Tanya Wyatt

• PhD
• Lead Researcher - Crimes that Affect the Environment at non-affiliated

Our ambition for this book is to bring together feminist and green criminology for the first time in a scholarly volume where all contributions are devoted to the project of gendering green criminology. The editorial team is comprised of experts in gender and crime and in green criminology/environmental harm. The idea for the edited collection, and...

Even in a country like the UK, which appears to be a nonhuman-animal-loving nation, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals receives over one million calls a year reporting possible nonhuman animal abuse or neglect. In order to decrease nonhuman animal suffering, there needs to be better understanding of perceptions towards nonhu...

This is the first part of a multi-part Global Analysis on Crimes that Affect the Environment being produced by the Research and Trend Analysis Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

This book addresses one of today’s most urgent issues: the loss of wildlife and habitat. Combining conservation studies with a focus on animal rights, the chapters explore the successes and failures of the international treaties CITES and the BERN Convention.

Introduction One feature of the Anthropocene – the proposed name of the current geological epoch because of the noticeable, significant and damaging effects humans have had and are having on the planet (Crutzen 2002) – is the significant loss of biodiversity and increased rate of extinctions. One million species face extinction due in part to overe...

The first volume in green criminology devoted to gender, this book investigates gendered patterns to offending, victimisation and environmental harms. The collection advances debate on green crimes and climate change and will inspire students and researchers to foreground gender in reducing the challenges affecting our planet's future.

The first volume in green criminology devoted to gender, this book investigates gendered patterns to offending, victimisation and environmental harms. The collection advances debate on green crimes and climate change and will inspire students and researchers to foreground gender in reducing the challenges affecting our planet's future.

Plant Blindness and the Law on International Trade in Wildlife While habitat destruction threatens other-than-human life across the planet, overexploitation and illegal trade are the second leading source of threats to wildlife. ‘Wildlife’ though predominantly is taken to mean other-than-human animals, and plants are largely overlooked or ignored e...

At a time of escalating biodiversity and climate crises, there is an urgent need to effectively respond to harms and crimes toward wildlife and the environment. This study gathers information for a global scoping analysis of wildlife offences and penalties, and of the availability of crime statistics. This is a starting point for assessing the effe...

The aims of this study were to (1) highlight the importance of orbital debris as an environmental and green criminological issue, (2) build on recent work in astro-green criminology and (3) analyse orbital debris from an astro-green perspective with a focus on social and ecological harms consistent with green-critical criminologies. Human-made acti...

This paper investigates the knowledge of the general public on the legislative framework relating to wildlife conservation in England, with a specific focus on the Bern Convention and the public's awareness of the treaty, as well as the domestic legislation transposing it. By creating a publicly available survey, the study determined the environmen...

The illicit market in veterinary medicines is an overlooked issue despite threatening the health of non-human and human animals. It is thought to be increasing within the major markets of the global North due to the growth of e-commerce and social media sites. This paper examines the online market in illicit veterinary medicines through an explorat...

Spatially designated economic zones render countries vulnerable to crime and harm, while simultaneously diffusing and escalating these problems across the globe. Yet, criminological analysis of special economic zones (SEZs) and similar areas remains limited. This article analyses the kinds of criminality and harm attached to such fiscal and commodi...

Green Criminology in Asia: A Platform for Dialogue Across Disciplines and Languages Many different languages and disciplines are involved in Asian research on environmental conflicts. Linguistic diversity combined with the varied economic, legal, political and social contexts of the Asian continent gives birth to myriad debates about environmental...

This article explores the nexus of stigmatisation and environmental activism in the Campaign to Protect Pont Valley against open-cast mining in the northeast of England. Drawing on Imogen Tyler’s work, our analysis examines stigma power as embedded in wider efforts to police and repress environmental dissent and defend core neoliberal values. Exami...

Wildlife trade—both legal and illegal—is an activity that is currently the focus of global attention. Concerns over the loss of biodiversity, partly stemming from overexploitation, and the corona virus pandemic, likely originating from wildlife trade, are urgent matters. These concerns though centre on people. Only sometimes does the discussion foc...

The Fight Against Wildlife Trafficking—The illegal wildlife trade is nestled between law enforcement, conservation/environmental protection, and the economy. This unique position means that there are multiple, often times competing, stakeholders determining the ways in which wildlife trafficking can be combated. This chapter presents the agendas th...

