T. Goldman

• Ph.D. 1973 Harvard University
• Professor (Adjunct) at University of New Mexico

The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox is resolved by reconsidering what entangled state is actually prepared, what physical quantities are conserved and the character of the correlation measurements employed.

We follow the example of Cabibbo by revising the Standard Model (SM) to present a universal mass structure for fermions. A universal Higgs coupling for each species of fundamental fermions moves the SM towards a Theory of Matter, albeit without correctly describing the observed mass spectrum. It exposes a need for a complete Theory of Matter to inc...

We emulate Cabibbo by assuming a kind of universality for fermion mass terms in the Standard Model. We show that this is consistent with all current data and with the concept that deviations from what we term Higgs’ universality are due to corrections from currently unknown physics of nonetheless conventional form. The application to quarks is stra...

We apply the Law of Total Probability to the construction of scale-invariant probability distribution functions (pdfs), and require that probability measures be dimensionless and unitless under a continuous change of scales. If the scale-change distribution function is scale invariant then the constructed distribution will also be scale invariant....

We apply the Law of Total Probability to the construction of scale-invariant probability distribution functions (pdf's), and require that probability measures be dimensionless and unitless under a continuous change of scales. If the scale-change distribution function is scale invariant then the constructed distribution will also be scale invariant....

With a modest revision of the mass sector of the Standard Model, the systematics of the fermion masses and mixings can be fully described and interpreted as providing information on matrix elements of physics beyond the Standard Model. A by-product is a reduction of the largest Higgs Yukawa fine structure constant by an order of magnitude. The exte...

If fermions interact with a scalar field, and there are many fermions present the scalar field may develop an expectation value and generate an effective mass for the fermions. This can lead to the formation of fermion clusters, which could be relevant for neutrino astrophysics and for dark matter astrophysics. Because this system may exhibit negat...

Using the LAMP model for nuclear quark structure, we calculate the binding energy and quark structure of a B meson merging with a D meson. Our variational calculation shows that a molecular, deuteron-like state structure changes rather abruptly, as the separation between the two mesons decreases, and at a separation of about 0.14 fm, the hadronic s...

Using the Los Alamos Model Potential first applied to nuclear quark structure, we calculate the binding energy and quark structure of a B-meson and a D-meson. Aside from the spin differences, the larger than nucleon masses and complete absence of quark Pauli repulsive effects leads to a much smaller, but otherwise deuteron-like state, wherein pion...

Data on the number of Open Reading Frames (ORFs) coded by genomes from the 3 domains of Life show some notable general features including essential differences between the Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, with the number of ORFs growing linearly with total genome size for the former, but only logarithmically for the latter. Assuming that the (protein) c...

Data on the number of Open Reading Frames (ORFs) coded by genomes from the 3 domains of Life show the presence of some notable general features. These include essential differences between the Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, with the number of ORFs growing linearly with total genome size for the former, but only logarithmically for the latter. Simply b...

Bacteria Fractional Residuals. Distribution of Bacteria fractional residuals (in blue) as a function of genome size in kbp. The black line corresponds to the fit, while the red dashed lines are one standard deviation away, and the dotted black lines are two standard deviations away. (TIFF)

Eukaryota Fractional Residuals. Distribution of Eukaryota fractional residuals (in blue) as a function of genome size in kbp. The black line corresponds to the fit, while the red dashed lines are one standard deviation away. The dotted magenta line at 0.285 is the mean of the fractional residuals in units of (one) standard deviation, while the othe...

Binned Eukaryota Fractional Residuals. Eukaryota fractional residuals (in black) sorted into 7 one-standard-deviation-wide bins compared to an assumed Gaussian distribution with the same mean and variance (in red). (TIFF)

Bacteria Data, Fits and Residuals. Distribution of Bacteria data about the fit line (in red) and absolute residuals relative to that line (in green) as a function of genome size in kbp. Fractional residuals are shown in blue. (TIFF)

Material on Fits, Fitting Procedures, and Statistics. Detailed notes and derivations. (PDF)

We propose a phenomenological solution to the electroweak hierarchy problem. It predicts no new particles beyond those in the Standard Model. The Higgs is arbitrarily massive and slow-roll inflation can be implemented naturally. Loop corrections will be negligible even for large cutoffs.

