Stuart K. Card

Stanford University | SU · Department of Computer Science

Eye movement based analysis is becoming ever prevalent across domains with the commoditization of eye-tracking hardware. Eye-tracking datasets are, however, often complex and difficult to interpret and map to higher-level visual-cognitive behavior. Practitioners using eye tracking need tools to explore, characterize and quantify patterned structure...

Evaluating the effectiveness of the visual design of an interface is an important yet challenging problem. In this paper, we introduce the VERP (Visualization of Eye movements with Recurrence Plots) Explorer, a visual analysis tool for exploring eye movements during visual-cognitive tasks. The VERP Explorer couples conventional visualizations of ey...

Complex, perilous domains like surgery and aviation require accurate responses under extreme time constraints. Checklists improve important outcomes in these domains. However, current designs are based largely on intuition; there is little theory or empirical work about designing effective procedure aids. Furthermore, discretionary checklist use is...

Checklist usage can increase performance in complex, high-risk domains. While paper checklists are valuable, they are static, slow to access, and show both too much and too little information. We introduce Dynamic Procedure Aids to address four key problems in checklist usage: ready access to aids, rapid assimilation of content, professional accept...

This groundbreaking book defines the emerging field of information visualization and offers the first-ever collection of the classic papers of the discipline, with introductions and analytical discussions of each topic and paper. The authors' intention is to present papers that focus on the use of visualization to discover relationships, using inte...

Cognitive aids such as checklists have been shown to benefit medical teams working in routine and crisis environments. This video presents a team of physicians reacting to a simulated operating room emergency, demonstrating potential benefits of interactive cognitive aids in medicine.

Emergency medical teams collaborate to solve problems and take care of patients under time pressure and high cognitive load, in noisy and complex environments. This paper presents preliminary work in the design and evaluation of head-mounted and multi-surface displays in supporting teams with interactive checklists and more generally dynamic cognit...

In an effort to reduce medical errors, doctors are beginning to embrace cognitive aids, such as paper-based checklists. We describe the early stage design process of an interactive cognitive aid for crisis care teams. This process included collaboration with anesthesia professors in the school of medicine and observation of medical students practic...

In the 2005 publication "Illuminating the Path" visual analytics was defined as "the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by interactive visual interfaces." A lot of work has been done in visual analytics over the intervening five years. While visual analytics started in the United States with a focus on security, it is now a worldwide resea...

Software tools that make it easier for analysts to collaborate as a natural part of their work will lead to better analysis that is informed by more perspectives. We are interested to know if software tools can be designed that support collaboration even as they allow analysts to find documents and organize information (including evidence, schemas,...

We present TimeNets, a new visualization technique for genealogical data. Most genealogical diagrams prioritize the display of generational relations. To enable analysis of families over time, TimeNets prioritize temporal relationships in addition to family structure. Individuals are represented using timelines that converge and diverge to indicate...

Our work addresses the needs of multiple information workers collaborating on joint projects, which typically require finding, analyzing, and synthesizing information from heterogeneous sources. We report on iterative design, implementation, and assessment of collaborative tools for sensemaking tasks. Our goal is flexible, lightweight tools that bo...

How does one make sense of a large or complex task? By the term "sensemaking" we mean the processes people go through to frame, collect, organize and structure information to help understand a problem. Sensemaking is what people do to get from the earliest phases of an information collecting and organizing task to the conclusion. Sensemaking tasks...

Software tools that make it easier for analysts to collaborate as a natural part of their work will lead to better analysis that is informed by more perspectives. We are interested to know if software tools can be designed that support collaboration even as they allow analysts to find documents and organize information (including evidence, schemas,...

We examine how ambient displays can augment social television. Social TV 2 is an interactive television solution that incorporates two ambient displays to convey to participants an aggregate view of their friends' current TV-watching status. Social TV ...

To understand how and why individuals make use of emerging information assimilation services on the Web as part of their daily routine, we combined video recordings of online activity with interviews of 11 experienced Web users. From these observations, we describe their choice of systems, the goals they are trying to achieve, their in- formation d...

When confronted with a large or complex amount of information, how DO people come to understand it? This workshop will focus on the most recent work in sensemaking, the activities, technologies and behaviors that people do when making sense of their complex information spaces.

Agreat deal of analytical work has been carried out in the context of reading, in digesting the semantics of the material, the identification of important entities, and capturing the relationship between entities. Visual analytic en- vironments, therefore, must encompass reading tools that enable the rapid digestion of large amounts of reading mate...

Visual analytics is a newly evolving field that spans across several more established disciplines. This panel discusses how VA system developers and researchers are best educated at the MS and PhD levels. This paper describes several ways in which VA can be characterized - with the goal of using these characterizations to identify knowledge domains...

A great deal of analytical work is done in the context of reading, in digesting the semantics of the material, the identification of important entities, and capturing the relationship between entities. Visual analytic environments, therefore, must encompass reading tools that enable the rapid digestion of large amount of reading material. Other tha...

Intelligence analysis often involves the task of gathering information about an organization. Knowledge about individuals in an organization and their relationships, often represented as a hierarchical organization chart, is crucial for understanding the organization. However, it is difficult for intelligence analysts to follow all individuals in a...