The concluding chapter summarises the complicated nature of wildlife trafficking; from its pervasiveness to its hidden nature; from the supply side to the demand side; from the construction of victimhood to the construction of offending; from the conflicting perspectives of those fighting against it to the transnational collaborations. The book end...

This chapter delves into the contentious area of harm and victims within the illegal wildlife trade. The often times conflicting perspectives from which harm can be constructed will first be looked at. This includes how definitions of who can be harmed and what harm is change depending upon if an anthropocentric, biocentric, or ecocentric approach...

Significance—The illegal wildlife trade presents a number of threats to a number of different aspects of societies and communities around the world. These aspects are environmental, economic, human well-being, and national security. Environmentally, wildlife trafficking threatens biodiversity through the extinction of the species that are trafficke...

Contemporary Patterns—Wildlife trafficking is not isolated to the remote regions of the planet or specific to the areas with high biodiversity or a high number of endemic species. It is a ubiquitous activity that either through supply, transfer, or demand affects most nations of the globe. This chapter provides updated patterns of smuggling as well...

Construction of Blame and Offending—Similar to defining and determining who is a victim within the complicated chain of wildlife trafficking, unpicking who is the offender can also be challenging. This chapter introduces the idea that there is also a hierarchy of offending. In terms of the offender, there are those that might be considered ‘blamele...

The trafficking of non-human animals is having a profound effect on biodiversity and conservation efforts. This is also the case in Brazil where it is estimated that millions of wild animals are sold each year, particularly for the pet market. The increasing use of social media and private messaging services (i.e., Facebook and WhatsApp) facilitate...

This book provides a comprehensive, global exploration of the scale, scope, threats, and drivers of wildlife trafficking from a criminological perspective. Building on the first edition, it takes into account the significant changes in the international context surrounding these issues since 2013. It provides new examples, updated statistics, and d...

The Earth is facing several environmental crises. Human-caused climate change is already resulting in extreme weather, wildfires and ice melting at alarming rates among other concerns. The planet is also facing the sixth mass extinction with the loss of species estimated to be 100 to 1000 times higher than at other points in history (Wilson, 2016)....

Whilst drug trafficking has been a concern for several decades, wildlife trafficking has only fairly recently garnered international attention. Often media coverage of wildlife trafficking links it to the illegal trade of drugs. This article analyses wildlife and drug trafficking connections of various kinds. The purpose is to reveal the overlaps a...

Organised crime groups’ involvement in illicit markets is a common focus of law enforcement and governments. Drug, weapon, human and wildlife trafficking (and others) are all illegal activities with link to organised crime. This paper explores the overlooked illicit market of puppies. We detail the state of knowledge about the organisation of the U...

Wildlife faces a number of threats due to human activity, including overexploitation from excessive and/or illegal trade. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is the main international legal instrument to address such overexploitation. However, not all species threatened by excessive trade are...

As the global biodiversity crisis continues, it is important to examine the legislative protection that is in place for species around the world. Such legislation not only includes environmental or wildlife law, but also trade law, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which gets transp...

Transnational Collaborations—Looking at each of the stakeholders in turn, leads into a discussion in this chapter of the transnational collaborations to curb wildlife trafficking. The first approach explored is the species collaborations that focus on protection of one or a group of species. Then, regional collaborations are equally detailed such a...

This exploratory study develops a "southern green cultural criminology" approach to the prevention of environmental harms and crimes. The main aim is to understand differing cultural representations of nature, including wildlife, present within four Colombian Indigenous communities to evaluate whether they encourage environmentally friendly human i...

Unsustainable and illegal wildlife trade are contributing to the unprecedented levels of biodiversity loss and possible extinction of one million species. Law enforcement and the criminal justice system have a role to play in helping to regulate and monitor such trade. The main international instrument to regulate wildlife trade is the Convention o...

In the Anthropocene, humans are changing and harming the planet in significant and possibly irreversible ways. Biodiversity loss is one of the main elements of these human-caused harms. Wildlife and conservation policies, such as Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the Bern Convention) and the Convention on Int...

Confict between police, private security and political protesters is a topic that has been researched widely in criminology and other disciplines (e.g., Choudry 2019; Gilmore et al. 2019; Goyes and South 2017; Jackson et al. 2018; Rigakos 2002; South 1988; Weiss 1978). Adopting a green criminological lens, this article seeks to contribute to this r...

This illuminating study explores crimes against, and involving, wildlife and the resultant social harms. The authors go well beyond basic conceptions of animal-related crime, such as illicit trade, for a deeper exploration of wildlife criminology, using a novel approach that combines philosophical, legal and criminological perspectives. They shed l...