Definitions of entropy usually assume time-reversal (T) invariance of interactions, yet microscopically T is known to be violated. We present a detailed computational example of (uncharged) particle species separation (Maxwell demon) using an interaction that violates both parity (P) and T so that PT is preserved, consistent with the CPT invariance...

We consider the possibility that neutrinos (but no other light fermions) are coupled very weakly to an extremely light scalar boson. We first analyze the simple problem of one generation of neutrino and show that, for ranges of parameters that are allowed by existing data, such a system can have serious consequences for the evolution of stars and c...

We study the common relationships that exist between the various structures in the Universe, and show that a unifying description appears when these are considered as emerging from dynamical critical phenomena characterized by complex exponents in the two-point correlation function of matter density fluctuations. Since gravity drives their formatio...

Starting with a confining linear Lorentz scalar potential Vs and a Lorentz vector potential Vv, which is also linearly rising but has in addition a color-Coulomb attraction piece −αs/r, we solve the Dirac equation for the ground-state c- and u-quark wave functions. Then, convolving Vv with the u-quark density, we find that the Coulomb attraction al...

When neutrinos produced from the decay of pions in a bunched, accelerated pion beam interact in a downstream target, the arrival time and location define the energy of the incident neutrino independently of whether the scattering event occurs by a charged or neutral current interaction and the details of the final state.

We show that, in a general quark-lepton symmetric scenario, large MNS mixing among active neutrino flavors can be induced by small mixing in the sterile sector with CKM or smaller mixing in the Dirac mass sector. The model independent bound does not show any conflict between νe- and νμ-disappearance limits and the LSND rate for νe-appearance from a...

A comparative study has heen done by calculating the effective baryon-baryon interactions of the 64 lowest channels consisting of octet and decuplet baryons with three constituent quark models: the extended quark gluon exchange model, the Goldstone boson exchange model and the quark gluon meson exchange hybrid model. We find that these three models...

By carefully studying the (1, 0) ⊕ (0, 1) representation space for massive particles we point to the existence of certain inherent tachyonic dispersion relations: E2 = p2 − m2. We put forward an interpretation that exploits these "negative mass squared" solutions; rotational invariance is spontaneously broken. Relevance of these results to the vort...

We identify a plausible scenario based on quark–lepton symmetry which correlates long baseline oscillations with maximal mixing to sterile neutrinos. The implication for the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) is that the neutral current signal will be found to suffer the same suppression from the standard solar model prediction as obtains for the c...

A description of neutrino oscillation phenomena is presented which is based on relativistic quantum mechanics with four-momentum conservation. This is different from both conventional approaches which arbitrarily use either equal energies or equal momenta for the different neutrino mass eigenstates. Both entangled state and source dependence aspect...

A relativistic quark potential model is used to do a systematic search for quasi-stable dibaryon states in the u, d and s three-flavor world. Flavor symmetry breaking and channel coupling effects are included and an adiabatic method and fractional parentage expansion technique are used in the calculations. The relativistic model predicts dibaryon c...

The effect of correction for center-of-mass motion on the quark delocalization model of baryon-baryon interactions is to make the effective interaction a little less attractive; the correction is minor. The intermediate range behavior of the color screening potential is not critical for obtaining an intermediate attractive baryon-baryon interaction...

We study the effects of a scalar field, coupled only to neutrinos, on oscillations among weak interaction current eigenstates. The effect of a real scalar field appears as effective masses for the neutrino mass eigenstates, the same for as for ν. Under some conditions, this can lead to a vanishing of δ m2, which maximizes mixing independently of th...

