Stuart C Carr

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Verified

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• phd
• Professor at Massey University

Humanitarian Work Psychology (HWP) has challenged historical claims that wage and wellbeing are barely connected. Contradicting SDGs 1, 3, 8, and 10, earlier research prioritized middle-class samples (for whom wage was less salient) and assumed linearity (instead of actually curvilinear poverty traps). Nonetheless, even in HWP research, the wage–we...

Sustainable Livelihoods are more adaptable than precarious jobs, for career development through Decent Work. An essential element for Career Sustainability is Climate action, that includes Just Transitions from carbon-intensive to carbon-neutral or regenerative work. This paper analyses a municipal transition from coal-mining to a more carbon-neutr...

Covid-19, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Climate Change, have disrupted work education, rendering sustainability of careers and livelihoods a concern. This paper outlines a collaborative response to that challenge, offering opportunities for sustainable livelihoods in a work education cloud collaboration, Project SLiC (Sustainable Livelihoods Co...

System Justification Theory (SJT) is a thriving field of research, wherein the primary questions revolve around why individuals and groups are motivated to see the systems they depend on as just, fair, and legitimate. This article seeks to answer how accurate the postulates of SJT are when compared to competing self-interest claims of Social Identi...

System Justification Theory (SJT) is a thriving field of research, wherein the primary questions revolve around why individuals and groups are motivated to see the systems they depend on as just, fair, and legitimate. This article seeks to answer how accurate the postulates of SJT are when compared to competing self-interest claims of Social Identi...

In this Age of the Anthropocene, the world of work is being radically disrupted by mass precarity, rising wage and income inequality, habitat destruction, and the rise of artificial intelligence. Facing such insecurity, people, we show, are careering toward radical ways of making a living. They range from radical professionals to social media influ...

Jobs have arguably failed to deliver for most job holders worldwide, with mass precariousness now the norm across the globe. Where does this leave career development, which is often associated with jobs? One constant is working to make a living. Securing that goal into the future – which is what ‘career’ implies – may require more than just what th...

Social entrepreneurship is gaining increased prominence internationally as a vehicle for addressing a range of socioeconomic issues, including access to decent and inclusive work. In Vietnam, such enterprises have become a key component of the country’s sustainable development strategy, with national competitions awarding start-up prizes for a few...

This study investigates the pivotal role of trust in bridging the effects of transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The study was conducted using a multilevel longitudinal approach with 276 employees in 71 teams from private medium-sized organizations in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Transformational leadership was foun...

Organizational citizenship behavior is argued to be particularly important to civil society organizations (Akhtar, Hakeem, & Naeem, 2017). However, organizational citizenship behavior needs further theoretically driven research in the civil society sector, which is the overarching aim of this study which compared two competing models of organizatio...

After a brief introduction to sustainable livelihoods via the subject’s history, this chapter illustrates how a humanitarian Work and Organizational Psychology (WOP) based around Sustainable Livelihoods would embrace the following: (1) living wages and fair trade; (2) livelihoods across the vast and frequently ‘illegal’ informal sector; (3) inclusi...

Rising above bare subsistence wages, a Living Wage is a meaningful aspiration to many people. At the heart of a wage-wellbeing spectrum, it promises a sustainable livelihood that not only meets the subsistence needs of workers and families but also people’s higher-order needs – e.g., for civic participation and for social inclusion. This chapter fe...

The nadir for wage-related wellbeing, on the wage-wellbeing spectrum, is economic slavery. This chapter focuses on trafficked work and Slavery Wages. There are compelling reasons for a dearth in on-the-ground ‘research’, including issues of safety, invisibility, and criminality. Yet grey literature, anecdotal reports and theoretical arguments illum...

Unlike the Minimum or Living wage, less scrutiny has been applied, in research and policy, to any wage ceiling – a Maximum wage. Yet just as minimum implies maximum, people will make socio-economic comparisons with wages at the top. Policy needs to reflect such comparisons, and what they mean for people’s sense of wage (in)justice, and wellbeing. W...

Chapter 10 offers a set of interrelated Policy Briefs - a wage policy suite. Integrating preceding chapters, each brief identifies a core wage policy issue and matched wellbeing issue. The briefs are pitched at multiple levels of policy-making, from SME to MNE, civic to civil society, multinational to multilateral; along global supply chains and al...

Closing wage differentials between the minimum and the maximum, floor and ceiling, has yet to reverse unfair gendered wage differentials. This chapter, on Sexist wages first divides the inequalities faced by women into (i) vertical and (ii) horizontal, meaning between women being (i) under-represented in the better-waged jobs and over-represented i...

Minimum wages were meant to protect people from sweated conditions and the brutality of unregulated employment sectors. But they have ended up being eroded to a point where many fail to support even a basic standard of living. Research on whether to raise minimum wages has waded into an ideological morass. One side holds that keeping wages low boos...

