Sule Ozler

University of California, Los Angeles | UCLA · Department of Economics

The debate on private versus audience views on shame can be bridged by the concept of internalization. In the development line of shame, primarily caregivers were necessary to institute shame; we internalize our care givers, and continue to internalize others through our life spans, all of whom reside in us. To demonstrate the importance of interna...

In Smith scholarship it has been argued that Adam Smith did not ground his moral theory in love but in sympathy. Countering this view, our contribution is to show that Smith’s sympathy is rooted in love (“Eros”: affective connectedness). The link from love to sympathy is thorough recognition of another’s subjectivity and imagination. Recognition is...

Shame is a moral emotion. Smith’s interest was in the social implications of shame. Specifically, he identified the positive role shame plays in moral behavior. Shame is a painful emotion and in Smith’s system, and pain and pleasure motivate human behavior. According to Smith, not to feel shame we follow the general rules of society, don’t break pr...

There is an important role for recognition in The Theory of Moral Sentiments. There is recognition in the sympathetic process, in love and wealth accumulation. Because the sympathetic process is intersubjective as in the psychoanalytic literature, it is based on recognition of minds, which results from the mirroring process of mothers. Love, which...

While the development of morality in the work of Adam Smith and Sigmund Freud have been discussed elsewhere (Ozler & Gabrinetti, 2018) there has not been a paper that has reviewed the development of morality in these two theorists from their perceptions of the most basic of motivations. Both Smith and Freud saw the primary human motivation for the...

Psychoanalytic Studies of the Work of Adam Smith blends the rich intellectual heritage of the hermeneutic tradition with the methods and concepts of psychoanalysis, in order to examine the seminal works of Adam Smith. This is the first book on Smith to analyse the works of the groundbreaking moral theorist and founding father of economics from a ps...

This paper will examine the reciprocal effect of markets on morality and morality on markets looking through the perspective of evolutionary psychology and adaptive defenses. Growing out of evolutionary psychology are the pivotal capacities for delayed gratification and trust in the complex human interactions that make possible the reciprocity betw...

In this paper we follow the development and transmission of moral learning from Adam Smith's impartial spectator to Sigmund Freud's superego and then to contemporary psychoanalysis. We argue that defenses are an integral component in the acquisition of any moral system. Elaborating on this argument, we assert that there is a progression from defens...

John Stuart Mill was one of the most eminent minds of the nineteenth century. At the age of twenty he went through a “mental crisis,” as he called it, and when he emerged from that crisis he found deep love. A great deal of creative output followed this episode, including the writing of The Subjection of Women (SW). I hypothesize that at the root o...

In this paper we follow the development and transmission of moral learning from Adam Smith’s impartial spectator to Sigmund Freud’s super-ego and then to contemporary psychoanalysis. We argue that defenses are an integral component in the acquisition of any moral system. Elaborating on this argument, we assert that there is a progression from defen...

One of the essential elements for the human transition from a natural unreflective state to the conscious implementation of a moral structure is a psychological defense system. This leads us to analyze the psychological defense system that Adam Smith employs in The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS). The defense structure creates a knowable world, wh...

The focus of this paper is the works and life of Adam Smith, who is widely recognized as the father and founder of contemporary economics. Latent content analysis is applied to his seminal text in economics, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The results reveal that Smith considers dependence on others a problem...

We examine the effects of trade policy changes on the evolution of productivity in the Turkish manufacturing industry. Plant level productivities are estimated for the 1983–1996 period following the procedure of Olley and Pakes. Industry averages indicate that productivity gains are largest in import-competing industries with highest gains reaching...

In a dynamic panel data framework, we investigate the factors influencing the export decision of the Turkish manufacturing plants over the 1990-2001 period. Our results support the presence of high sunk costs of entry to export markets, as well as the hypothesis that the full history of export participation matters for the current export decision....

The impact of foreign direct investment on host countries’ industrial sectors has received considerable attention. It is shown by many researchers that foreign plants are more productive than are domestic ones, but the empirical evidence regarding spillovers is not unambiguous. In this paper, we suggest that the impact of foreign direct investment...

The process of European Union Accession has provided a strong stimulus for various institutional changes in Turkey. The European Council decision taken at Helsinki (10-11 December 1999) was an important turning point in this process. The Accession Partnership, which followed the Helsinki summit, identified short and medium term priorities, intermed...

Foreign direct investment has been considered for a long time as an important channel for transfer of technology to developing countries, and an important tool to generate jobs in those countries. Multinationals bring the factor that developing countries need most, capital, and therefore, they may also help to ease the unemployment pressure created...

A sovereign borrower seeks to raise funds internationally to finance a fixed-size project, which no single lender can finance alone. Lenders cannot lend more than their endowments, which are private information. A coordination failure arises; therefore, some socially desirable projects may not be financed, even if ex post feasible. There are multip...

In this paper we investigate gender differences in job creation and destruction patterns in Turkey during a period of substantial trade liberalization. The primary findings are as follows. 1) In the manufacturing sector as a whole, net job creation rate for females at every skill level are significantly higher than their male counterparts. 2) Gross...

A sovereign borrower seeks to raise funds internationally to finance a fixed-size project, which no single lender can finance alone. Lenders cannot lend more than their endowments, which are private information. A coordination failure arises therefore, some socially desirable projects may not be financed, even if ex post feasible. There are multipl...

