Sun-Ah Jun

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• Ph.D
• Professor at University of California, Los Angeles

This study investigates the role of prosodic information in linguistic interpretation in the absence of an explicit linguistic marker to resolve ambiguity. We particularly focus on the impact of prosody on comprehension of restrictive relative clauses (RRC) and non-restrictive relative clauses (NRC) in Korean, a language that lacks morphosyntactic...

In two experiments we examine how listeners make reference to prosodic phrasing in their perception of temporally cued segmental contrasts. We test how the prosodic-structurally conditioned modulation of segmental cues (in domain-initial strengthening) translates into speech perception. We adopt the test case of stop contrasts in Seoul Korean (aspi...

An introduction to the the range of current theoretical approaches to the prosody of spoken utterances, with practical applications of those theories. Prosody is an extremely dynamic field, with a rapid pace of theoretical development and a steady expansion of its influence beyond linguistics into such areas as cognitive psychology, neuroscience, c...

An introduction to the the range of current theoretical approaches to the prosody of spoken utterances, with practical applications of those theories. Prosody is an extremely dynamic field, with a rapid pace of theoretical development and a steady expansion of its influence beyond linguistics into such areas as cognitive psychology, neuroscience, c...

A growing body of research suggests that language users integrate diverse sources of information in processing and adapt to the variability of language at multiple levels. In two visual-world paradigm studies, we explored whether listeners use prosody to predict a resolution to structures with a PP that is structurally ambiguous between a modifier...

This study explores how listeners integrate tonal cues to prosodic structure with their perception of local speech rate and consequent interpretation of durational cues. In three experiments, we manipulate the pitch and duration of speech segments immediately preceding a target sound along a vowel duration continuum (cueing coda stop voicing), test...

No PDF available ABSTRACT This study proposes an Autosegmental-metrical model of intonational phonology of Farasani Arabic, an under-documented dialect of Arabic spoken in the Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia. Tonal patterns of utterances, produced in neutral and narrow focus contexts, were examined by varying the length of a word and a phrase, the lo...

Do learners of a second language (L2) need frequent contact with native speakers of that language in order to master its phonology? What if they hear audio recordings of native speakers and receive immediate corrective feedback about their perception? We used a randomized controlled experiment with 135 Chinese speakers (with English as their L2) to...

This chapter covers prosodic features of languages across Southwestern, Central, and Northern Asia. One representative language from each of the four main language families is passed in review, Turkish (Turkic), Mongolian (Mongolic), Persian (Indo-European), and Georgian (Kartvelian). Owing to a lack of descriptive coverage of the prosody of langua...

Two experiments explored how pitch influences perception of vowel duration as a cue to voicing in light of (1) psychoacoustic interactions between pitch and duration and (2) predicted compensatory effects based on the patterning of pitch and duration in the accentual/prominence-marking system of English. Listeners categorized a “coat”–“code” vowel...

In this study we investigate how listeners perceive vowel duration as a cue to voicing based on changes in pitch height, using a 2AFC task in which they categorized a target word from a vowel duration continuum as “coat” or “code”. We consider this issue in light of (1) psychoacoustic perceptual interactions between pitch and duration and (2) compe...

In studying the effect of syntax and focus on prosodic phrasing, the main issue of investigation has been to explain and predict the location of a prosodic boundary, and not much attention has been given to the nature of prosodic phrasing. In this paper, we offer evidence from intonation patterns of utterances that prosodic phrasing can be formed d...

It is well-established that native speakers perceive nonnative speakers with strong foreign accents, compared with those with a more nativelike accent, as less intelligent and competent, less ambitious and dependable as coworkers, and less comfortable around native speakers. But little is known about how nonnative speakers themselves are affected w...

According to the model of Korean (Seoul) intonation (Jun 1993, 2007), the underlying tonal pattern of an Accentual Phrase (AP) is either HHLH (if the AP-initial segment is aspirated or tense) or LHLH (elsewhere). The second tone, H (= + H in K-ToBI; Jun 2000), or the third tone, L (= L + in K-ToBI), or both are known to be often undershot when the...