Between 2012 and 2019, ‘jobs’ went from panacea for poverty to instrument of ill-being for most workers globally. In part the shift was due to unsustainable wages. Today, many traditional jobs are in decline, digital platforms on the rise, and the concept of one person-one job is more exception than rule. A ‘lie flat’ movement in China, and ‘great...

Wellbeing begins with physical health, to personal emotions, including freedom from financial worry, and out to social groups, work groups, and wider society. Such ever-increasing circles of holistic wellbeing shift from proximal to distal, micro to macro; and back. At each radius, decent wages transform an OR into an AND: They help protect people...

Extending discussion of wage differentials and inequalities, racist wages can be addressed through the lenses of geography and mobility. This chapter considers wage and wellbeing through three such focal domains: In your own land; in another land; and in a shared land. In each of these domains, research find racist wages. Research and theory have a...

Since its inception as a modern and evolving discipline, psychology has been concerned with issues of human security. This think piece offers an initial conceptualisation of human security as a broad security concept that encompasses a range of interrelated dimensions that have been responded to by different sub-disciplinary domains within psycholo...

Most developed nations have a statutory minimum wage set at levels insufficient to alleviate poverty. Increased calls for a living wage have generated considerable public controversy. This article draws on 25 interviews and four focus groups with employers, low-pay industry representatives, representatives of chambers of commerce, pay consultants,...

Recent pre-pandemic research suggests that living wages can be pivotal for enhancing employee attitudes and subjective wellbeing. This article explores whether or not the present COVID-19 pandemic is impacting pivotal links between living wages and employee attitudes and subjective wellbeing, with replication indicating robustness. Twin cohorts eac...

Purpose The study maps workplace stakeholders’ perceptions of living wage (LW) impacts in New Zealand. Empirical findings inform an inaugural model of LW impacts and contingent factors at individual, organisation, sector/industry and national levels. Design/methodology/approach Data from a national employee survey, semi-structured interviews with...

The COVID-19 crisis brought about increased surveillance, restrictions on movement, loss of freedoms, and the shutdown of ‘normal’ everyday life in Aotearoa New Zealand. Complex interplays of power, choice, and coercion in relation to people ceding their privacy and freedom to the state in return for the potential of health and economic security we...

Brands are increasingly part of how international aid and development Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) operate, but there are challenges in aligning NGO brand value across diverse stakeholders. This research explores how key decision makers within one major NGO – Oxfam—construct the challenges of brand value alignment, using an Interpretative Ph...

Drawing on aspects of both commercial and not-for-profit organisational structures, social enterprises strive to become financially sustainable in order to support efforts to address various societal problems, including poverty and socio-economic exclusions. This study documents the experiences of 20 social entrepreneurs regarding the fit between t...

The United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8.5 aims to “achieve equal pay for work of equal value” globally by 2030. This goal conflicts with a widespread and continuing practice of paying skilled workers from higher-income economies working in lower-income settings more than their host worker counterparts. This brief summarizes researc...

The sustainability of Fair Trade ultimately relies on consumers choosing fair-traded products. To date, research has tended to study consumer and producer engagement, and reactions to Fair Trade separately. These areas do, however, interconnect systematically through supply chains. In this paper we introduce a self-catalysing model of Fair Trade wh...

Global reward management plays a fundamental role in supporting the attraction, motivation and retention of employees, and yet recent research has underscored limitations of the dominant balance sheet approach, including inequity between host country national and expatriate staff. To shed light on how reward in international contexts can be structu...

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) epitomize a macro-perspective on work as they apply to all societies regardless of their economic, political, or geographic considerations. From this perspective, work is no longer just about being efficient for the benefit of an employing organization (meso-level) or indeed about individuals...

The seafood processing industry in Thailand is facing a significant transition to industry 4.0. Therefore, the need exists to develop a causal model of talent utilization, engagement and performance and its effect on engagement and performance among employees. A sample of 360 talented persons working with the leading seafood processing industry in...

Purpose Social enterprises can be found across Vietnam. However, little is known about how these organizations contribute to the country’s broader efforts to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper aims to explore whether and to what extent differences in social impacts by social enterprises may be explained by the...

Building on the U.N. human security taxonomy of 1994, this article aims to explore the constructability of a reliable, valid, parsimonious, useful measure of human security that is relevant to contemporary environments and situations? A seminal 1994 U.N. report, Human Security in Theory and Practice, outlined seven types of human security (personal...

According to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), poverty eradication in the 21st century means everyday access to decent health care, education and livelihoods, political participation, social inclusion, a clean and safe environment, and more. These are aspirational goals that together support a decent quality of life. Crossing monetary, ‘...

Theoretically, a living wage is a threshold that, once crossed, may transform qualities of work life, including from wage injustice to justice, organizational disengagement to commitment, and life dissatisfaction to satisfaction. Initial studies from New Zealand, South Africa and Thailand have found a threshold-like cusp in the relationship between...