This illuminating study explores crimes against, and involving, wildlife and the resultant social harms. The authors go well beyond basic conceptions of animal-related crime, such as illicit trade, for a deeper exploration of wildlife criminology, using a novel approach that combines philosophical, legal and criminological perspectives. They shed l...

This first substantive chapter begins to unpick the core theoretical and conceptual framework, which the book is based upon. It focuses on power and its relationships to crime, offending, criminalisation, crime control and the regulation and responses to crime, harm and offending. The chapter serves as a full explanation of what power is—the abilit...

This chapter commences with a historical and political economy contextualisation of colonisation as a backdrop to the case study that forms the basis of the remainder of the chapter. The case study of the Black Lives Matter movement focuses on African Americans and how they are, and have been, routinely and systematically policed in racist ways. Th...

This chapter focuses on religion at both individual and total institution levels. Power is foregrounded in the shape of the historically oppressive nature of religion and religious institutions. There are numerous ways in which the abuse of power has come to light in Christian and other faiths and cultures. Power struggles around religious identiti...

This chapter focuses on militias and insurgents as powerful actors that are responsible for significant victimisation in unstable parts of the world. The types of crimes they commit are detailed as well as who has been victimised. We explore the political ideology that underpins their motivations and what distinguishes insurgents from terrorists. W...

Whereas individuals who work for corporations commit crimes, as explored in Chap. 4 of Part I, in relation to occupational crimes by the elites, entire corporations can operate outside of the law. This chapter unpicks the neoliberal and business ethos that is argued to underpin the criminogenic nature of corporations. We explore financial crimes, o...

The final chapter contains a summary of the key power dynamics that underpin the 14 original case studies. We provide some observations about invisibility, politics and power and the methodology of the case study. We make connections with our ‘invisibility’ thesis as well as our newer conceptualisations surrounding spatial typologies of victimisati...

This introductory chapter provides the rationale for, and ambitions of, the text. It sets out the core theoretical and conceptual frameworks that underpin and inform our examination of the crimes of the powerful and the victimisation suffered. Drawing on Pearce’s (1976) Crimes of the Powerful, the chapter considers why power is important. We introd...

The enabling potential of power is further explored in this second substantive chapter. Here we outline the significance and importance of the ways in which some individuals and groups are enabled, whilst others are less able, to avoid detection, prosecution, punishment and accountability. This chapter explores how it is this happens. In 1999, Jupp...

This book makes a concerted effort to expose crimes committed by those wielding unfettered personal power, and crimes by corporations, business and states, crimes against human and non-human species and the environment. Wyatt and Davies explore an increasingly complex interplay of issues which surely should be at the heart of any criminology progra...

This handbook explores the concept of 'harm' in criminological scholarship and lays the foundation for a future zemiological agenda. 'Social harm' as a theoretical construct has become established as an alternative, broader lens through which to understand the causation and alleviation of widespread harm in society, thus moving beyond criminology a...

Historically, the poaching of wildlife was portrayed as a small-scale local activity in which only small numbers of wildlife would be smuggled illegally by collectors or opportunists. Nowadays, this image has changed: criminal networks are believed to be highly involved in wildlife trafficking, which has become a significant area of illicit activit...

This chapter foregrounds gender-related dynamics of power as connected to crime and victimisation. The contextual framing for the chapter focuses on gender, power and domestic abuse emphasising how gender is part of the complex of social structural power. Case studies then follow. One of the case study examples focuses on domestic abuse using the S...

In this chapter, we detail the reasons why it appears that people of lower socio-economic status are more likely to commit crimes. These reasons include the focus of crime studies and statistics on the lower socio-economic classes, the presumed links between crime and poverty, and the fact that who is defining crime are people of high social status...

Whereas many criminal groups have been obscured from the criminological gaze, other criminal groups have received a fair amount of criminological attention. This chapter begins with a theoretical and conceptual exploration about the nature and extent of organised crime. We analyse historical and contemporary definitions of organised crime and organ...

The state, with its many facets, is responsible for a range of crimes and victimisations. First, we discuss what a state is and the crimes they commit. Drawing on Green and Ward’s (2004) types of state crimes—negligence (the lack of preparedness and response to natural disasters and public health threats, like the ongoing coronavirus pandemic), pol...

Green criminology is now an established subfield of criminology. Having emerged in the 1990s, green criminology has rapidly grown, particularly in the last 10 years. Scholarship remains rooted in the critical and radical traditions that inspired its creation and challenge the orthodoxy of most criminological scholarship. This means that research in...

