Susan K Raatz

USDA Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center

A Mediterranean (MED) diet decreases atherogenic lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease risk. We tested the hypothesis that daily consumption of whole eggs in a MED diet improves lipid metabolism compared to responses of both a control, American diet and a MED diet without whole eggs. Thirty-nine overweight to obese participants were recruited int...

Objectives A Mediterranean diet (Med Diet) decreases atherogenic lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. It is unknown how high cholesterol intake within a Med Diet will affect these parameters. The objective of this project was to evaluate the daily inclusion of whole eggs, a high cholesterol food, in the Med Diet on lipid and lipoprot...

Objectives Serum β-carotene (BC) concentrations are not reflective of dietary BC status as serum concentrations can vary as a result of intake, lifestyle factors, adiposity, and physiological factors related to digestion and absorption. Longitudinal studies have shown a positive relationship between serum carotenoids and dietary BC intake, but the...

Objectives Beef, while a prominent source of high-quality protein in the American diet, is a source of saturated fat. Beef production practices, such as breed selection and nutrition regimens, can influence the nutritional value of meat by reducing the saturated fatty acids (SFA) content. Thus, we sought to determine the extent to which implementin...

Objectives Evidence suggests that the amount of fatty acid saturation and chain length affect fatty acid oxidation. Metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids may increase energy expenditure and shorter chain fatty acids may be selectively oxidized more readily. More data are needed to determine the impact of fatty acids, as they exist in dietary fats a...

Saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis, but scant work examines the impact of SFA type upon these outcomes. We tested the hypothesis that an obesogenic diet prepared with medium chain SFA (MCSFA), mostly as lauric acid-derived from coconut oil, reduces obesity-induced outcomes compare...

Abstract Background The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) provides specific intake recommendations for vegetable variety and amount in order to protect against chronic disease. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have examined the link between DGA recommended vegetable variety and cardiometabolic disease. To address thi...

Identifying aquaculture feeding strategies that reduce the consumption of fish oil without sacrificing the cardioprotective lipid profile of the salmonid fillet will improve aquafeed economics and sustainability. Transitioning fish from a plant oil-based diet to a finishing diet rich in fish oil and long chain n-3 fatty acids (LCn3) for several wee...

Plasma levels of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are associated with a reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease and other chronic, age-related diseases like Alzheimers disease. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that n-3 LCPUFA fatty acids in human plasma are incorporated into selective lipid species following intake of n...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various cooking techniques on the fatty acid and oxylipin content of farmed rainbow trout. Rainbow trout is an excellent source of long-chain omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which have beneficial health effects. Fillets of 2-year-old farmed rainbow trout were baked, broiled, mi...

Background Weight gain often occurs after breast cancer (BC) diagnosis and obesity along with sedentary behavior are associated with increased risk of BC recurrence and mortality. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether a significant weight loss, of approximately 10%, would lead to beneficial changes in biomarkers associated wi...

Smoking is a major risk factor in the development of preventable disease which may be due to a poorer diet and the reduced nutrient intake of smokers. Our objective was to compare and evaluate the reported intake of current smokers to that of nonsmokers among participants of a study evaluating stress and smoking. We hypothesized that 1) overall ene...

Dietary fat composition may modulate energy expenditure and body weight. Little is known about the relationship between fatty acid intake and body weight at a population level. The purposes of this study were to compare intakes of energy, macronutrients, and individual fatty acids across BMI categories (1) for the US adult population and, (2) by so...

Elevated intake of n‐3 long chain polyunsaturatedfatty acids (n‐3 LCPUFA) is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease. Intake of n‐3 LCPUFA is often quantified by analysis of plasmaphospholipid fatty acids (PLFA); however, the typical analysis by gaschromatography does not allow for determination of the phospholipid species that are...

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are commonly reared as diploids (2N, two sets of chromosomes) or triploids (3N, three sets of chromosomes). Sexual maturation in 2N has negative effects on production efficiency, nutrient retention, and fillet quality. On the other hand, 3N female rainbow trout fail to develop gonads, thus enabling an efficient e...

Background: Differences in energy and macronutrient intakes by weekday and weekend have been reported, but there are few data on differences in food group consumption and indices of diet quality. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe dietary intake by day and on weekends compared with weekdays. Design: This study utilized a longitud...

Background: Systematic seasonal bias may confound efforts to estimate usual dietary intake and diet quality. Little is known about dietary quality over the winter holiday season. Objectives: The aims of this study were to test for differences in intakes of energy, percentage of energy from macronutrients, fruits and vegetables, and diet quality...

Fish and Fish Oil in Health and Disease Prevention provides an authoritative review of the role of fish and fish oil intake in the promotion of human health. This up-to-date volume provides a complete examination of intake patterns as well as research evidence of intake in disease prevention and treatment. Readers will gain knowledge ranging from t...