We provide a heuristic study of the effect of an anomalous tensor gravity on the quantum mechanical interferences available in the propagation of kaons. We find that, although the effects are generally very small, in principle they could be measured in some experimental situations. We comment on the effects of possible new vector and scalar symmetr...

We present a formalism that extends the Majorana-construction to arbitrary spin (j, 0) ⊕ (0, j) representation spaces. For the example case of spin-one, a wave equation satisfied by the Majorana-like (1, 0) ⊕ (0, 1) spinors is constructed and its physical content explored. The (j, 0) ⊕ (0, j) Majorana-construct is found to possess an unusual classi...

The conflict between the physical degrees of freedom of gauge bosons and the Lorentz group irreps naturally used to describe their couplings to matter fields are illustrated and discussed, and applied to issues of linear and angular momentum.

It is unavoidable to deal with the quark and gluon momentum and angular momentum contributions to the nucleon momentum and spin in the study of nucleon internal structure. However, we never have the quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and gluon spin operators which satisfy both the gauge invariance and the canonical momentum and angu...

We analyze the problem of spin decomposition for an interacting system from a natural perspective of constructing angular momentum eigenstates. We split, from the total angular momentum operator, a proper part which can be separately conserved for a stationary state. This part commutes with the total Hamiltonian and thus specifies the quantum angul...

We consider the possibility that a simple system consisting of one species of Majorana fermion with a vacuum mass, m0, interacting with a scalar field of mass, mζ, can be the source of repulsion in the Friedmann equation, leading to acceleration of the expansion of the Universe at particular epochs. We assume a very cold system, approximated by a d...

Following the method of an earlier paper, Maxwell's equations for the magnetic field of a filamentary coil around an infinite circular cylinder of plasma under the action of an axial magnetic field have been solved, and the resulting integral transforms representing the complex coil impedance evaluated on a digital computer. For experimental confir...

Properties of the recently proposed gauge-invariant gluon spin $S_g$ are studied and compared to the usually defined "gluon polarization" $\Delta g$. By explicit 1-loop calculations in a quark state, it is found that $S_g= \frac 59\Delta g$. Furthermore, $\frac 45$ of $S_g$ can actually be identified as a "static-field" contribution and shown to ca...

It is unavoidable to deal with the quark and gluon momentum and angular momentum contributions to the nucleon momentum and spin in the study of nucleon internal structure. However, we never have the quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and gluon spin operators which satisfy both the gauge invariance and the canonical momentum and angu...

Physics is rife with interacting systems that exhibit negative pressure: atomic nuclei are very well known examples. We examine the range of parameters, for neutral fermions interacting only by exchange of an extraordinarily light scalar particle, that produce a negative pressure on the scale of the Universe over time periods where Dark Energy is o...

Constituent quark models of hadronic states are usually studied non-relativistically, although with various sophistications such as relativized kinetic energy, highly structured interaction potentials including harmonic confinement, and recently, components motivated by field theory [1]. Confinement is a critical element, but it is a linear confini...

The tetraquark states with diquark\char21{}anti-diquark configuration have been studied in the flux-tube model, in which the multibody confinement is used. In this model approach, the states $Y(2175)$, ${f}_{0}(600)$, ${f}_{0}(980)$, and $X(1576)$ can be assigned as tetraquark states. They are color confinement resonances with three-dimension struc...

The prevailing theoretical quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and spin operators, satisfy either gauge invariance or the corresponding canonical commutation relation, but one never has these operators which satisfy both except the quark spin. The conflicts between gauge invariance and the canonical quantization requirement of these...

We present a model in which neutral fermions, weakly interacting with light scalars, can lead to a regime in which the equation of state parameter is near (but above) ‐1 for a range of values of the red shift z. Our model is distinguished from many scalar field models which give a cosmic acceleration by requiring that the equation of state parame...