This study investigates the variability of focus prosody in English. In intonational phonology of English, focus is known to be marked with a L + H* pitch accent on a focused word followed by deaccenting (Ø) post-focus words (Beckman & Pierrehumbert 1986). 80 speakers participated in a picture naming task where they named images (e.g., blue ball, y...

This study investigates the types of errors that are made by speakers of L1 Korean in the production of L2 English prosody. English and Korean differ in prosodic and rhythmic structure and in the ways word prominence and semantic/pragmatic meaning are marked. In English, a prominent word is marked by a pitch accent on its stressed syllable, and sem...

This study investigated individual differences in the use of prosodic structure in the resolution of syntactic ambiguity in English, exploring listeners' sensitivity to the placement of prosodic boundaries in the parsing of relative clauses. Previous work, carried out in the context of the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis, has shown that variation in "...

This chapter presents two experiments utilizing prosodic adaptations of the structural priming paradigm. In each experiment, the goal was to explore the relation between the location of a prosodic boundary and the preferred parsing of a relative clause (RC) with ambiguous attachment to a preceding head noun. In Experiment 1, using read materials, a...

This study investigates recent changes in Korean intonation where an Accentual Phrase-initial [il] syllable is produced with a High tone by some speakers, introducing an exception to the model of intonational phonology of Seoul Korean (Jun, 1993, Jun, 1996 and Jun, 2006). Data from eighty speakers of Seoul Korean born between 1952 and 1990 show tha...

This book offers a comprehensive description of the prosody of nine Romance languages (Catalan, French, Friulian, Italian, Occitan, Portuguese, Romanian, Sardinian, and Spanish) which takes into account internal dialectal variation. The prosodic analysis of all nine languages has been couched in a common framework, the Autosegmental Metrical framew...

Using the structural priming paradigm, the present study explores predictions made by the implicit prosody hypothesis (IPH) by testing whether an implicit prosodic boundary generated from a silently read sentence influences attachment preference for a novel, subsequently read sentence. Results indicate that such priming does occur, as evidenced by...

Research on the age of learning effect on second language learners’ foreign accents utilizes human judgments to determine speech production outcomes. Inferences drawn from analyses of these ratings are then used to inform theories. The present study focuses on rater differences in the age of learning effect research. Three groups of raters who diff...

This second volume contains detailed surveys of the intonational phonology of fourteen typologically diverse languages, described in the Autosegmental-Metrical framework. Unlike the first volume, half of the languages, which vary in their word prosody as well as their geographic distribution, are understudied languages or researched through fieldwo...

This second volume contains detailed surveys of the intonational phonology of fourteen typologically diverse languages, described in the Autosegmental-Metrical framework. Unlike the first volume, half of the languages, which vary in their word prosody as well as their geographic distribution, are understudied languages or researched through fieldwo...

This second volume contains detailed surveys of the intonational phonology of fourteen typologically diverse languages, described in the Autosegmental-Metrical framework. Unlike the first volume, half of the languages, which vary in their word prosody as well as their geographic distribution, are understudied languages or researched through fieldwo...

Using the structural priming paradigm, the present study explores predictions made by the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis by testing whether an implicit prosodic boundary generated from a silently-read sentence influences attachment preference for a novel, subsequently read sentence. Results indicate that such priming does occur, although the patterns...

This study proposes an Autosegmental-Metrical model of Turkish intonation based on sentences produced in neutral focus, as part of our ongoing research investigating Turkish intonational phonology. Tonal patterns of utterances were examined by varying the length of a word and a phrase, the location of stress, syntactic structures, and sentence type...

In the autosegmental-metrical model of intonational phonology [Pierrehumbert, 1980, Ladd, 1996/2008], prosody is defined in terms of the prosodic structure of an utterance and the prominence relations within the structure. Jun (2005) proposed a model of prosodic typology based on the types of prominence-marking and rhythmic/prosodic units. Language...