The U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend twice weekly fish intake. Farmed Atlantic salmon is a good source of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids which have positive lipid modifying effects; however, it is unknown whether these responses are dose-dependent. Our primary research objective was to determine the effect of dose- dependent intake of far...

Resistant starch (RS) has unique digestive and absorptive properties which may provide health benefits. We conducted a study to determine the contributions of cultivar, cooking method and service temperature on the RS contents of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). We hypothesized that the RS content would vary by variety, cooking method and service t...

Our goal was to describe the effects of frying with various oils on the fatty acid content of rainbow trout. Four different oils were evaluated (peanut oil, high oleic sunflower oil, corn oil, and canola oil). Farmed rainbow trout (O ncorhynchus mykiss ) fillets were sliced into three portions and each section was trimmed to a 50 g piece for cookin...

Dietary omega-3 (n - 3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are recommended by public health organizations to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and several epidemiological studies have suggested there is an inverse association between n - 3 intake and human cancers. However, n - 3 are susceptible to an increase in lipid peroxidation in the...

For those individuals who are unable to consume adequate long chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCn3) from dietary sources, fish oil supplementation is an attractive alternative Pre-emulsified fish oil supplements, an alternative to capsular triacylglycerol, may enhance the uptake of LCn3 fatty acids it contains. A randomized, Latin-square crossover desig...

Public health recommendations call for a reduction in added sugars; however, controversy exits over whether all nutritive sweeteners produce similar metabolic effects. The aim was to compare the effects of the chronic consumption of 3 nutritive sweeteners [honey, sucrose, and high-fructose corn syrup containing 55% fructose (HFCS55)] on circulating...

Understanding nutrient intake of anorexia nervosa (AN) patients is essential for the treatment. Therefore, estimates of total energy and nutrient consumption were made in a group of young women (19 to 30 years) with restricting and binge purge subtypes of AN participating in an ecological momentary assessment study. Participants completed three non...

Background Current federal dietary guidance recommends regular consumption of seafood (fish + shellfish) for health; however, little is known about how well Americans meet guidelines, particularly population subgroups. Objectives To describe prevalence of seafood consumption and, among consumers, amounts of any seafood, fish, and shellfish eaten b...

Background Dietary intake assessment with diet records (DR) is a standard research and practice tool in nutrition. Manual entry and analysis of DR is time-consuming and expensive. New electronic tools for diet entry by clients and research participants may reduce the cost and effort of nutrient intake estimation. Objective To determine the validity...

Current US federal dietary guidance recommends regular consumption of seafood (fish + shellfish) to promote health; however, little is known about how well Americans meet the guideline, particularly population subgroups that may be at risk for inadequate intake. The purposes of this study were to describe the prevalence of seafood consumption and,...

Habitual intake of black tea has been associated with relatively lower serum cholesterol concentrations in observational studies. However, clinical trial results evaluating the effects of black tea on serum cholesterol have been inconsistent. Several factors could explain these mixed results, in particular, uncontrolled confounding caused by lifest...

Background: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is aggressive and difficult to diagnose. High intake of most types of dietary fat is thought to increase breast cancer risk; however, results in humans supporting this premise remain equivocal. Fatty acid (FA) concentrations in the body comprise both dietary intake and endogenous FA production....

Consumption of nutritive sweeteners is high with added sugars’ intake from the WWEIA (2009‐2010) survey in all individuals 蠅 2 yr at 76.2 g or 295 kcal daily. Controversy continues regarding the metabolic effects of the source of sweetener. Our goal was to evaluate the glycemic and insulin effect of chronic consumption of honey, sucrose, and high f...

No standard methodology is currently utilized for assessing the relative satiating value of food items. Our goal was to evaluate the validity and reliability of satiety responses in order to develop a standardized methodology for determining the relative satiating capacity of specific food items. A pilot study evaluating the repeatability and corre...

The insulin-like growth factor pathway plays a central role in the normal and abnormal growth of tissues; however, nutritional determinants of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its binding proteins in healthy individuals are not well defined. Three test diets-high-fat diet (40% energy as fat), low-fat diet (LF; 20% energy as fat), and a diet...

Nearly 85 percent of seafood enjoyed by U.S. consumers is imported, and almost half of that is farm raised through a process called “aquaculture,” according to the National Aquaculture Association, based in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. In 2011, the United States imported $16.6 billion of seafood and exported $5.4 billion, a difference of $11.2 billion. As...

Evaluate reported use of the practice of "eating more protein" to prevent weight gain among midlife women. Cross-sectional national survey. One thousand eight hundred twenty-four midlife women (40-60 y) from the 9 United States geographic regions, primarily married (71%), white (76%), and well educated; half were premenopausal (49%). Frequency of d...