Rose and colleagues are prominent scholars who have brought insights from across the social and health sciences to promote a compelling case for significant action to address inequalities in both physical and mental health. Below, we offer further points of support, critique and clarification in the spirit of co-operation, which appears to be centr...

This ground-breaking and innovative textbook offers a uniquely global approach to the study of social psychology. Inclusive and outward-looking, the authors consciously re-orientate the discipline of social psychology, promoting a collectivist approach. Each chapter begins with an illustrative scenario based on everyday events, from visiting a loca...

The goal of this study was to measure employee engagement (EE), organisational commitment (OC), and job satisfaction (JS) in Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. We surveyed a convenience sample of 631 employees (South Africa: n = 219; Namibia: n = 212; and Zimbabwe: n = 200). The employees completed a selection of items from the Employee Engagemen...

Working poverty affects over half the world’s working population, yet we know remarkably little about the role of wages in transitioning toward sustainable livelihood. We develop and test a model whereby as pay approaches a living wage range, pay fairness becomes clearly associated with work–life balance; this in turn links to job satisfaction, whi...

In this particular issue of the journal, that focus is Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG3). The articles range from enabling workforce development in community rehabilitation services, to counteracting substance use that intersects with gender, youth, and with combating a major disease, to engendering mental health literacy, including respect for...

Much has been written about the negative aspects of flexibility, particularly around new and often unfair flexible contracts and working arrangements for workers that have eroded employee rights and damaged the employment relationship. However, this chapter deals with two much more promising phenomena: “anywhere working” (working remotely from the...

Work may be a panacea for poverty but the world of work in 2018 is characterised by ‘Working Poverty,’ including poor wages. Living wages are a contested idea for resolving the paradox, with empirical evidence on how they might do so being scarce. Theoretically, a living wage enables people to escape from poverty traps, indicated by qualitative imp...

In the inaugural issue of International Perspectives in Psychology ( IPP ), the founding editor painted a picture of the journal's international goals. Since 2011, IPP has more than achieved those timely and laudable goals. This editorial suggests an additional goal to those achievements. Building on the premise that “the world is shrinking,” and m...

This editorial focuses on international psychology and partnership. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) implies partnerships within and between countries; across disciplines, professions and sectors; and with indigenous cultures and worldviews. Partnership therefore is clearly crucial to the future of international psychology.

Purpose A “living” wage (LW) is conventionally defined as enabling meaningful participation in society above subsistence through, for example, recreation, supporting a family, and savings. There is increasing debate over LWs due to growing inequality, rising living costs and welfare reform but this remains largely framed by the econometric cost-ben...

Background It is estimated that over one billion persons worldwide have some form of disability. However, there is lack of knowledge and prioritisation of how to serve the needs and provide opportunities for people with disabilities. The community-based rehabilitation (CBR) guidelines, with sufficient and sustained support, can assist in providing...

Industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology has begun to shed its reputation as a handmaiden to corporate and managerial interests, in part, through its engagement with humanitarian concerns. However, as highlighted by recent commentary, I-O psychology still has a decidedly POSH perspective on the world; that is, it has focused on Professionals who...

The balance between employee pay and human thriving remains theoretically and empirically under-explored at the lower-end of the wage and income spectrum. Poverty Trap theory and the Law of Diminishing Returns offer seemingly contradictory predictions of the relationship between thriving and wages. An exploratory survey of low- and middle-income ea...

PEOPLE are also the most important thing in Psychology, and in any psychology journal. That is especially so in an internationally focused journal like IPP. Our ambit is wide and deep. It includes “inter-group relations; disaster response; societal and national development; environmental conservation; emigration and immigration; education; social a...

The future of any community of applied research practice rests on its early career scholars and practitioners. Such connections are the lifeblood of any journal. They may add an additional pool, actually waves of talent who can be reviewers and proposers of special issue sections, lead articles, and reviews for the journal. This kind of carrying ca...

The Return on Investment on Migration: What is in it for Business? Study Highlights.

Resumen El concepto de salario vital se define por la calidad de vida y de vida laboral, no por la mera subsistencia económica. Implica asimismo verdadera participación social y organizational. En economías en desarrollo, estas claves del «trabajo decente» guardan relación con «las capacidades», que son importantes para los individuos, las organiza...

Résumé Tout salaire vital doit assurer, au‐delà de la simple subsistance, une certaine qualité de vie, y compris au travail, et une participation véritable à la sphère sociale et organisationnelle, soit la jouissance de potentialités ou «capacités». Toutefois, les liens entre revenu et capacités sont encore mal connus, et les salaires vitaux souven...

‘Living’ wage campaigns are more than calls for higher basic minima rates of pay. They are predicated on the notion that there is a discrete income below which people risk further deprivation, but above which there should be a qualitative upward shift in human capability. Problematically, however, the theory of diminishing marginal returns predicts...