Sverre Urnes Johnson

• Professor
• Professor (Full) at University of Oslo & Modum Bad

The ubiquity of digital technologies has increased the assessment of individuals' thoughts, behaviors, and experiences via electronic devices. Surveys on smartphones or laptops often implement Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), recording responses on a continuous slider from 0 to 100. This is particularly relevant for data collection in daily life, such...

Clients seeking couple therapy often experience a blend of individual psychiatric symptoms and severe relationship distress. In a study among 150 heterosexual couples within residential couple therapy in Norway, the aim was to investigate the relationship between individual and relationship distress. The research questions addressed the predictive...

As the global urban population surpasses 50 %, understanding the impact of urban environments on mental health is crucial. This study examines the relationship between urbanicity and the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in the United Kingdom (UK; N = 449,232), New Zealand (N = 33,042), and Norway (N = 13,238). This paper addresses a c...

Network models in time-series and panel data have been powerful tools to investigate the dynamical relations among variables. A common goal of empirical research is to compare the networks of different groups, such as treatment and control, to understand how the dynamical relations are shaped by grouping variables. However, existing methods for com...

Background: The long-term dynamic interaction between symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and their theorized mechanistic processes derived from three treatment models of GAD—the emotion dysregulation model, the model underlying metacognitive therapy (MCT), and the intolerance of uncertainty model—was investigated. Methods: Four data wav...

Background: Depression and social anxiety are frequently co-occurring conditions that significantly impact young people. Anhedonia is a promising early intervention target for these conditions, but the roles of specific dimensions of anhedonia—anticipatory and consummatory—are not well understood. This study explored the symptom connectivity of dep...

Background: Depression and social anxiety are frequently co-occurring conditions that significantly impact young people. Anhedonia is a promising early intervention target for these conditions, but the roles of specific dimensions of anhedonia—anticipatory and consummatory—are not well understood. This study explored the symptom connectivity of dep...

Objective: The Metacognitions Questionnaire–30 (MCQ-30) was developed to measure individual differences in endorsement of maladaptive metacognitive beliefs. Previous research shows the MCQ-30 possesses good psychometric properties. However, there is limited research on psychometric properties of the MCQ-30 in clinical samples, and the scale has not...

Background Vaccine hesitancy, the delay in acceptance or reluctance to vaccinate, ranks among the top threats to global health. Identifying modifiable factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy is crucial for developing targeted interventions to increase vaccination uptake. Methods This mixed-methods multiple population study utilized gradient boos...

Objective: Negative beliefs about worry are a transdiagnostic maintaining factor of anxiety, addressed in an early treatment session of Metacognitive Therapy. This study examined the individual temporal response to this ‘critical session’ to predict overall treatment outcome. Based on Dynamic Systems Theory, it was expected that patients who retain...

The ubiquity of digital technologies has increased the assessment of individuals' thoughts, behaviors, and experiences via electronic devices. Surveys on smartphones or laptops often implement Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), recording responses on a continuous slider from 0 to 100. This is particularly relevant for data collection in daily life, such...

The aim of this study was to develop a complex dynamic system (CDS) model of the therapeutic alliance and compare it to the currently dominant latent state–trait (LST) model. A clinical example of a state of alliance rupture and repair is analyzed in terms of a LST model and a CDS model. Then, the implications of these two models in their applicati...

Psykoterapimetoder har ulike teoretiske grunnlag, og de kan plasseres ulikt med hensyn til teoretisk forklaringstype. Mange psykoterapier bygger på essensteoretiske forklaringer der en antar at det ligger en felles rot-årsak til grunn for de fleste psykiske symptomer og lidelser. I nettverksforståelsen av psykiske lidelser antas det derimot at de o...

Objective: Few reliable patient characteristics have emerged as significant predictors of outcomes for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). This study aimed to explore whether affect integration, metacognitions, and maladaptive schemas could serve as predictors of therapeutic outcomes for patients with SAD. Relationships between these psychological const...