This study reports an exploratory analysis of the age of arrival (AoA) effect on the production of second language (L2) prosody. Three groups of Mandarin-speaking immigrants (N=10 in each group) with varying AoA in the United States and ten native speakers of English as controls participated in the study. All participants read a paragraph of Englis...

A Sino-Korean morpheme il is lexically ambiguous, referring to (1) "one" and (2) "day." As Standard Korean does not use pitch accent or tone lexically, these morphemes are expected to be pronounced the same regardless of their meaning, if they are produced in the same prosodic condition. However, informal observation reveals that certain speakers p...

This study investigates the validity of the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis (IPH) by examining default phrasing in English, a low attachment language, in overt prosody generated by reading aloud sentences where a complex noun phrase serves as the head of a relative clause (NP1 NP2 RC). The prosodic phrasing of 27 sentences collected from 36 speakers wa...

Earlier findings in Shue et al. (2007, 2008) raised questions about the alignment of nuclear pitch accents in American English, which are addressed here by eliciting both high and low pitch accents in two different target words in several different positions in a single-phrase utterance (early, late but not final, and final) from 20 speakers (10 ma...

This chapter provides an overview of the Korean prosodic system and introduces the most updated version of K-ToBI (Korean Tones and Break Indices). Korean has two prosodic units marked by intonation: the Accentual Phrase (AP) and the Intonation Phrase (IP). An IP is marked by phrase final lengthening and a final boundary tone. An AP is typically ma...

It is as yet unclear whether the benefits of early linguistic experiences can be maintained without at least some minimal continued exposure to the language. This study compared 12 adults adopted from Korea to the US as young children (all but one prior to age one year) to 13 participants who had no prior exposure to Korean to examine whether relea...

This study examines acoustic characteristics of Korean w. Modern Korean is claimed to have four w diphthongs: w before two front vowels (wi, we) and two back vowels (wa, w). The two front diphthongs are a product of a more recent sound change from front rounded monophthongs, high y and mid o. However, a pilot study shows that the phonetic realizati...

Recent studies of the acoustic correlates of various prosodic elements in American English, such as prominence (in the form of phrase-level pitch accents and word-level lexical stress) and boundaries (in the form of boundary-marking tones), have begun to clarify the nature of the acoustic cues to different types and levels of these prosodic markers...

Speakers sometimes delay the F0 peak of a high accent beyond the accented syllable (Silverman and Pierrehumbert, Papers in Laboratory Phonology I, 1990; Xu, Phonetica, 2001). Previous studies of factors affecting peak alignment focused on the phrasal position of the accented word and the segments of the accented syllable (Jilka and Mobius, Interspe...

Childhood experience with a language seems to help adult learners speak it with a more native-like accent. Can analogous benefits be found beyond phonology? This study focused on adult learners of Spanish who had spoken Spanish as their native language before age 7 and only minimally, if at all, thereafter until they began to re-learn Spanish aroun...

This study investigates the validity of the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis (IPH) by examining the default phrasing of English sentences where a complex noun phrase is the head of a relative clause (RC) (e.g., the servant of the actress who was on the balcony). The prosodic phrasing data collected from 36 speakers were transcribed by three labelers. Re...

This contribution reports default phrasing and relative clause (RC) attachment experiments on Japanese and Korean, testing the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis (IPH) proposed by Fodor and colleagues (e.g., Fodor 1998, 2002; Quinn, Abdelghany, and Fodor 2000), and revisits the intonation model of Seoul Korean (Jun 1993, 1998, 2000). According to the IPH,...

According to the Focus Projection theory, a focused word projects its focus to a larger syntactic constituent. When a Verb Phrase (VP) has two arguments (e.g., gave a boy a book), focus on the verb-final argument licenses focus on the VP. According to the Information Packaging theory of focus applied to Korean, focus on a theme argument licenses fo...

One of the recent theories in sentence processing hypothesized that the prosodic phrasing implicit to a certain syntactic structure determines how speakers interpret the structure. According to this implicit prosody hypothesis (IPH; Fodor, 1998, 2002), in a structure of relative clause (RC) with a complex head noun, speakers/languages tend to prefe...