We discuss, in a pedagogical way, how to solve for relativistic wave functions from the radial Dirac equations. After an brief introduction, in Section II we solve the equations for a linear Lorentz scalar potential, V_s(r), that provides for confinement of a quark. The case of massless u and d quarks is treated first, as these are necessarily quit...

It is unavoidable to deal with the quark and gluon momentum and angular momentum contributions to the nucleon momentum and spin in the study of nucleon internal structure. However we never have the quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and gluon spin operators which satisfy both the gauge invariance and the canonical momentum and angul...

Many proposals have been put forward to explore four-quark states QQqq (Q=s, c, b; q=u, d) by experiment, so a systematic study of QQqq spectrum with different constituent quark models by a high precision, few-body method, the Gaussian expression method, is useful. Three quark models: the Bhaduri, Cohler, Nogami quark model, the chiral quark model...

We affirm that the proper momentum defined in [PRL 103:062001 (2009)] does respect exact gauge symmetry and is as measurable as the kinetic momentum. The physical part of the gauge field is also as measurable as the electromagnetic field. The Comment of Ji [arXiv:0910.5022] is due to a misunderstanding of our work, and a typical confusion of our ga...

Low energy photon production is an important background to many current and future precision neutrino experiments. We present a phenomenological study of t-channel radiative corrections to neutral current neutrino nucleus scattering. After introducing the relevant processes and phenomenological coupling constants, we will explore the derived energy...

We present a model in which the equation of state parameter w approaches -1 near a particular value of z, and has significant negative values in a restricted range of z. For example, one can have w ~ -1 near z = 1, and w > -0.2 from z = 0 to z = 0.3, and for z > 9. The ingredients of the model are neutral fermions (which may be neutrinos, neutralin...

We examine the conventional picture that gluons carry about half of the nucleon momentum in the asymptotic limit. We show that this large fraction is due to an unsuitable definition of the gluon momentum in an interacting theory. If defined in a gauge-invariant and consistent way, the asymptotic gluon momentum fraction is computed to be only about...

With the advent of high precision neutrino scattering experiments comes the need for improved radiative corrections. We present a phenomenological analysis of some contributions to the production of photons in neutrino neutral current scattering that are relevant to experiments subsuming the 1% level. Comment: 17 Pages, 7 .pdf Figures

Group theoretic method for the systematic study of five-quark states with meson-baryon (qq-q³) configuration is developed. The calculation of matrix elements of many-body Hamiltonian is simplified by transforming the physical bases (meson-baryon quark cluster bases) to symmetry bases (group chain classified bases), where the fractional parentage ex...

In a dense cloud of massive fermions interacting by exchange of a light scalar field, the effective mass of the fermion can become negligibly small. As the cloud expands, the effective mass and the total energy density eventually increase with decreasing density. In this regime, the pressure-density relation can approximate that required for dark e...

We study the changes in the relativistic wave functions of quarks in a (linear) confining potential as a function of quark mass and the effect of color Coulomb contributions. Our goal is to delineate the uncertainties in phenomenological estimates of the masses of multiquark (molecular) states that are expected in QCD.

The energy spectrum and flux of neutrinos from a linear pion accelerator are calculated analytically under the assumption of a uniform accelerating gradient. The energy of a neutrino from this source reacting in a detector can be determined from timing and event position information. Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures. Replacement of Section II.D and min...

We reply to the Comment of X. Ji [arXiv:0810.4913] on our paper [PRL 100:232002 (2008)], concerning angular momentum algebra, locality, Lorentz covariance, and measurability of our gauge-invariant description of the spin and orbital angular momentum of quarks and gluons.

The energy spectrum and flux of neutrinos from a linear pion accelerator are calculated analyti- cally under the assumption of a uniform accelerating gradient. The energy of a neutrino from this source reacting in a detector can be determined from timing and event position information.