As the global urban population surpasses 50%, understanding the impact of urban environments on mental health is crucial. This study examines the relationship between urbanicity and the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in the United Kingdom (UK; N = 449,323), New Zealand (N = 33,042), and Norway (N = 13,238). We address the limitation...

Background: Even though evidence-based treatment is generally effective in reducing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among youth, many still experience elevated symptoms after treatment. A better understanding of how PTSD develops through treatment can increase treatment efficiency and reduce residual symptoms. Objective: The current study inve...

Individuals with mental illness are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. However, previous studies on the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination in this population have reported conflicting results. Using data from seven cohort studies (N = 325,298) included in the multinational COVIDMENT consortium, and the Swedish registers (N = 8,080,234), this s...

Despite the presence of individual differences in the depressive symptom change in adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, most studies have investigated population-level changes in depression during the first year of the pandemic. This longitudinal repeated-measurement study obtained 39,259 observations from 4,361 adults assessed nine times over a 24...

Objective There has been an increasing interest in understanding what contributes to the development and what maintains posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The cognitive model emphasizes that it is a disturbance of the autobiographical memory for the trauma, cognitive beliefs and maladaptive behaviour that maintain trauma symptoms. Interventions...

Background Recovery processes during residential treatment for eating disorders, especially in patients with a history of maltreatment, are insufficiently understood. This study aimed to explore the temporal relationships among comorbid factors, including depression, anxiety, and self‐compassion, with the influence of childhood maltreatment. Metho...

Background: Vaccine hesitancy, the delay in acceptance or reluctance to vaccinate, ranks among the top threats to global health and undermines efforts to control vaccine-preventable diseases. The identification of modifiable risk factors and psychological processes underlying vaccine hesitancy is imperative to inform targeted interventions aimed at...

Cognitive behavioral therapy, prolonged exposure, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing are effective treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They emphasize the processing of trauma-related memories and exposure as central components in treatment. In contrast, the metacognitive model emphasizes that PTSD is caused by a pers...

The behavioral restrictions disrupting daily life during the COVID‐19 pandemic have profoundly impacted well‐being, and health behaviors have been advocated to prevent decline. To understand how processes related to fluctuation in well‐being unfold within individuals, analyses on the within‐person level are required. In this preregistered intensive...

Background: Individuals with mental illness are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. However, previous studies on the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination in this population have reported conflicting results. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between mental illness and COVID-19 vaccination uptake, using data from five countries. M...

Background: Individuals with mental illness are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. However, previous studies on the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination in this population have reported conflicting results. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between mental illness and COVID-19 vaccination uptake, using data from five countries. M...

Background Psychological distress during pregnancy is a well-documented risk factor for adverse maternal outcomes. Distress related to the COVID-19 pandemic may further increase the vulnerability of pregnant women to negative mental health outcomes. Aim To explore the mental health experiences of pregnant women, focusing on mental health outcomes,...

Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains a growing public health challenge across the globe and is associated with negative and persistent long-term consequences. The last decades of research have identified different mechanisms associated with the development and persistence of PTSD, including maladaptive coping strategies, cognitiv...

Metacognitive therapy (MCT) was developed by Adrian Wells and is founded on the self-regulatory executive function (S-REF) model, often referred to as the metacognitive model of psychological disorder. The metacognitive model assumes that symptoms of psychological disorder will naturally subside through a process of reflexive self-regulation. Howev...

Background Most network analyses on central symptoms in eating disorders (EDs) have been cross‐sectional. Longitudinal within‐person analyses of therapy processes are scarce. Our aim was to investigate central change processes in therapy in a transdiagnostic sample, considering the influence of childhood maltreatment. Method We employed dynamic ti...

The behavioral restrictions and changes disrupting daily life related to the COVID-19 pandemic were theorized to affect well-being. To understand how processes related to fluctuation in well-being unfold within individuals, analyses on the within-person level are required. In this preregistered intensive longitudinal study, 1709 individuals from th...