Approaching behaviour that produces environmental harm through the medium of criminal sanctions (largely involving monetary penalties) has been criticised consistently as failing to prevent environmental crimes and harms, and failing to concurrently reduce environmental re-offending. Furthermore, important state-corporate political and economic rel...

Following Mill’s (1859) definition, the ‘harm principle’ came to dominate legal debates about crime and the appropriate response of the justice system, effectively replacing official talk of morality in modern secular societies. However, the harm principle has collapsed without an accepted definition of harm or a method to adjudicate between compet...

This chapter further explores the theme of wildlife as human property and exploitable natural resource with an examination of the sale and exploitation of wildlife for food. Wildlife as food is a complicated issue as not only does it include luxury ‘exotic’ foods like caviar, whale, and bear paws, but also includes common species such as deer, rabb...

Are there only crimes against humanity (Derrida, 2002)? Certainly not. And Wildlife Criminology aims to expose the range of crimes against non-humans that are overlooked, ignored, and hidden and argues for an expansion of the criminological gaze to include harms against wildlife. This chapter examines the future of wildlife criminology in relation...

This chapter examines the notion that human violence has its origins in the violence evident in our evolutionary history. The prevailing wisdom is that wildlife are themselves violent and when humans act violently they are behaving like ‘animals’. The exploration covers examples of violence by wildlife, including murder by chimpanzees, and rape by...

This chapter examines issues around animal rights and wildlife rights exploring the notion of wildlife as belonging to ‘no-one’ or as belonging to ‘everyone’ in a manner that arguably should create a form of rights. Animal rights debates often centre around the need to provide rights for recognized sentient species (chimpanzees, dolphins, apes) and...

This chapter explores the killing of wildlife in the name of sport via an examination of shooting, fisheries, game, and poaching. The chapter examines the extent to which legal activities such as shooting and fishing are endemic with illegal activities including: permit breaches; excessive catch; subverting of ‘fair chase’ rules, and corruption wit...

This chapter defines wildlife criminology as a criminology concerned not only with wildlife trafficking, but considers criminological perspectives on animals and wildlife within a broader context. The introduction provides a definition of wildlife as constituting animals living primarily outside human control or influence; thus distinguished from c...

This chapter examines the notion of wildlife as property or ‘things’ and critically analyses the extent to which anthropocentric notions of wildlife as a resource for human exploitation determines harm caused to non-human animals. This chapter examines how anthropocentric notions of morality and human-centred values underpin the exploitation of non...

The harm and crime committed by humans does not only affect humans. Victimisation is not isolated to people, but instead encompasses the planet and other beings. Yet apart from fairly recent green criminological scholarship employing an expanded criminological gaze beyond the human, the discipline of criminology has largely confined itself to human...

This chapter explores the links between non-human animal abuse and interpersonal violence with a specific focus on the extent to which harm caused to wildlife may be an indicator of violent tendencies and a predictor of future violence. Experts estimate that from 48 percent to 71 percent of battered women have pets who also have been abused or kill...

This illuminating study explores crimes against, and involving, wildlife and the resultant social harms. The authors go well beyond basic conceptions of animal-related crime, such as illicit trade, for a deeper exploration of wildlife criminology, using a novel approach that combines philosophical, legal and criminological perspectives. They shed l...

Wildlife Criminology explores crimes against, and involving, wildlife and the resultant social harms. The book extends beyond basic conceptions of animal-related crime, such as illicit trade, to provide for a deeper exploration of wildlife criminology, using a novel approach that combines philosophical, legal and criminological perspectives. Wild...

Wildlife trafficking is a global threat to numerous species of both animals and plants, not only to charismatic fauna or in Africa and Asia. Furthermore, consumption of wildlife, unsustainably and/or illegally, is not rare, but can be an everyday occurrence. This paper presents the findings of an investigation of the legal and illegal trades in nat...

Illegal wildlife trade or wildlife trafficking is a global threat to all kinds of species, not just charismatic megafauna or wildlife in Africa and Asia. This paper presents the findings of an investigation of the illegal trade in native and non-native wildlife and wildlife products between the European Union and Mexico. Using literature analysis,...

Transnational environmental crime has become the largest financial driver of social conflict, with severe implications for peace and security. Sustainable-development frameworks need to overtly recognize and mitigate the risks posed by transnational environmental crime to environmental security.