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Publications (66)
During recent decades, both greenhouse gases (GHGs) and anthropogenic aerosols (AAs) drove major changes in the Earth's energy imbalance. However, their respective fingerprints in changes to ocean heat content (OHC) have been difficult to isolate and detect when global or hemispheric averages are used. Based on a pattern recognition analysis, we sh...
OneArgo is a major expansion of the Argo program, which has provided two decades of transformative physical data for the upper 2 km of the global ocean. The present Argo array will be expanded in three ways: (1) Global Core: the existing upper ocean measurements will be extended to high latitudes and marginal seas and with enhanced coverage in the...
The tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans are connected via a complex system of currents known as the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). More than 30% of the variability in the ITF is linked to the seasonal cycle, influenced by the Monsoon winds. Despite previous efforts, a detailed knowledge of the ITF response to the components of the seasonal forcing is...
Argo, an international, global observational array of nearly 4,000 autonomous robotic profiling floats, each measuring ocean temperature and salinity from 0 to 2,000 m on nominal 10-day cycles, has revolutionized physical oceanography. Argo started at the turn of the millennium, growing out of advances in float technology over the previous several...
A global deep-ocean observing system, the Argo Program, was enabled by technology advances and implemented by a multi-national partnership of academic and governmental institutions and scientists, national agencies, and commercial providers. Development of the autonomous profiling float made Argo possible. Formation of key partnerships made it a re...
This book integrates the perspectives and experiences of 37 authors coming from the governmental (Federal and State), academic, private, non-profit, and tribal sectors. Partnerships in Marine Research: Case Studies, Lessons Learned, and Policy Implications provides a thorough assessment of this important approach to Marine Research. It starts by lo...
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have significant ecological and economic impact at local and regional scales. Consequently, there is a pressing need to map the fine-scale temporal and spatial patterns of MHWs, for both historical and near real-time events. Satellite remote sensing of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) provides fundamental data for the mapping o...
The Earth system is accumulating energy due to human-induced activities. More than 90% of this energy has been stored in the ocean as heat since 1970, with ~64% of that in the upper 700 m. Differences in upper ocean heat content anomaly (OHCA) estimates, however, exist. Here, we use a dataset protocol for 1970–2008 – with six instrumental bias adju...
The Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO play an important role in monitoring, analysing and communicating observed and future changes in Australia’s climate
This sixth biennial State of the Climate report draws on the latest climate research, encompassing observations, analyses and projections to describe year-to-year variability and longer-term chang...
In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Progra...
The Earth system is accumulating energy due to human-induced activities. More than 90 percent of this energy has been stored in the ocean as heat since 1970, with about 64 percent of that in the upper 700 m. Differences in upper ocean heat content anomaly (OHCA) estimates, however, exist. Here, we evaluate spread in upper OHCA estimates arising fro...
Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at
the top of the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the most critical number defining the prospects for continued global warming and climate change. Understanding the heat gain of
the Earth system – and particularly how much and...
Overview—R. Lumpkin
In this chapter, we examine the state of the global oceans in 2019, focusing both on changes from 2018 to 2019 and on the longer-term perspective. Sidebars focus on the significant and ongoing scientific results from the growing array of Argo floats measuring biogeochemical properties, and on the OceanObs’19 conference, a once-p...
Abstract. Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top-of-atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth Energy Imbalance (EEI) is a fundamental metric of climate change. Understanding the heat gain of the Earth system from this accumulated heat – and particularly how much and where the heat is distri...
Community Paper - Frontiers of Marine Science
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00432/full
Considerable advances in the global ocean observing system over the last two decades offers an opportunity to provide more quantitative information on changes in heat and freshwater storage. Variations in these storage terms can arise through internal variability and also the response of the ocean to anthropogenic climate change. Disentangling thes...
The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of ocean temperature and salinity versus pressure, from the sea surface to 2000 dbar. The successful installation of the Argo array and its innovative data management system arose opport...
The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as
a global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of
ocean temperature and salinity versus pressure, from the sea surface to 2000 dbar. The
successful installation of the Argo array and its innovative data management system
arose opport...
This paper reviews the design of the Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS) and its governance and takes a forward look at prospective change. The initial findings of the TPOS 2020 Project embrace new strategic approaches and technologies in a user-driven design and the variable focus of the Framework for Ocean Observing. User requirements arise...
The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is an important component of the upper cell of the global overturning circulation that provides a low-latitude pathway for warm, fresh waters from the Pacific to enter the Indian Ocean. Variability and changes of the ITF have significant impacts on Indo-Pacific oceanography and global climate. In this paper, the obs...