This study investigates the underlying tonal pattern of pitch accent, tone interaction, focus effects, and the prosodic structure of Northern Kyungsang Korean (NKK) by examining tone-syllable alignment and the realization of pitch accent in different tonal/prosodic contexts. Based on quantitative data, we propose that the underlying tone of pitch a...

It has been claimed that syntactic structures and the argument types (e.g. theme, oblique) can determine the domain of focus: focus on a particular type of internal argument may project its focus domain to a larger syntactic constituent than the focused item. It is also known that focus often has prosodic reflections through the manipulations of pr...

Intonation is the melody of a sentence or a phrase. It marks a grouping of words or the prominence relations among words, and reflects the syntactic structure and the semantic and pragmatic meaning of a sentence.

It has been claimed that a focused word may project its focus to a syntactic constitu- ent larger than the focused item, under what are known as Focus Projection principles (Selkirk 1995; Rochemont 1998). Engdahl and Vallduvi (1996) rejected this purely syntax-based ap- proach and proposed considering the interactions between the grammatical functi...

Studies on child phonology suggest that there exist phonological universals in the timing of phonological events and the ordering of phonological categories, but the acquisition of speech sounds is influenced by the language-specific aspects of the ambient language such as phonetics, phonology, and the frequency of the sound in child-directed speec...

This book illustrates an approach to prosodic typology through descriptions of the intonation and the prosodic structure of thirteen typologically different languages based on the same theoretical framework, the 'autosegmental-metrical' model of intonational phonology, and the transcription system of prosody known as ToBI (Tones and Break Indices)....

This chapter proposes a model of prosodic typology based on categories of intonation and phrasing, analyzed in the framework of autosegmentalmetrical (AM) phonology of intonation. To do this, it examines the ToBI systems and intonational structures of twenty-one languages described in the AM model: thirteen languages in the book and eight languages...

This paper tests the validity of the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis (IPH) (Fodor 1998, 2002) based on production and perception experiments on Korean data. IPH states that attachment of a relative clause (RC) in a sentence with a complex noun phrase is influenced by a default prosodic contour of the structure projected in silent reading. It predicts t...

This study investigates the underlying tonal pattern of pitch accent, the domain of tone interaction, and the prosodic structure of Northern Kyungsang Korean (NKK) by examining tone-syllable alignment and the realization of pitch accent in different tonal/prosodic contexts. Sixty-four sentences produced by six native speakers of NKK were digitized...

The current study assessed whether overhearing Spanish during childhood helps later Spanish pronunciation in adulthood. Our preliminary report based on a subset of the data [Au et al., Psychol. Sci. 13, 238-243 (2002)] revealed that adults who overheard Spanish during childhood had better Spanish pronunciation, but not better morphosyntax, than adu...

The attachment of a relative clause (RC) has been found to differ across languages when its head noun is a complex NP. One attempt to explain the attachment differences is the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis (IPH) proposed by Fodor (1998, 2002). The goal of this paper is to show how the default phrasing of a sentence (explicit prosody), defined phonolo...

While early language experience seems crucial for mastering phonology, it remains unclear whether there are lasting benefits of speaking a language regularly during childhood if the quantity and quality of speaking drop dramatically after childhood. This study explored the accessibility of early childhood language memory. Specifically, it compared...

This paper presents the effect of phrase length and speech rate on prosodic phrasing in Korean. A passage consisting of 188 words was modified to include 220 words without affecting the meaning. Fourteen Korean speakers read the passage at normal and fast rates. Results show that the Korean AP includes 5 or fewer syllables at normal rate, but can i...

Despite its significance for understanding of language acquisition, the role of childhood language experience has been examined only in linguistic deprivation studies focusing on what cannot be learned readily beyond childhood. This study focused instead on long-term effects of what can be learned best during childhood. Our findings revealed that a...

This study examines acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of consonants in standard Korean and in Cheju, an endangered Korean language. The focus is on the well-known three-way distinction among voiceless stops (i.e., lenis, fortis, aspirated) and the two-way distinction between the voiceless fricatives /s/ and /s*/. While such a typologically u...

