Ferns. Results supported or clarified Sport Commitment Model predictions, revealed avenues for model expansion, and elucidated the functions of perceived compet...

Although performance expectancies have been shown to be important mediators of achievement behavior, few specific determinants of personal expectancies have been identified, the ecological validity of previous results is limited, and factors influencing group performance expectancies have not been determined. Therefore, the purpose of this field st...

Using the voices of the New Zealand All Blacks, a world-class rugby team, the data reported in this article further test and expand the Sport Commitment Model (Model), and examine its external validity, cross-culturally and to elite level athletes, using the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method (SCIM) (Scanlan, Russell, Wilson, & Scanlan, 2003)....

We present an application of the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method (SCIM) to the Project on Elite Athlete Commitment (PEAK). PEAK examines three samples of elite international athletes to further test and expand the Sport Commitment Model and assess its external validity. This first article in the series provides detailed descriptions of the s...

The purpose of this study was to examine whether changes over time in the determinants of sport commitment would be related to predicted changes in commitment. Male and female (N = 103) high school soccer players completed surveys toward the middle and at the end of their regular season. A simultaneous multiple regression analysis indicated that co...

The purpose of this study was to examine whether changes over time in the determinants of sport commitment would be related to predicted changes in commitment. Male and female (N = 103) high school soccer players completed surveys toward the middle and at the end of their regular season. A simultaneous multiple regression analysis indicated that co...

The positive emotion of enjoyment has been shown to be an important ingredient to motivation in youth and elite sport. This article first summarizes the progress made to date in developing and measuring the enjoyment construct, and in understanding its sources and motivational consequences. Then a field study is presented that focuses on sources of...

The Sport Commitment Model proposes that commitment is determined by sport enjoyment, involvement alternatives, personal investments, social constraints, and involvement opportunities. Preliminary analyses of a study of 467 female and 875 male athletes (aged 10–19 yrs) involved in football, soccer, and volleyball demonstrated that the model was app...

Presents progress in developing a set of survey measures to assess constructs of the Sport Commitment Model in the youth-sport domain. Initial item development was accomplished through extensive literature reviews and the expert evaluations of research professionals, teachers, and young athletes. The items were then examined empirically with 3 sepa...

The Sport Commitment Model proposes that sport commitment (SPC) is determined by sport enjoyment, involvement alternatives, personal investments, social constraints, and involvement opportunities. Greater sport enjoyment, personal investments, social constraints, involvement opportunities, and less attractive involvement alternatives are predicted...

The present study examined a conceptual framework developed to organize and explain an athlete’s sources of enjoyment. The framework consisted of two potential underlying mechanisms: goal attainment and non-goal occurrences. Goal attainment are experiences that athletes set, strive for, and achieve. Athletes have two functionally related goal level...

26 former national-championship competitors (aged 22–49 yrs) were interviewed to identify their stressors during the most competitive phase of their athletic careers. Interviews consisted of open-ended and follow-up questions. Five major sources of stress emerged: negative aspects of competition, negative significant-other relationships, demands or...

This field study examined intrapersonal and significant adult factors related to the levels of dispositional or competitive trait anxiety experienced by 9- to 14-yr-old male participants of a competitive wrestling program. Competitive trait anxiety (CTA) is a personality disposition which reflects the tendency to experience stress in situations inv...

Investigated the sources of sport enjoyment for 26 former national championship figure-skating competitors who were currently coaching. Ss were interviewed and answered an open-ended question asking them for their sources of enjoyment during the most competitive phase of their skating careers. Each source of enjoyment mentioned was probed to obtain...

Examined the sources of sport enjoyment and stress and the role that significant others have in these experiences. These issues were studied in depth using qualitative interview techniques that were then complemented by quantitative assessments. Study participants were 26 former elite figure skaters who had competed at the national level and were c...

This field study examined predictors of the sport enjoyment experienced by 76 male wrestlers, ages 9 to 14 years, who participated in the first two rounds of a competitive wrestling tournament. Enjoyment was operationalized as the amount of ftin the boys had experienced during the wrestling season and the degree to which they liked to wrestle. Intr...

