Sule Akkoyunlu

• PhD, University of Oxford
• Fellow at Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis

This study tests Okun’s law for Turkey using annual data gathered for almost a century (1923–2019). In contrast to the rest of the literature focusing on a linear relationship between unemployment and output levels, we argue for a cointegrating nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. We find clear evidence of an asymmetric cointegra...

Distinguishing between short-run and long-run outcomes we provide new insight into the relationship between education and migration. We examine the specific link between the acquisition of high levels of human capital in the form of university education in Turkey and migration to Germany. We implement bounds testing procedures to ascertain the long...

This study investigates the impact of openness to trade and corruption on economic development for a cross-section of 143 countries for the year 2000 by analysing the effects of trade openness and corruption on income, productivity, innovation, and income inequality. Institutional, cultural and geographical factors, and country size are controlled...

In this paper, the amount of income redistribution in the United States, the European Union, and in Switzerland is compared and empirically related to economic, political, and behavioral determinants elaborated in the literature. Lying in between the two poles, data on Switzerland provides evidence about the relative merits of competing hypotheses....

Appendices

The domestic saving and investment correlation as posited by Feldstein and Horioka is revisited for Turkey and tested over the whole period (1950–2017) and the two subperiods (1950–1989 and 1990–2017). The time-series properties of the data and the presence of structural breaks are properly addressed by the bounds testing procedure. Although, the i...

This study is the first to investigate theoretically and empirically the determinants of Diaspora Bonds for eight developing countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Lebanon, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sri-Lanka) and one developed country-Israel for the period 1951 and 2008. Empirical results are consistent with the predictions of the the...

This paper addresses the effect of migration on women's empowerment in Turkey. Utilization of data over six decades from 1960 until 2011 gives the possibility that these series can be spuriously correlated. This study, therefore, adopts the bounds testing procedure as a method to determine and to avoid spurious correlation. The results of bounds te...

This paper addresses the effect of migration on women's empowerment in Turkey. Utilization of data over six decades from 1960 until 2011 gives the possibility that these series can be spuriously correlated. This study, therefore, adopts the bounds testing procedure as a method to determine and to avoid spurious correlation. The results of bounds te...

Rural–urban linkages play a crucial role in the generation of income, employment and wealth. Yet, for various reasons the importance of such linkages is not recognized and thus ignored in national economic and trade policies. The present paper investigates infrastructure problems, institutional constraints and trade barriers that tend to discourage...

This study addresses the price convergence in two cities in Turkey (Istanbul and Ankara) using annual data over the three-quarters of the twentieth century (1922–1998), characterized by prevailing high inflation rates for most of the period. In contrast to the rest of the literature addressing convergence in price levels with a typical result of ex...

Rural–urban linkages play a crucial role in the generation of income, employment and wealth. Yet, for various reasons the importance of such linkages is not recognized and thus ignored in national economic and trade policies. The present paper investigates infrastructure problems, institutional constraints and trade barriers that tend to discourage...

Intellectual outputs are available on a non-exclusive basis and are non-rivalrous in use. Therefore, it is difficult for producers of intellectual outputs to appropriate the returns on their investments and cover the costs without intellectual property rights (IPRs). In addition, the market for intellectual outputs would fail, or would deliver an i...

This study empirically investigates the determinants of migrant outflows from Switzerland by country of origin over the period 1991-2008. The return migration is considered as part of an optimal life-cycle residential location choice. In addition to costs and benefits of return migration we also consider non-pecuniary factors or personal unexpected...

This study investigates whether there is a direct link between remittances and financial development with time series data on Turkish workers’ remittances from Germany over the five decades. Studies on the direct or indirect link of the remittances-financial developmentgrowth have given mixed results depending on the sample of the countries and reg...

It is well established both in theoretical and empirical migration literature that migration to a destination country generates stream of remittances to a country of origin. In this paper we investigate whether the causality runs also in the opposite direction. This hypothesis that implies that more remittances generally result in more migration is...

In this paper we investigate the role of remittances in economic performance of Turkey. Our study is motivated by controversial findings of the previous two studies that already addressed this important issue. Karagöz (2009) finds out that remittance flows negatively influenced Turkeys’ economic performance, whereas Tansel and Yaşar (2010) report t...

Migration not only contributes to development through financial remittances, but also through flows of knowledge and through the diffusion of social, cultural and political norms and values. In fact, these more intangible contributions are more appreciated during economic and financial crises, as financial remittances become unstable or decrease in...

In this study we examine the macro-determinants of Turkish migration to Germany over the period 1969–2004 by means of cointegration analysis. We find that trade and factor flows indeed influence migration and play a role in managing Turkish migration in the short as well as in the long run. However, the income differential between Turkey and German...

This study defines, specifies and empirically tests the concept of intervening opportunities proposed by Stouffer (1940) and the theory of competing migrants proposed again Stouffer (1960) in the context of international migration. An empirical model of Turkish migration to Germany is developed and tested for the 1969-2008 period, using the cointeg...

This study is the first to investigate theoretically and empirically the determinants of Diaspora Bonds for eight developing countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Lebanon, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sri-Lanka) and one developed country – Israel for the period 1951 and 2008. Empirical results are consistent with the predictions of the t...

The role of borders in adding to the costs of trade and of cultural ties, such as language, in reducing such costs have been a major element in the contributions of Karin Peschel to our understanding of the development of spatial patterns of trade. With the elimination of most direct costs of borders on trade in goods and services within the Europe...