The dynamic interaction between depressive symptoms, mechanisms proposed in the metacognitive-therapy model, and loneliness across a 9-month period was investigated. Four data waves 2 months apart were delivered by a representative population sample of 4,361 participants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Networks were estimated using the newl...

Objectives In Metacognitive therapy (MCT), homework is used, for example, to increase awareness of thoughts and thought processes, to challenge metacognitive beliefs in real‐life situations, and to practice new ways of processing thoughts, feelings, and symptoms. All MCT treatment manuals include homework assignments to be given between each sessio...

Background: Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) in clinical settings with a transdiagnostic patient population. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT-E in a specialised outpatient eating disorder clinic in southeastern Norway.Method: The study involved a transdiagnostic...

Background: Although the persistence of physical symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection is a major public health concern, evidence from large observational studies beyond one year post diagnosis remain scarce. We aimed to assess the prevalence of physical symptoms in relation to acute illness severity up to more than 2-years after diagnosis of COVID-1...

Abstract Background: Major disruptions to daily life routines made families and parents particularly vulnerable to psychological distress during the COVID-19 lockdowns. However, the specific psychopathological processes related to within-person variation and maintenance of anxiety symptomatology and parental distress components in the parental pop...

More detailed descriptives for each participating cohort and sensitivity analyses - all materials are referenced within the main text

Background. Little is known regarding the mental health impact of having a significant person (family member and/or close friend) with COVID-19 of different severity. Methods. The study included five prospective cohorts from four countries (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the UK) with self-reported data on COVID-19 and symptoms of depression and anxie...

Despite the presence of individual differences in the depressive response patterns of adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, most studies have investigated overall population-level changes in depressive symptoms during the first year of the pandemic. This longitudinal repeated-measurement observational study obtained 39,259 observations from 4,361 ad...

Psychological processes are dynamical in nature and display strong individual differences. Yet, studies based on cross-sectional data only reveal group-level effects and lack the ability to capture the dynamic properties of human psychology. The investigation of psychological dynamics and heterogeneity requires the modeling of within-person process...

Background. Persistence of physical symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection is a major public health concern, although evidence from large observational studies remain scarce. We aimed to assess the prevalence of physical symptoms in relation to acute illness severity up to more than 2-years after diagnosis of COVID-19. Methods. This multinational st...

This article presents the results of an opportunistic, cross-sectional, self-report survey of the well-being of staff working in prisons throughout the UK. The survey was completed by 594 participants in the early part of 2021 at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic. Self-report measures indicated concerning levels of burnout and 43.4% of participan...

Background Little is known regarding the mental health impact of having a significant person (family member and/or close friend) with COVID-19 of different severity. Methods The study included five prospective cohorts from four countries (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the UK) with self-reported data on COVID-19 and symptoms of depression and anxiet...

This study was designed to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of migrants living in Norway. We conducted a longitudinal two-wave survey among a sample of 574 migrants and multilevel modelling was used to analyse general anxiety, health anxiety and depressive symptoms. Demographic and psychological predictors were inves...

Background: Psychological distress experienced during pregnancy is a well-documented risk factor for adverse maternal outcomes. Pandemic-related distress may exacerbate vulnerability to negative mental health outcomes for pregnant women. Aim: To investigate pregnant women's subjective experiences of mental health outcomes, pandemic-related challeng...

Within-person network dynamics on a monthly or yearly level have been difficult to study due to the lack of suitable analytic methods. In this study, a new method for estimating networks from panel data was used to investigate how symptoms of depression, mechanisms proposed in the meta-cognitive therapy (MCT) model, and loneliness interact across a...

Background: Patients with eating disorders and childhood trauma have clinical presentations that make them less suitable for standard eating disorder treatment. This might be due to high levels of shame and self-criticism. Self-compassion can be a mechanism of change, especially for patients with eating disorders and childhood trauma. Method: A...