We investigate the relationship between export orientation and female share of employment in the Turkish manufacturing sector, during 1983–85, following the onset of export-led industrialization policies. Using plant-level data we find that female share of employment in a plant increases with the export to total output ratio of its sector. The cont...

Commercial bank debts of developing countries are held by large international banks and smaller domestic banks. This paper investigates how debt concentration--the proportion of a country's debt held by large banks relative to small banks--affects the secondary market price for these loans. We find that countries with higher concentrations have hig...

The authors of this book challenge mainstream thinking about the nature of globalization. While not hostile to markets per se, they believe that capitalist market processes, left to operate freely, tend to generate injustice, insecurity, instability, and inefficiency. Taking account of the new realities of globalization, this volume explores an unu...

Black markets for foreign exchange have had an uninterrupted existence in Turkey’s history. The nature of the black market, however, showed a dramatic change with the onset of path-breaking, market-oriented economic reforms in the 1980s. From a position of very significant activity before 1980, both the level of activity and the premium on foreign...

Commercial bank debts of developing countries are held by a heterogenous group of banks. Here we focus on the distinction between large international money-centre banks and smaller domestic banks. In particular we investigate the role of debt concentration – the amount of a country’s debt held by large banks relative to small banks – on the seconda...

Using crosscountry data pooled for 1985 and 1990, we analyze the relationship between women's share of the labor force and the processes of long-term economic development, and macroeconomic changes associated with structural adjustment. We find that the relationship between long-term development and women's share of the labor force is U-shaped. Con...

This paper investigates the impact of past defaults. and of recently acquired sovereignty on the terms of bank loans for developing countries in the 1970s. We control for countries' repayment indicators and for a measure of their political stability. Our findings are that: 1) The repayment difficulties of the period prior to the 1930s do not have a...

The manner in which the political system responds to external economic shocks in developing countries is a key determinant of the private investment response. We look at a simple model of political-economic equilibrium to make this intuition more precise. and develop the idea of a "political transmission mechanism." Even in the confines of this sim...

Previous empirical studies of secondary market discounts for developing countries have ignored important creditor country factors. The empirical evidence in this paper indicates that, after controlling for repayment indicators of borrower countries, bank exposure and capital are important determinants of secondary market discounts: an increase in t...

The evolution of credit terms for developing country borrowers is empirically investigated. The data are loan level for the expansion stage of the Eurocurrency market covering 1968–1981, and do not include renegotiated loans. We analyse the effect of a borrower's repeated experience in the market on the behavior of spreads. The primary finding is t...

This paper studies theoretically and empirically the role of domestic political incentives in the accumulation of large external debts by developing countries during 1972-81. The theoretical model characterizes two equilibrium regimes. In one regime the borrower is on its demand curve and changes in the loan size demand are accommodated by the lend...

In the context of a model that distinguishes between large money center banks and smaller regional banks, we show that the percentage of a country's debt held by the large banks affects the secondary market price of that country's debt: the higher the concentration of the debt, the higher the secondary market price. We also show that the free trade...

We introduce adaptive learning behavior into a general-equilibrium life-cycle economy with capital accumulation. Agents form forecasts of the rate of return to capital assets using least-squares autoregressions on past data. We show that, in contrast to the perfect-foresight dynamics, the dynamical system under learning possesses equilibria that ar...

We introduce adaptive learning behavior into a general-equilibrium life-cycle economy with capital accumulation. Agents form forecasts of the rate of return to capital assets using least-squares autoregressions on past data. We show that, in contrast to the perfect-foresight dynamics, the dynamical system under learning possesses equilibria that ar...

The effect of developing country loan reschedulings on large U.S. banks is investigated using an event study methodology. The major finding concerns the evolving nature of the impact of loan reschedulings. During 1978-80, reschedulings had a positive effect on bank returns, in contrast to the negative impact found for the 1981-83 period. An explana...

The developing country debt crisis brought attention to the type of lending behavior that predominated while the commercial bank market developed. This article presents the major characterizations of bank behavior, particularly regarding predictions that can be tested empirically. Critically comparing existing empirical studies with these predictio...

This paper investigates the impact of international migration on technical efficiency, resource allocation and income from agricultural production of family farming in Albania. The results suggest that migration is used by rural households as a pathway out of agriculture: migration is negatively associated with both labour and non-labour input allo...

We introduce adaptive learning behavior into a general-equilibrium life-cycle economy with capital accumulation. Agents form forecasts of the rate of return to capital assets using least-squares autoregressions on past data. We show that, in contrast to the perfect-foresight dynamics, the dynamical system under learning possesses equilibria that ar...

We introduce adaptive learning behavior into a general-equilibrium life-cycle economy with capital accumulation. Agents form forecasts of the rate of return to capital assets using least-squares autoregressions on past data. We show that, in contrast to the perfect-foresight dynamics, the dynamical system under learning possesses equilibria that ar...

The impact of LDC loan reschedulings on the major U.S. banks and their implications for LDC financing has been of interest since the onset of the Mexican crisis. This paper presents an empirical model that calculates the unanticipated revaluation of bank assets in response to news regarding reschedulings. The model incorporates expectation formatio...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Stanford University, 1985.