Most international organizations – including the World Bank, UNCTAD, OECD, UNIDO, WTO and FAO – share the view that there needs to be a global transformation towards a greener economy. However, in the aftermath of the Rio+20 UN Summit, some key issues about the green economy must be clarified to reach a global consensus for collective action. In th...

Most international organizations – including the World Bank, UNCTAD, OECD, UNIDO, WTO and FAO – share the view that there needs to be a global transformation towards a greener economy. However, in the aftermath of the Rio+20 UN Summit, some key issues about the green economy must be clarified to reach a global consensus for collective action. In th...

This study addresses price convergence in two cities in Turkey (Istanbul and Ankara) using the annual data over the three quarters of the 20th century (1922–1998), characterized by prevailing high inflation rates for most of the period. In contrast to the rest of the literature addressing convergence in price levels with a typical result of extre...

In this study we examine the macro-determinants of Turkish migration to Germany over the period 1969–2004 by means of cointegration analysis. We find that trade and factor flows indeed influence migration and play a role in managing Turkish migration in the short as well as in the long run. However, the income differential between Turkey and German...

We investigate in this paper whether the stable pattern of remittances over the last three decades can be explained by the altruistic behaviour. This possibility is tested by means of cointegration analysis, which is applied to Turkish remittances from Germany over the period 1962-2005. A single cointegrating relationship is found between the remit...

This study addresses price convergence in two cities in Turkey (Istanbul and Ankara) using the annual data over the three quarters of the 20th century (1922–1998), characterized by prevailing high inflation rates for most of the period. In contrast to the rest of the literature addressing convergence in price levels with a typical result of extreme...

This study defines, specifies and empirically tests the concept of intervening opportunities proposed by Stouffer (1940) and the theory of competing migrants proposed again Stouffer (1960) in the context of international migration. An empirical model of Turkish migration to Germany is developed and tested for the 1969-2008 period, using the cointeg...

In this paper, we address the issue of spurious correlation in the production of health in a systematic way. Spurious correlation entails the risk of linking health status to medical (and nonmedical) inputs when no links exist. This note first presents the bounds testing procedure as a method to detect and avoid spurious correlation. It then applie...

This study investigates whether migration and trade can be regarded as complements or substitutes using the data on Turkish migration to Germany for the period 1963-2004. In contrast to previous studies that investigated this question using gravity equations, we conduct our analysis using the cointegration framework. In line with the previous liter...

I investigated whether migration is interrelated with trade, aid and remittances so that any policies that consider trade, aid and remittances also affect the decision to migrate. We developed and estimated an empirical model of Turkish migration to Germany and tested the model for the 1969-2004, using the cointegration technique. A single cointegr...

In this paper, we address the issue of spurious correlation in the production of health in a systematic way. Spurious correlation entails the risk of linking health status to medical (and nonmedical) inputs when no links exist. This note first presents the bounds testing procedure as a method to detect and avoid spurious correlation. It then applie...

In this paper, the amount of income redistribution in the United States, the European Union, and Switzerland is compared and empirically related to economic, political, and behavioral determinants elaborated in the literature. Lying in between the two poles, Switzerland provides unique evidence about the relative merits of competing hypotheses. It...

Using several large micro data sets this paper studies self-employment decision in the U.S., the UK and in Germany, focusing in particular on differences between native-born persons and immigrants. In a reduced-form framework we decompose differences in self-employment rates into age and skill effects and an unexplained (cultural) component. As a m...

This paper examines the cyclical interactions between the remittances of Turkish workers in Germany and output in both Turkey and Germany. Our analysis introduces a new data set covering 1962 to 2004, never used before in the research literature and considered to be a more reliable source than the data sets used in other studies. By dividing the or...

In this study we analyse the impact of workers' remittances on the decision to migrate by means of cointegration analysis. In traditional migration theories, especially in human capital models, the decision to migrate is based upon comparison of expected future incomes in the sending and the receiving countries adjusted for the cost of migration. B...

In this paper we examine the interactions between the remittances of the Turkish workers in Germany and the output both in Turkey and in Germany. In our analysis we use the new data set provided by the German monetary authorities, which was never before employed in the literature and which we consider as a more reliable source than the data sets us...

In this paper we analyze the impact of the economic reforms implemented in 1980s and of the Custom Union Agreement of 1996 on the intra-industry trade in Turkey. Using the panel data for 15 trading partners of Turkey and the sample period 1970-2005, we record the positive impact of both reforms with the former reforms exercising stronger influence...

This study develops a time series model of Turkish migration to Germany for the period 1963-2004 using the cointegration technique. A single cointegrating relation between the migration flow variable and the relative income ratio between Germany and Turkey, the unemployment rates in Germany and Turkey, and the trade variable, that captures intensit...

In this paper we investigate the labour market outcomes of the native workers in the presence of unskilled immigration. We show that not only the natives who complement the migrants but substitute them also benefit from migration through the creation of new jobs following the arrival of immigrants. Thus, the matching probability of unskilled native...

The principal aim of this paper is to construct a consumption function for Turkey for policy analysis. This study commences from 1962 and extends until the end of 1994, when a financial crisis occurred in Turkey. It attempts to analyse not only the decline in the first half of the 1980s, but also the significant rise from 1986 onwards in the privat...

Thesis (D. Phil.)--University of Oxford, 1999. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 318-371).