Reliable long-term ocean subsurface temperature measurements are critical for understanding changes in the Earth’s energy imbalance, ocean temperature, sea level, and also separating natural variability from anthropogenic factors.
The International Quality Controlled Ocean Database (IQuOD, www.iquod.org), with support from programmes, such as CLIVA...
TPOS 2020 (Tropical Pacific Observing System 2020 project) is a once in a generation opportunity to
enhance and redesign international observations of the tropical Pacific. This report lays out the rationale and plans for the first step of the redesign and enhancement of the TPOS.
Ocean warming accounts for the majority of the earth’s recent energy imbalance. Historic ocean heat
content (OHC) changes are important for understanding changing climate. Calculations of OHC anomalies
(OHCA) from in situ measurements provide estimates of these changes. Uncertainties in OHCA estimates
arise from calculating global fields from tempo...
More than 90% of the heat energy accumulation in the climate system between 1971 and the present has been in the ocean. Thus, the ocean plays a crucial role in determining the climate of the planet. Observing the oceans is problematic even under the most favourable of conditions. Historically, shipboard ocean sampling has left vast expanses, partic...
Decadal salinity variability is an important characteristic of the ocean. It characterizes differences in evaporative and precipitation fluxes at the surface, and in the subsurface it contributes to steric sea level change and freshwater/salt transports. In this paper, we identify and describe westward moving and decadally varying salinity anomalie...
The Indonesian seas represent the only pathway that connects different ocean basins in the tropics, and therefore play a pivotal role in the coupled ocean and climate system. Here, water flows from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean through a series of narrow straits. The throughflow is characterized by strong velocities at water depths of about 100 m...
The boreal winter response of the ocean mixed layer to the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) in the Indo-Pacific region is determined using in situ observations from the Argo profiling float dataset. Composite averages over numerous events reveal that the MJO forces systematic variations in mixed layer depth and temperature throughout the domain. Str...
In recent years, autonomous profiling floats have become the prime component of the in situ ocean observing system through the implementation of the Argo program. These data are now the dominant input to estimates of the evolution of the global ocean heat content and associated thermosteric sea level rise. The Autonomous Profiling Explorer (APEX) i...
Direct velocity measurements from 2004 through 2006 confirm the eastward flowing surface South Java Current (SJC) and its deeper Undercurrent (SJUC) crosses the Savu Sea to reach Ombai Strait, a main outflow portal of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). The extension of the South Java Current system into Ombai Strait was hinted at by earlier measurem...
Property structure and variability of the Indonesian Throughflow Water in the major outflow straits (Lombok, Ombai and Timor) are revised from newly available data sets and output from a numerical model. Emphasis is put on the upper layers of the Indonesian Throughflow that impacts the heat and freshwater fluxes of the South Equatorial Current in t...
In only 10 years, the Argo Program has grown from an idea into a functioning global observing system for the subsurface ocean. More than 3000 Argo floats now cover the world’s ocean. With these instruments operating on 10-day cycles, the array provides 9000 temperature/salinity/depth profiles every month that are quickly available via the Global Te...
A time-varying warm bias in the global XBT data archive is demonstrated to be largely due to changes in the fall rate of XBT probes likely associated with small manufacturing changes at the factory. Deep-reaching XBTs have a different fall rate history than shallow XBTs. Fall rates were fastest in the early 1970s, reached a minimum between 1975 and...
Twenty years of monthly or more frequent repeat expendable bathythermograph data are used to estimate the mean geostrophic velocity and transport relative to 750 m of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and its partitioning through the major outflow straits into the Indian Ocean. Ekman transports are estimated from satellite and atmospheric reanalysis...
Changes in the climate system's energy budget are predominantly revealed in ocean temperatures and the associated thermal expansion contribution to sea-level rise. Climate models, however, do not reproduce the large decadal variability in globally averaged ocean heat content inferred from the sparse observational database, even when volcanic and ot...
The Leeuwin Current System, along the west Australian coast (22°S–34°S), forms a unique but poorly understood eastern boundary regime in which tropical waters flow poleward. Here we depict the three-dimensional paths connecting this eastern boundary system with the upper-ocean large-scale circulation around Australia based on selected trajectories...
Mesoscale variability and eddy shedding in the Tasman Sea, particularly of the East Australian Current (EAC), is studied through the analysis of remotely sensed observations and outputs from a global ocean model. Previous observations of the western boundary current separation from the coast showed strong variability at periods ranging between 90 a...