De therapeutische alliantie of werkrelatie heeft in de psychotherapie de status ‘gemeenschappelijke factor’ gekregen, vanwege het robuuste verband met de uitkomst van behandelingen. De opdracht voor ons werkveld is nu om een genuanceerder beeld te krijgen van de invloed van de alliantie op de mate waarin tijdens de therapie vooruitgang wordt geboek...

Objective. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains a growing public health challenge across the globe and is associated with negative and persistent long-term consequences. The last decades of research identified different mechanisms associated with the development and persistence of PTSD, including maladaptive coping strategies, cognitive an...

This 17-month longitudinal study on a representative sample of 4,361 Norwegian adults employs an observational ABAB design across 6 repeated assessments and 3 pandemic waves to systematically investigate the evolution of depressive symptomatology across all modifications of social distancing protocols (SDPs) from their onset to termination. Using L...

To understand the interplay between anxiety symptoms and their maintaining psychological processes in the population, an analysis of longitudinal within-person relationships is required. A sample of 1706 individuals completed daily measures during a 40-day period with strict mitigation protocols. Data of 1368 individuals who completed at least 30 a...

The social distancing protocols (SDPs) implemented as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic may seriously influence peoples’ mental health. We used a sample of 4361 Norwegian adults recruited online and stratified to be nationally representative to investigate the evolution of anxiety following each modification in national SDPs across a 20-month per...

Background: Investigating psychopathological processes and how these are connected to psychiatric symptoms is important to understand how disorder states emerge and are maintained over time. Focusing on within-person relationships between variables further allows investigation of how these relations on average unfold within individuals. Methods: T...

The COVID-19 pandemic and living under social distancing restrictions have been hypothesized to impact well-being and mental health in the general population. This study investigated the general Norwegian adult population's well-being after implementing and lifting strict social distancing restrictions. The study was conducted through digital surve...

The present study investigates differences in the trajectories of anxiety, depression, and sleep problems among infected versus non-infected case-controlled individuals. Patients who tested positive for COVID-19 were selected from a representative sample in Norway (N > 10,000). In total, 126 of these individuals were infected during the project per...

To enhance formulation and interventions for emotional distress symptoms, research should aim to identify factors that contribute to distress and disorder. One way to formulate emotional distress symptoms is to view them as state manifestations of underlying personality traits. However, the metacognitive model suggests that emotional distress is ma...

To address the increased levels of depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 and other pandemics, it is useful to identify the psychological processes that may explain the relationship between pandemic-related stressors and symptoms. In this study, both the combined network of metacognitions and maladaptive coping strategies derived from the metacogn...

In a Norwegian study of 73 couples attending a residential couple therapy program lasting between 6 and 12 weeks, weekly self-report data on therapy alliance and couple satisfaction were collected using routine outcome monitoring (ROM). The aim was to show how dyadic analyses could be applied to examine the predictive association between alliances...

Background Depression highly impairs function and reduces quality of life. Therefore, both symptomatic and functional recovery are important treatment goals. Depression consists of several cognitive, somatic, and affective symptom factors that differently affect function. However, it is unclear whether changes in these domains predict return to wor...

In the present study we aim to increase our knowledge of the relationship between childhood trauma and outcome in couple therapy. We sampled participants based on their sub-optimal responses to treatment as well as one member of the dyad having reported experiences of childhood trauma. Six participants constituting three couples were included. All...

Background Long-term mental and physical health consequences of COVID-19 (long COVID) are a persistent public health concern. Little is still known about the long-term mental health of non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19 with varying illness severities. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of adverse mental health symptoms among individuals dia...

With the fluctuations in anxious and depressive symptomatology accompanied by the pandemic crises, studies on the trajectories of these symptom domains are warranted to monitor the development of mental health problems in the population. This pre-registered longitudinal study examines stable factors and mechanistic processes covarying with the traj...

Drawing on the tenets of family stress theory, the aim of this study is to examine parents' perceived stress, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and associated risk‐ and protective factors across demographic subgroups during in the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Norwegian parents (N = 2868; 79.5% mothers) with >1 child under 18 years of age com...