Taking the form of physical books, virtual 3D books can be used as basic components of e-book systems, information workspaces, and digital libraries. This paper describes the page turning design of 3Book, a 3D book system that we recently developed. Our design aims to find a sensible balance among important factors such as visual realism, readabili...

The past few years have seen increasing discussion of the need for, even the inevitability of, a field of human-information interaction (HII) - as either a major sub-branch of human-computer interaction (HCI) or as a separate field altogether. The "I" in HII implies a focus on information and not computing technology. But what does this mean? Is th...

The current dependence of HCI practice on feature-level design and defect-oriented usability evaluation is hindering it from addressing persistent societal problems such as disaster search and rescue, driver distraction and communication failures. HCI has much to offer here in helping apply information technologies in effective, usable ways. But a...

ABSTRACT

The importance of annotations, as a by-product of the reading activity, cannot be overstated. Annotations help users in the process of analyzing, re-reading, and recalling detailed facts such as prior analyses and relations to other works. As elec-tronic reading become pervasive, digital annotations will become part of the essential records of the...

Researchers have noticed that readers are increasingly skimming instead of reading in depth. Skimming also occur in re-reading activities, where the goal is to recall specific topical facts. Bookmarks and highlighters were invented precisely to achieve this goal. For skimming activities, readers need effective ways to direct their attention toward...

I will talk about an emerging class of user interfaces that if not exactly intelligent are at least attention-reactive. They are being developed to handle "sensemaking" tasks, in which users find, analyze, and creation products or action from large collections of documents. Applications might be expected to develop in law, education, scholarship, s...

Although information visualization (infovis) technologies have proven indispensable tools for making sense of complex data, wide-spread deployment has yet to take hold, as successful infovis applications are often difficult to author and require domain-specific customization. To address these issues, we have created prefuse, a software framework fo...

The purpose of this report is to summarize a set of Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) interviews conducted with two intelligence analysts to identify leverage points (or “pain points”) for the development of new technologies, and task scenarios for benchmark studies and evaluations of new technologies. PARC’s Adaptive Information Interaction for Intell...

We present a new technique for efficiently computing Degree-of-Interest distributions to inform the visualization of graph-structured data. The technique is independent of the interest distribution used, and enables fluid interaction with very large data sets (over 100,000 nodes).

This paper extends previous work on focus+context visualizations of tree-structured data, introducing an efficient, space-constrained, multi-focal tree layout algorithm ("TreeBlock") and techniques at both the system and interactive levels for dealing with scale. These contributions are realized in a new version of the Degree-Of-Interest Tree brows...

This paper describes the 3Book, a 3D interactive visualization of a codex book as a component for various digital library and sensemaking systems. The book is designed to hold large books and to support sensemaking operations by readers. The book includes methods in which the automatic semantic analysis of the book's content is used to dynamically...

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Subject indexes were an important step forward for books because they enabled the comparison and correlations of information without extensive reading, re-reading and memorization. In this short paper, we focus on the user interaction and usage scenario of a new system called ScentIndex that enhances the subject index of an eBook by conceptually re...

This paper describes the 3Book, a 3D interactive visualization of a codex book as a component for digital library and information-intensive applications. The 3Book is able to represent books of almost unlimited length, allows users to read large format books, and has features to enhance reading and sensemaking.

Intelligence analysts engage in information seeking, evaluation, prediction, and reporting behavior in an extremely information-intensive work environ- ment. A Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) was conducted on intelligence analysts to capture data that will provide input to support development of a computational model of the analyst's processes and an...

Taking the form of physical books, virtual 3D books can be used as basic components of e-book systems, information workspaces, and digital libraries. This paper describes the page turning design of 3Book, a 3D book that we recently developed based on our previous experiences with Web-Book. Our design achieves interactive page turning by em-ploying...

This paper proposes Degree-of-Interest trees. These trees use degree-of-interest calculations and focus+context visualization methods, together with bounding constraints, to fit within preestablished bounds. The method is an instance of an emerging "attention-reactive" user interface whose components are designed to snap together in bounded spaces.

This demonstration shows a method and implementation to interactively display large hierarchies (up to 10,000 nodes) within a web browser. This software computes a degree of interest (DOI) for each node in the hierarchy and displays an overview of the complete hierarchy while showing more detail for nodes with a higher DOI value.

Intelligence analysts (IAs) engage in information seeking, evaluation, prediction, and reporting behavior in an information-intensive work environment. A Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) was conducted to capture data that will provide input to support development of a model of the IAs processes, biases, and analytic strategies. A hybrid method was use...

To construct detailed models of the psychology of users interacting with the World Wide Web (WWW) we have developed a methodology for studying and analyzing ecologically valid WWW tasks. The methodology involves creating a user trace: a record of all significant states and events in the userWWW interaction based on the analysis of eye tracking data...

The Hyperbolic Tree is a focus + context information visualization that has been developed to amplify users' ability to navigate large tree-structured information systems. Information scent is a theoretical construct that captures one kind of interaction between task and display. Information scent is provided by task-relevant display cues, such as...