The poleward flow of the Leeuwin Current dominates the surface
circulation off Western Australia. Along its path, it cools by about
5°C over 1350 km. Based on an eddy permitting simulation using the
Parallel Ocean Program model, we find that 70% of the heat advected into
the coastal region off Western Australia by the narrow mean jet is
transferred...
The in situ dataset used in the current study consists of the Pacific Current Meter 3 (PCM3) array, which was a significant part of the Australian contribution to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment to study the variability of the East Australian Current (EAC), and was operational between September 1991 and March 1994. Area-preserving spectral a...
The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is the leakage of western tropical
Pacific water into the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean through the
Indonesian seas. The ITF is an important pathway for the transfer of
climate signals and their anomalies around the world oceans. While the
heat and fresh water carried by the ITF are known to affect the basin
bu...
The Argo profiling float project will enable, for the first time, continuous global observations of the temperature, salinity, and velocity of the upper ocean in near-real time.This new capability will improve our understanding of the ocean's role in climate, as well as spawn an enormous range of valuable ocean applications. Because over 90% of the...
The distribution and configuration of water properties are described along five hydrographic sections that cross the Indonesian Throughflow at two longitudes not far from the outflow straits. Properties are further analyzed through the use of concentration anomalies along neutral surfaces. The analysis confirms the two core structure of the Indones...
Velocity and transports are estimated for five recent hydrographic sections and one full-depth velocity section that cross the Indonesian Throughflow in the southeast Indian Ocean between Australia and Indonesia. The sections are: JADE August 1989 and JADE February 1992, both between northwestern Australia and Bali; WOCE repeat sections IR6 April 1...
This chapter highlights the tropical ocean circulation. It describes the observations and some modeling results relating to the main flows near the equator and their water mass sources, in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Ocean. The presentation varies for each ocean, since the issues and available data vary among the three basins. The Indian Ocean...
Hydrographic data about latitudes 30°-32°S in the Pacific Ocean
are presented and used together with direct velocity observations from
floats and moorings to investigate the spatial distribution of
meridional flow and its associated transports. An initial velocity
scheme is developed with reference to the water property distributions
that is subseq...
Between September 1991 and March 1994 the oceanic region off the east coast of Australia at 30°S was the subject of an intense observational program. Part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, the objective was to improve our understanding of the dynamics of the East Australian Current (EAC) and to measure its volume and energy flux. The two m...
A year-long deployment of a mooring in the South Java Current (SJC) of Indonesia provides a fascinating insight into this poorly understood, semi-annually reversing boundary current. A striking three-week period of south-eastward flow begins in mid-May 1997. An analytical model directly account for changes in velocity at this time due to the passag...
These data are part of the Australian contribution to WOCE. The primary aim of ICM6 was to determine the seasonal variability and transport of the Leeuwin Current near 20 South, and thus its meridional heat flux.
Six moorings with a total of 22 instruments were deployed along a line extending 110 km westwards off the northwest coast of Australia,...
Brief description of ICM6
These data are part of the Australian contribution to WOCE. The primary aim of ICM6 was to determine the seasonal variability and transport of the Leeuwin Current near 20 South, and thus its meridional heat flux.
Six moorings with a total of 22 instruments were deployed along a line extending 110 km westwards off the nor...
The circulation and distribution of water masses near the southern boundary of the North Pacific Basin are described, based on a recent hydrographic survey made at 10°N. A circulation scheme is found, using both the tracer data and a box inverse model. To ensure the best possible realization of the mean state, repeat survey data are used in the bou...
The pathways for cross-equatorial and cross-gyre exchange are studied with an extensive set of new high-quality hydrographic data. Use of repeat surveys or comparison with historical data ensured that the data reflect mean conditions. An inverse model adjusts the circulation such that volume, heat and salt are conserved in subthermocline layers. Cr...
The global distribution of freshwater transport in the ocean is presented, based on an integration point at Bering Strait, which connects the Pacific and Atlantic oceans via the Artic Ocean. Through Bering Strait, 0.8 × 10⁶ m³ s⁻¹ of relatively fresh, 32.5 psu, water flows from the Pacific into the Arctic Ocean. Baumgrtner and Reichel's tabulation...
Measurements of oceanic boundary current for integral quantities such as heat and freshwater fluxes are very important for studying its long-term impact on the global climate. There are a variety of boundary currents, including surface, intermediate and deep boundary currents on both western and eastern sides of ocean basins. The dynamics and physi...