Dirac bispinors may be decomposed into two Weyl spinors with equal modulus Weyl masses. We show from this that in the proper basis, the Lagrangian mass terms for all fundamental fermions can be represented as Weyl mass terms for two two-component Weyl spinors. The natural basis for this decomposition is orthogonal to the natural basis for (charged)...

The energy spectrum and flux of neutrinos from a linear pion accelerator are calculated analytically under the assumption of a uniform accelerating gradient. The energy of a neutrino from this source reacting in a detector can be determined from timing and event position information.

This is a Reply to the Comment [arXiv:0807.0699] on our paper [PRL 100:232002 (2008)].

We address and solve the long-standing gauge-invariance problem of the nucleon spin structure. Explicitly gauge-invariant spin and orbital angular momentum operators of quarks and gluons are obtained. This was previously thought to be an impossible task and opens a more promising avenue towards the understanding of the nucleon spin. Our research al...

In a recent paper, oscillations observed in the electron capture probability were attributed to the mixing of neutrino mass eigenstates. This paper is shown to be in error in two respects.

Quark-lepton symmetry invites consideration of the existence of sterile neutrinos. Long ago, we showed that this approach predicts large neutrino mixing amplitudes. Using a Weyl spinor approach, we show, in an analytic example, how this, and pseudo-Dirac pairing, can develop within a reduced rank version of the conventional see-saw mechanism, from...

We examine the effect of adding pion exchange between quarks and pion self-energy corrections to the Los Alamos Relativistic Quark model with a short distance cutoff of the Bethe form. The contributions to the nucleon and the Delta-baryon are small. We conclude that the model is stable under this change in the sense that significant changes to the...

A group theoretic method for the systematic study of multiquark states is developed. The calculation of matrix elements of many-body Hamiltonians is simplified by transforming the physical bases (quark cluster bases) to symmetry bases (group chain classified bases), where the fractional parentage expansion method can be used. A five-quark system is...

Group theoretic method for the systematic study of multi-quark states is developed. The calculation of matrix elements of many body Hamiltonian is simplified by transforming the physical bases (quark cluster bases) to symmetry bases (group chain classified bases), where the fractional parentage expansion method can be used. Five quark system is tak...

Quark-lepton symmetry invites consideration of the existence of sterile neutrinos. Long ago, we showed that this approach predicts large neutrino mixing amplitudes. Using a Weyl spinor approach, we show, in an analytic example, how this, and pseudo-Dirac pairing, can develop within a reduced rank version of the conventional see-saw mechanism, from...

This two-paper series addresses and fixes the long-standing gauge invariance problem of angular momentum in gauge theories. This QED part reveals: 1) The spin and orbital angular momenta of electrons and photons can all be consistently defined gauge invariantly. 2) These gauge-invariant quantities can be conveniently computed via the canonical, gau...

We show by examples that multichannel mixing can affect both the parameters extracted from neutrino oscillation experiments, and that more general conclusions derived by fitting the experimental data under the assumption that only two channels are involved in the mixing. Implications for MiniBooNE are noted and an example based on maximal CP violat...

A six-quark state with the benzene-like color structure based on a color string model is proposed and studied. Calculation with quadratic confinement with multi-string junctions shows that such a state has a ground state energy similar to that of other hidden color six-quark states proposed so far. Its possible effect on NN scattering is discussed.

An early study of neutrino mixing within the see-saw framework considered random mass matrices in what is now known as the sterile sector[1]. The mixing angles in the lepton sector were found to be closely distributed about the CKM angles that were assumed. In that work, rank 3 was assumed for the weak isospin zero Majorana mass matrix in the steri...

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The views of Cristina Archer about transition from conventional energy sources to wind energy, are discussed. Cristina Archer emphases the use of wind energy as is one of the most abundantly available energy source, and it is free from fossil fuels. Wind energy offer energy about seven times of the current consumption requirement. However, Cristina...

We demonstrate that it is possible to find parameters in a rank one see-saw model which give a reasonable representation of atmospheric neutrino data and of the LSND result. Solar neutrino data will require a complete description of the matter effect in the six channel space.