Advances in computer technology have created new possibilities for information retrieval systems in which user interfaces could play a more central role. Our analysis of the problem suggests that what is needed from the user's point of view is not so much information retrieval itself, but rather, the amplification of information-based work processe...

We present Information Foraging Theory as an approach to understanding how strategies and technologies for information seeking, gathering, and consumption are adapted to the flux of information in the cultural environment. The theory is developed within an evolutionary-ecological framework that includes analysis of adaptation, knowledge, and cognit...

We present a new visualization, called the Table Lens, for visualizing and making sense of large tables. The visualization uses a focus context (fisheye) technique that works effectively on tabular information because it allows display of crucial label information and multiple distal focal areas. In addition, a graphical mapping scheme for depictin...

Although the document imaging industry has taken off in the last few years, document image filing for the individual information worker is still not widespread or effective. In this paper, we focus on building an electronic filing system for paper documents that supports the ad hoc, multifarious work of information workers. Motivated by interviews...

The Information Grid (InfoGrid) is a framework for building information access applications that provides a user interface design and an interaction model. It focuses on retrieval of application objects as its top level mechanism for accessing user information, documents, or services. We have embodied the InfoGrid design in an object-oriented appli...

The Special Interest Group on Computer Human Interaction (SIGCHI) has had a successful history of 20 years of growth in its numbers and influence. To help guide the continued evolution of the academic discipline and professional community, we invite several senior members to offer their visions for what the field of CHI actually accomplished over t...

This paper proposes Degree-of-Interest trees. These trees use degree-of-interest calculations and focus+context visualization methods, together with bounding constraints, to fit within pre-established bounds. The method is an instance of an emerging "attention-reactive" user interface whose components are de-signed to snap together in bounded space...

Designing interactive computer systems to be efficient and easy to use is important so that people in our society may realize the potential benefits of computer-based tools .... Although modern cognitive psychology contains a wealth of knowledge of human ...

In this paper, we present three taxonomic classification schemes based on Web users responses to what Web activities significantly impacted their decisions and actions. The taxonomic classifications focus on three variables: the Purpose of peoples search on the Web, theMethod people use to find information, and the Content of the information for wh...

Eye tracking studies of the Hyperbolic Tree browser [10] suggest that visual search in focus context displays is highly affected by information scent (i.e., local cues, such as text summaries, used to assess and navigate towards distal information sources). When users detected a strong information scent, they were able to reach their goal faster wi...

Eye trackers output a stream of points at which the eye was looking. To give these points meaning, researchers analyzing eye tracking data need to map the points onto the meaningful objects at which the eye was looking. Performing this mapping has proven to be a tedious, timeconsuming task. We present a software system that automates this task for...

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a replicable WWW protocol analysis methodology illustrated by application to data collected in the laboratory. The methodology uses instrumentation to obtain detailed recordings of user actions with a browser, caches Web pages encoutered, and videotapes talk-aloud protocols. We apply the current form of the...

Eye trackers output a stream of points at which the eye was looking. To give these points meaning, researchers analyzing eye tracking data need to map the points onto the meaningful objects at which the eye was looking. Performing this mapping has proven to be a tedious, time-consuming task. We present a software system that automates this task for...

An abstract is not available.

This proposal seeks to use point-of regard eyetracking in connection with a new type of analytical tool, Display Space-Time Resource Diagrams, to understand, characterize, and unltimately engineer a new class of dynamic displays for perceptual support of cognitive tasks.

In this paper we present a method, the Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function, for characterizing information access from dynamic displays. The paper works out this method for a simple, but important, class of dynamic displays called direct-walk interactive information visualizations, in which information is accessed through a sequence of mouse...

Information Foraging (IF) Theory addresses user strategies and technology for seeking, gathering, and using on-line information. We present IF-based models and evaluations of two interfaces: the Scatter/Gather browser for large document collections, and the Butterfly interface for surfing the citation link structure of scientific literatures. A com...

Considering the amount of interest in studying Webbrowsing behavior, there is a relative lack of tools for data collection in this area. Those tools that do exist have significant limitations on the data they are able to collect or on their suitability for efficient analysis. We present WebLogger, a tool which instruments Microsoft 's Internet Expl...

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a replicable WWW protocol analysis methodology illustrated by application to data collected in the laboratory. The methodology uses instrumentation to obtain detailed recordings of user actions with a browser, caches Web pages encountered, and videotapes talk-aloud protocols. We apply the current form of th...

Digital books can significantly enhance the reading experience, providing many functions not available in printed books. In this paper we study a particular augmentation of digital books that provides readers with customized recommendations. We systematically explore the application of spreading activation over text and citation data to generate us...

Focus + context information visualizations have sought to amplify human cognition by increasing the amount of information immediately available to the user. We study how the focus + context distortion of the Hyperbolic Tree browser affects information foraging behavior in a task similar to the CHI '97 Browse Off. In comparison to a more conventiona...

Information foraging theory is an approach to understanding how strategies and technologies for information seeking, gathering, and consumption are adapted to the flux of information in the environment. The theory assumes that people, when possible, will modify their strategies or the structure of the environment to maximize their rate of gaining v...