Examined predictors of generalized and specific performance expectancies for 76 male wrestlers (aged 9–14 yrs) who participated in the 1st 2 rounds of a competitive wrestling tournament. Generalized expectancies were defined as the Ss' overall expectancies for successful performance. Specific expectancies were operationalized by asking Ss to indica...

This field study investigated sport-related and psychological predictors of children's performance outcomes (win-loss) across two consecutive rounds of a competitive wrestling tournament. The 76 wrestlers studied were 9- to 14-year-old boys, and the sport-related variable examined involved their years of competitive wrestling experience. The psycho...

Investigated the influence and stability of individual difference and situational factors on the competitive stress experienced by 76 9- to 14-yr-old wrestlers. The Ss represented 16 teams from 1 state and reflected a wide range of wrestling ability and experience. Stress was assessed by the children's form of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventor...

Performance outcomes are influenced by two psychological needs: the need to feel competent and the need to feel in control. To avoid competitive stress and create motivation, the athletic coach should: (1) take the emphasis off winning and place it on the process of skill development and improvement; and (2) encourage the athlete to set realistic p...

Competitive stress occurs when a child perceives that he is not performing to athletic standards. Results of a study done on boys from 16 soccer teams indicate that pregame stress was influenced by the child's perceived capabilities, and postgame stress was influenced by his perception of his actual performance. (JN)

This study examined the attributions of young female athletes (N = 163) for their personal and their team's performance after winning, tying, and losing a competitive soccer game. Players' attributions were made to the internal factors of ability and effort and to the external factors of opponent difficulty and luck. It was proposed that the opport...

Examined the effects of game win-loss and margin of victory or defeat on postgame attributions. 160 11–22 yr old male soccer players were asked to attribute causality for their teams' win or loss and for their individual performance during the game to the internal factors of ability and effort and to the external factors of opponent difficulty and...

Identification of factors influencing expectancies of successful performance in competitive youth sports is important to understanding the way in which children perceive and respond to this evaluative achievement situation. Therefore, in this field study involving 10- to 12-year-old female soccer players, intrapersonal factors affecting players' pr...

This field study examined the intrapersonal and situational factors related to the stress experienced by 10- to 12-year-old girls participating in competitive youth soccer. Factors potentially related to competitive stress were assessed at preseason, midseason, pregame, and postgame periods. Competitive stress, measured by the Spielberger State Anx...

This experiment investigated the manner in which high- and low-competitive trait-anxious men perceive an evaluative competition situation compared with a noncompetition situation, and how they respond to competition. Specifically, the perception of threat to self-esteem was examined as indicated by state anxiety. State anxiety was measured at rest,...

This study investigated the influence of achievement motivation (Nach) on how individuals perceive an evaluative competition situation, whether they prefer to perform in this type of setting, and whether they seek the inherent appraisal information regarding their motoric competence. Specifically, perceived threat to self esteem was examined as ind...

A study was conducted to determine intrapersonal and situational factors related to the stress experienced by 11 and 12 year old boys participating in competitive youth sports. Potential stress related factors were assessed at preseason, pregame, and postgame periods. The indicant of stress was state anxiety measured by the Spielberger State Anxiet...

Forty-one high competition trait-anxious and 42 low competition trait-anxious fifth- and sixth-grade boys were tested to assess the effects of success-failure competition outcomes on the perception of threat to self and the response to threat in terms of self-protective behavior. Three groups including success, moderate-success, and failure were es...

Two experiments determined the effects of competitive trait anxiety, success-failure, and sex on the performance of 10- to 12 yr.-old children competing on a complex motor maze. Competitive trait anxiety was assessed by the Sport Competition Anxiety Test and success-failure was induced by giving bogus win-loss feedback. High and low competitive tra...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1975. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-105). Microfiche. s "UO-77 257--UO-77 258."