This 17-month longitudinal study on a representative sample of 4,361 Norwegian adults employs an observational ABAB design across six repeated assessments and three pandemic waves to systematically investigate the evolution of depressive symptomatology across all modifications of viral mitigation protocols (VMPs) from their onset to termination. Us...

BACKGROUND The aim of this multinational study was to assess the development of adverse mental health symptoms among individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the general population by acute infection severity up to 16 months after diagnosis. METHODS Participants consisted of 247 249 individuals from seven cohorts across six countries (Denmark, Estoni...

Increased and long‐term parental stress related to one's parental role can lead to parental burnout. In the early phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic, families experienced intensified pressure due to the government‐initiated contact restrictions applied to prevent the spread of the virus in the population. This study investigates the risk factors and pr...

Background The 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic has added to the mental health strain on individuals and groups across the world in a variety of ways. Viral mitigation protocols and viral spread affect people on all continents every day, but at widely different degrees. To understand more about the mental health consequences of the pandemic, it is impor...

Background This study extends previous research by exploring whether changes in obsessive beliefs and metacognitions that were associated with changes in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) symptom severity over the course of group behavioral treatment were maintained at long-term follow-up.Methods Forty patients with a primary diagnosis of OCD par...

Background In order to understand the intricate patterns of interplay connected to the formation and maintenance of depressive symptomatology, repeated measures investigations focusing on within-person relationships between psychopathological mechanisms and depressive components are required. Methods This large-scale preregistered intensive longit...

With the fluctuations in anxious and depressive symptomatology accompanied by the pandemic crises, studies on the trajectories of these symptom domains are warranted to monitor the development of mental health problems in the population. This pre-registered longitudinal study examines stable factors and mechanistic processes covarying with the traj...

This empirical study aims to investigate factors associated with insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in 4,921 Norwegian adults. Participants were queried across two time-points, between March 31st and April the 7th 2020, and between June 22nd and July 13th, 2020. Relevant risk factors and psychological correlates at the first time-point...

In order to understand the intricate patterns of interplay connected to the formation and maintenance of depressive symptomatology, repeated measures investigations focusing on within-person relationships between psychopathological mechanisms and depressive components are required. This large-scale preregistered intensive longitudinal study conduct...

The present study aimed to explore the relationship between changes in depressive symptoms and the capacity to mentalize over the course of a 3-month inpatient psychodynamic therapy in a sample of 56 patients with depression. Depressive symptoms and mentalizing were assessed weekly during treatment and at 1-year follow-up with the Beck Depression I...

Objective: To investigate the factors associated with adherence to viral mitigation protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: This epidemiological cross-sectional study examines adherence to behaviour in 4158 adults and its relationship with sources of information. Main outcome measures: Adherence to social distancing protocols (SDPs) and a...

Background: The prevalent co-occurrence between parental stress and depression has been previously established prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. However, no studies to date have identified the connections through which these symptom domains interact with each other to emerge into a complex and detrimental mental health state, alon...

Background and Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic and the social distancing protocols designed to impede transmission of the corona virus have severe mental health consequences. This study examine changes in loneliness in the general adult population when the corona-related social distancing protocols were largely discontinued (T2) following a period...

Background: The pace at which the present pandemic and future public health crises involving viral infections are eradicated heavily depends on the availability and routine implementation of vaccines. This process is further affected by a willingness to vaccinate, embedded in the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy. The World Health Organization has li...

Background: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the social distancing protocols used to impede the spread of the virus may have severe mental health consequences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the network of components of pandemic-related negative psychological states (i.e., fear of infection, financial worries, loneliness) and s...

Background In these unpredictable times of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, parents worldwide are affected by the stress and strain caused by the physical distancing protocols that have been put in place. Objective In a two‐wave longitudinal survey, we investigated the levels of parental stress and symptoms of anxiety and d...

This study aimed to examine if survivors of childhood abuse responded differently to couple and family therapy compared with patients without such experiences. The study included 36 couples and nine individuals (N = 81). Of these participants, 30.3% had disclosed being exposed to and/or physical or sexual abuse during childhood. All participants of...