Background Total fat and omega-3 fatty acids in the diet may affect breast cancer risk by altering estrogen metabolism. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of differing total fat and omega-3 fatty acid content of diets on a panel of urinary estrogens and metabolites. Findings A controlled, cross-over feeding trial was conducted...

Increasing fish consumption is recommended for intake of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and to confer benefits for the risk reduction of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most Americans are not achieving intake levels that comply with current recommendations. It is the goal of this review to provide an overview of the issues affecting this shortfall of inta...

Enhanced n-3 fatty acid intake benefits cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction. Increasing consumption at a population level may be better addressed by diet than through supplementation. However, limited data are available on the effect of the dose response to fish intake on plasma levels of n-3 fatty acids. To compare the effects of different...

Purpose Research has demonstrated significant underreporting of food intake in obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder (BED). An improved understanding of the accuracy of self-reported food intake is central to diagnosis of eating disorders and monitoring response to treatment. The purpose was to: (1) confirm those with BED consume...

Compared with diets high in fat, low-fat diets are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that a low-fat (LF) (20% fat) and an LF high-omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid diet (LFn3) (23% fat with 3% as α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) would enhance n-3 composition of plasma phospholipid...

Many factors have been identified that influence the recruitment of African Americans into clinical trials; however, the influence of eligibility criteria may not be widely appreciated. We used the experience from the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial screening process to examine the differential impact eligibility criteria had on th...

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in energy intake or energy expenditure that distinguish overweight/obese women with and without binge eating disorder (BED). Seventeen overweight/obese women with BED and 17 overweight/obese controls completed random 24-h dietary recall interviews, and had total daily energy e...

The consumption of seafood enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. Several n-3 oxidation products from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) have known protective effects in the vasculature. It is not known whether the consumption of cooked s...

Substantial evidence relates increased sex hormone concentrations with increased breast cancer risk. Varying omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) intake may lead to alterations in eicosanoid balance and changes in circulating sex hormones that reduce risk. To clarify effects of dietary fat and n-3 FA intake on breast cancer risk markers, circulating sex h...

In this study, ascorbate (Asc) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations were quantified noninvasively using double-edited (1)H MRS at 4 T in the occipital cortex of healthy young [age (mean ± standard deviation) = 20.4 ± 1.4 years] and elderly (age = 76.6 ± 6.1 years) human subjects. Elderly subjects had a lower GSH concentration than younger subjects...

The threonine-encoding allele (Thr54) of the fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) DNA polymorphism is associated with increased triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRL). We hypothesized that the TRL response to diets of varied fat content is affected by the FABP2 A54T polymorphism, specifically that a high-fat diet would reduce TRL and that the Th...

Until now, the lack of a means to detect a deficiency or to measure the pharmacologic effect in the human brain in situ has been a hindrance to the development of antioxidant-based prevention and treatment of dementia. In this study, a recently developed (1) H MRS approach was applied to quantify key human brain antioxidant concentrations throughou...

We hypothesized that a whey protein diet would result in greater weight loss and improved body composition compared with standard weight loss diets. Weight change, body composition, and renin-angiotensin aldosterone system activity in midlife adults were compared between diet groups. Eighteen subjects enrolled in a 5-month study of 8-week controlle...

Observational studies of breakfast frequency in children and adults suggest an inverse (protective) association between the frequency of eating breakfast and the risk for obesity and chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. More prospective studies with stronger designs are needed, as are experimental studies on this topic. In addition, above and...

Eighteen healthy obese subjects participated in a single blind, randomized, crossover study of three test breakfasts, containing 0 g (control), 4 g or 8 g of isolated fenugreek fiber. Subjects recorded ratings of hunger, satiety, fullness and prospective food consumption using visual analog scales (VAS) every 30 min for 3.5 h. Postprandial blood gl...

Obesity in adolescence has been increasing in the past several decades. Beverage habits among adolescents include increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and decreased consumption of milk. This study aimed to examine the association between beverage consumption and 5-y body weight change in 2294 adolescents. Project EAT (Eating Among Tee...

Health benefits of n-3 fatty acids are well-established. However, consumption of adequate dietary sources of these fatty acids is inadequate. Oral fish oil supplements are an alternative means of consuming adequate long-chain n-3 fatty acids in individuals who do not consume sufficient dietary sources. However, palatability can present a problem wi...

The direct monetary costs for food and laxatives, diet pills, and diuretics used by individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) have not been studied. Ten participants with a presenting clinical diagnosis of BN completed a 7-day food record at the outset of treatment in order to provide estimates of weekly and yearly monetary costs for food and associate...