We study the relative contribution of partonic sub-processes to D meson production and D meson-triggered inclusive di-hadrons to lowest order in perturbative QCD. While gluon fusion dominates the creation of large angle DD-bar pairs, charm on light parton scattering determines the yield of single inclusive D mesons. The distinctly different non-per...

The Quark Delocalization, Color Screening Model has successfully reproduced the binding energy and structure of 9‐ and 12‐quark systems that are small nuclei, namely 3He and 4He, in a relativistic version. In a non‐relativistic version it has successfully been applied to 6‐quark systems to describe baryon‐baryon potentials, phase shifts and cross s...

A successful relativistic quark model of small nuclei[1] did not include long-range effects of pion exchanges between quarks. We add these contributions to themodel with a short-range cutoff (to avoid double counting). We report on the changes induced in model parameters and binding energies. [1]T. Goldman, K.R. Maltman, G.J. Stephenson, Jr., and K...

We calculate and resum the nuclear enhanced power corrections from the final state partonic scattering in nuclear matter to open charm production and correlations. In p+A reactions, we find that single and double inclusive D mesons can be suppressed as much as the neutral pions from the dynamical high twist shadowing. Effects of initial state energ...

If the sterile neutrino mass matrix in an otherwise conventional see-saw model has a rank less than the number of flavors, it is possible to produce pseudo-Dirac neutrinos. In a two-flavor, sterile rank 1 case, we demonstrate analytic conditions for large active mixing induced by the existence of (and coupling to) the sterile neutrino components. F...

The pentaquark state recently discovered has been discussed based on various quark model calculations. Odd parity for the state cannot be ruled out theoretically because the contributions related to nontrivial color structures have not been studied completely. Other multiquark states, especially dibaryons, have been discussed also. A strangeness −3...

A model for nuclei described directly in terms of quarks has been developed in both relativistic and non-relativistic forms. It describes nuclear binding energy and structure for small nuclei (A=3,4) systematically correctly, including the EMC effect. With one free parameter each for strange and for nonstrange states, it also well describes low ene...

We study the recently reported pentaquark state with three quark models which fit either nucleon spin structure or NN scattering data. The minimum Θ+ mass obtained is 1620 MeV for both the states. The mixing of various color structure configurations, which could further reduce the mass of the pentaquark state, should be taken into account in furthe...

The influence of gluon and Goldstone boson induced tensor interactions on the dibaryon masses and D-wave decay widths has been studied in the quark delocalization, color screening model. The effective S-D wave transition interactions induced by gluon and Goldstone boson exchanges decrease rapidly with increasing strangeness of the channel. The tens...

The pentaquark state recently discovered has been discussed based on various quark model calculations. Odd parity for the state can not be ruled out theoretically because contributions related to non-trivial color structures have not been studied completely. Other multiquark states, especially dibaryons, have been discussed also. A strangeness -3 N...

We discuss the implications of a new scalar field coupled to neutrinos.

Quark-lepton symmetry requires the existence of six Majorana neutrinos. The conventional see-saw mechanism pushes three of these to inaccessibly high excitation energies. A simple modification restores these states, and leads to a plethora of neutrino mass-squared differences. For some parameter regions, the complex oscillation patterns that may be...

If the sterile neutrino mass matrix in an otherwise conventional see-saw model has a rank less than the number of flavors, it is possible to produce pseudo-Dirac neutrinos. For the rank 1 case, 3+2 scenarios devolve naturally, as we show by example. Additionally, we find that the lower rank see-saw suppresses some mass differences, so that small ma...

We calculate the quark distribution function for 3He/3H in a relativistic quark model of nuclear structure which adequately reproduces the nucleon approximation, nuclear binding energies, and nuclear sizes for small nuclei. The results show a clear distortion from the quark distribution function for individual nucleons (EMC effect) arising dominant...