Background: Central components of psychological functioning, such as difficulties in emotion regulation and interpersonal problems are likely to have been substantially impacted by COVID-19 and amelioration measures of societal lock-down and social distancing. In turn, these factors are likely to predict mental health outcomes, such as symptoms of...

The prevalent co-occurrence between parental stress and depression has been previously established prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. However, no studies to date have identified the connections through which these symptom domains interact with each other to emerge into a complex and detrimental mental health state, along with the p...

Background: The pace at which the present pandemic and future public health crises involving viral infections are eradicated heavily depends on the availability and routine implementation of vaccines. This process is further affected by a willingness to vaccinate, embedded in the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy. The World Health Organization has li...

Background: Central components of psychological functioning, such as difficulties in emotion regulation and interpersonal problems are likely to have been substantially impacted by COVID-19 and the amelioration measures of societal lock-down and social distancing. In turn, these factors are likely to predict mental health outcomes, such as symptoms...

In this epidemiological investigation, we assessed the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 10,061 adults participated in the study. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were 2 to 3 times higher compared with prepandemic samples. Participants who predominantly socially distanced themselves revealed su...

BACKGROUND The 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic has added to the mental health strain on individuals and groups across the world in a variety of ways. Viral mitigation protocols and viral spread affect people on all continents every day, but at widely different degrees. To understand more about the mental health consequences of the pandemic, it is impor...

Objective In couple therapy clients often suffer from a blend of individual psychiatric symptoms as well as severe relational distress. However, research is inconclusive on whether relational change predicts symptom change or vice versa. Because answers to this question could have important clinical implications on what to focus on in couple therap...

The COVID-19 pandemic has consequences for mental health in the general population and for health care personnel in particular. This study aimed to investigate the changes in PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and depression when the social distancing protocols were lifted (T2) following a period with strict protocols (T1). At T1, 1773 vulnerable professional...

The 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic has added to the mental health strain on individuals and groups across the world. Viral mitigation protocols and viral spread affect millions every day, but to widely different degrees. How individuals gather information about the pandemic might have an effect on levels of mental distress in the population. In this c...

The therapeutic alliance has gained status as a common factor in psychotherapy due to its robust predictive relationship with outcome. The current challenge in our field is to gain a more nuanced understanding of alliance's impact on the progress of treatment over the course of therapy. In the current study, alliance was measured on 3 dimensions: (...

Background: Internationally, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is commonly used to assess the frequency and severity of depressive symptoms. However, psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the PHQ-9 have only been assessed in adolescents. We present normative data for women and an evaluation of the psychometric properties (in...

Background: In the unpredictable times of the ongoing global coronavirus disease (COVID-19), parents worldwide are affected by stressors and strains that follow in the wake of the government-initiated distancing protocols. Objective: In a two‐wave longitudinal survey, we examined levels of parental perceived stress and symptoms of anxiety and depr...

Background. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the social distancing protocols used to impede the spread of the virus may have severe mental health consequences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the network of components of pandemic-related negative psychological states (i.e., fear of infection, financial worries, loneliness) and s...

Psychotherapy research aims to investigate predictors and moderators of treatment outcome, but there are few consistent findings. This study aimed to investigate cytokines in patients undergoing treatment for anxiety disorders and whether the level of cytokines moderated the treatment outcome. Thirty-seven patients with comorbid and treatment-resis...

Objective: The main aim of the study was to examine levels of parental stress and symptoms of depression and anxiety in the general parental population (N = 2868) during the strict government-initiated physical distancing protocols following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We further investigated specific predictors of parental distress, includ...

Objective: To investigate factors associated with adherence to viral mitigation strategies recommended by the WHO during the COVID-19 pandemic, including adherence to social distancing protocols (SDPs) and adherence to hygienic behavior recommendations (HB). Design: This pre-registered epidemiological study of 4158 adults examines the association...