Multiple factors influence long-term weight-loss success, as shown by the National Weight Control Registry. We evaluated the influence of two of those factors, diet instruction by a registered dietitian (RD) and frequency of weigh-in visits, on initial weight-loss success. Twenty-six overweight subjects with a baseline body mass index of 33.2+/-3.7...

We investigated the relationship between nutrition, body composition, and bone mineral density (BMD) in young adults after liver transplantation. A cross-sectional study involving bone densitometry, anthropometry, and detailed food and lifestyle questionnaires. Of 37 patients recruited, 26 were male. The mean age was 38.8 (+/-12.3) years, and the p...

The purpose of the study was to compare energy intake and food selection of laboratory binge eating episodes in obese women with and without binge eating disorder (BED). Twenty women, 12 meeting BED criteria, and 8 BMI and age matched obese controls, engaged in a laboratory binge eating episode. BED participants consumed significantly more total fo...

A diet that includes 5 to 10 g/d of viscous soluble fiber reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and death independent of baseline risk. Consuming foods rich in viscous soluble fiber reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) blood levels 10% to 15% with expected reduction in CVD events by 10% to 15%. Routinely counsel adults at risk...

It remains unclear whether bone mineral density (BMD) is compromised in adult life after liver transplantation (LT) during childhood. This was a cross-sectional study of total body (TB) and lumbar spine (LS) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometry, and data collected, which included a physical activity questionnaire. Fifteen patients were e...

Osteoporosis is common in adults after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The data on bone mineral density (BMD) in children after HCT are limited. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence, timing, magnitude, and possible predictors of bone loss in children after HCT. The study population included 49 patients (age 5-18 yr) w...

To investigate whether blood pressure is different in type 2 diabetic patients on a diet rich in carbohydrates versus a diet rich in cis-monounsaturated fatty acids. Data on the dietary effects on these diets' glucose and lipid metabolism have been previously published. The study compared the effect of feeding 42 type 2 diabetic patients a carefull...

To compare estimates of adiposity by dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), skinfolds and body mass index (BMI); and to evaluate the relation of these measures to cardiovascular risk in adolescents. In a cohort of adolescents participating in a longitudinal study of insulin resistance, Slaughter formulas were used to estimate adiposity from skin...

Reducing the dietary glycemic load and the glycemic index was proposed as a novel approach to weight reduction. A parallel-design, randomized 12-wk controlled feeding trial with a 24-wk follow-up phase was conducted to test the hypothesis that a hypocaloric diet designed to reduce the glycemic load and the glycemic index would result in greater sus...

To evaluate the effects over 2 years of a weight loss program combining several weight loss strategies on weight loss and diabetes control in overweight subjects with type 2 diabetes. A total of 59 overweight or obese individuals with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to either a combination therapy weight loss program for 2 years (C therapy)...

Epidemiological and animal studies associate high levels of dietary fat with increased risk of sex hormone mediated cancer, such as breast cancer. A high intake of total fat and omega-6 fatty acids increases risk while omega-3 (n3) fatty acids are associated with risk reduction. Our proposal is testing the effect of dietary fat and fatty acids on s...

Patients and their physicians remain confused about which dietary advice to follow. Substantial evidence indicates that energy-appropriate, whole-food diets containing unrefined grains, an abundance of fruits and vegetables, low-fat dairy products, low-fat protein sources, and carefully chosen fats and oils can contribute significantly to chronic d...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination weight loss program using intermittent low-calorie diets, energy-controlled meal replacement products, and sibutramine on weight loss, diabetes control, and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight or obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Overweight or obese individuals with typ...

Epidemiologic studies have found whole-grain intake to be inversely associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease. We tested the hypothesis that whole-grain consumption improves insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese adults. This controlled experiment compared insulin sensitivity between diets (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat) includ...

Plasma fatty acid composition reflects dietary fatty acids. Whether the total fat content of the diet alters the fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipid, cholesteryl ester, triacylglycerol and free fatty acids is unknown. To evaluate the effects of low versus high fat diets on plasma fatty acids, a 12-wk, randomized, crossover, controlled fee...

About 9% of average dietary energy intake in the United States comes from fructose. Such a high consumption raises concern about the metabolic effects of this sugar. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary fructose on plasma lipids. The study was conducted in the General Clinical Research Center at Fairview-University of...

As expected on the basis of published research in both humans and animals, treatment with phentermine/fenfluramine lowers plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine [corrected], whereas treatment with phentermine had no significant effect. In light of these findings, future research should focus on mechanisms other than increased plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine [correc...

Most individuals with type 2 diabetes are overweight, and weight loss for them is an important therapeutic objective. However, usual weight-loss strategies have generally not produced sustained weight loss. Pharmacologic agents to assist weight loss might be useful, but no long-term data on their effectiveness and safety in patients with type 2 dia...