In this paper we provide a detailed account of the various realizations of the accentual phrase in our phonological model of French intonation (Jun & Fougeron 1995, 2000), and introduce a slight revision in tone-syllable association. In addition to the default and unmarked phrases, we examine the intonational contour of long polymorphemic words and...

This paper reports labeler agreement in the transcription of Korean prosody using Korean ToBI (K-ToBI) (9). Twenty utterances representing five different types of speech were produced by 18 speakers and transcribed by 21 labelers differing in their levels of experience with K-ToBI. Following the stringent metric used for English ToBI evaluation (14...

Foreign accents in second language (L2) production are caused by the phonological system and phonetic realization of the first language (L1), including both segmental and prosodic features. This paper examines the intonation structure of Seoul Korean and its realization by American English speakers. Four English speakers of Korean, differing in flu...

Research indicates that early linguistic input is crucial for acquiring native‐like phonology and morphosyntax. This study investigates whether early discontinued linguistic experience helps adult relearners master the phonology of a language. Students from first‐year Korean classes were classified into three groups: no/minimal speaking experience,...

French and in the degree of abstractness in the tonal representation, which isdue to the conceptual differences linked to the application of the model: the focus is either on acoustic,representation of models,relevant for speech synthesis and recognition, or on abstract representation for phonological description, or on both levels. Inthis paper, w...

This paper investigates acoustic qualities of monophthong vowels of Cheju spoken by rural and urban speakers mostly in their 60 - 70s. We examined the first and second formants (F1 and F2) of vowels with reference to how vowels are spaced in the bark scaled vowel space. One of the obvious findings is that quite a few Cheju speakers do make clear di...

In this paper, we investigate the phonological and phonetic markers of focus and topic intonation in Greek. We have found that both focus and topic are marked by phrasing, type of pitch accent and boundary tone. One difference between the two is that, on the one hand, focus deletes a boundary after the focus word and de-accents all following words....

A universal characteristic of speech is that utterances are generally broken down phonologically into smaller phrases which are marked by suprasegmental features such as intonational events and/or final lengthening. Moreover, phrases can be further divided into smaller-sized constituents. These constituents of varying size, or ‘prosodic units’,...

This study shows that an increase in speech rate affects French intonation in both the phonetic realization of thef0contour and the prosodic organization of a text. The effect of rate was found to vary according to speaker and position of the speech material within the text. For two of the three speakers, an increase in rate induced a reduction in...

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Recently, it has been shown that segments are phonetically strengthened at the beginning of prosodic units [Jun (1993) (for Korean); Fougeron and Keating (1995) (for English); Fougeron (1996) (for French)]. This study investigates whether the syntactically defined Tone Sandhi Group (TSG) in Taiwanese is part of the prosodic hierarchy based on the p...

Intonation of African American English (AAE) has been impressionistically described as having a final level rising and an early rise contour different from that of mainstream American English (MAE) [Tarone (1972)]. But to our knowledge, no systematic description of AAE intonation has been done based on phonetic experiments. In this study, tone patt...

Wh-phrases in Korean are ambiguous due to the lexical ambiguity of "wh" words: wh-pronouns as in a wh-question, or indefinite pronouns as in a yes/no-question. Furthermore, since a wh-word in Korean is in-situ (i.e. not moved to the front of a sentence as in English), wh-questions are not distinguished from echo questions in their surface forms. In...

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Stress in Korean (Seoul) has been controversial for many years: Some linguists believe there is word‐level stress and others do not. Among those who believe that word‐level stress exists, there has been controversy regarding its location: the first or second syllable (H. Lee, 1973), the second syllable (Huh, 1985), or the final syllable (Choi, 1935...

The work published in Phonology and Phonetic Evidence presents an integrated phonetics-phonology approach in what has become an established field, laboratory phonology. This 1995 volume is divided into three sections. Part I deals with the status and role of features in phonological representations; Part II, on prosody, contains, amongst others, tw...