Steven Lindauer

Virginia Commonwealth University | VCU · Department of Orthodontics

Bacterial infections are a common cause of clinical complications associated with the use of orthodontic microimplants. Biofilm formation on their surfaces and subsequent infection of peri-implant tissues can result in either exfoliation or surgical removal of these medical devices. In order to improve the properties of microimplants, hybrid coatin...

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of age and gender on the incidence of calcification in laryngeal cartilage diagnosed on lateral cephalometric radiographs routinely taken for orthodontic diagnosis. The lateral cephalometric radiographs of 957 patients who met the study criteria were analyzed from among the 1000 lateral radiograp...

Introduction: Extrusion of maxillary lateral incisors during aligner treatment is a difficult movement to achieve accurately. Despite recommendations regarding attachment design, few studies and no prospective trials compare predictability among attachments. This study aimed to compare the efficacy between optimized and horizontal attachment desig...

Introduction: This study evaluated current trends and perspectives among orthodontists regarding clear aligner therapy in the mixed dentition (CAMD), including insights into perceived indications, compliance, oral hygiene, and other factors. Methods: An original, 22-item survey was mailed to a randomized, nationally representative sample of prac...

Introduction: This study aimed to determine adaptations orthodontists made during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic to maintain safety and determine which adaptations will remain after the pandemic. Methods: An original 34-question survey was sent by mail to a randomized selection of practicing orthodontic specialists (n = 1000). Questions i...

Purpose To investigate the changes of mandibular incisors in position and alveolar bone thickness and height after retraction with intrusion in adults. Materials and Methods Cephalometric radiograph tracings were evaluated before and after retraction and divided into two groups: pure retraction (PR) and retraction with intrusion (RI). Distances of...

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the perceived efficacy of aligners (Invisalign; Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif) at performing extrusive movements of maxillary lateral incisors and to evaluate and compare differences in treatment planning protocols and other interventions used when required between orthodontists and general dentists...

Introduction Teledentistry in orthodontics is growing, yet patient preferences for its use is unknown. This study aimed to determine the perceived value of doctor-to-patient face-to-face interaction, convenience, and attitudes toward specific uses of teledentistry among orthodontic patients. Methods Private practice orthodontists emailed an electr...

Aligners are an example of how advances in dentistry can develop from innovative combinations of 3D technologies in imaging, planning and printing to provide new treatment modalities. With increasing demand for esthetic orthodontic treatment, aligners have grown in popularity because they are esthetically more pleasing and less obstructive to oral...

Introduction The aims of this study were to (1) investigate and compare the educational value of the most popular YouTube (www.youtube.com; Google, San Bruno, Calif) orthodontic patient testimonials between braces, in-office aligners (IOA), and direct-to-consumer aligners (DTCA), and (2) classify the emotional response of the viewers through sentim...

Objective: To determine whether separating the alignment and leveling phases can reduce proclination of the mandibular incisors. Methods: Eligibility criteria included Class I subjects with an irregularity index of 3-5 mm, 3-4 mm curve-of-Spee (COS), and non-extraction treatment. Thirty adults were randomly allocated into two groups: (1) Control g...

Aim To evaluate the maxillary dentition effects of the extrusion arch for anterior open bite (AOB) correction in mixed dentition patients. Materials and methods Fourteen subjects with an initial mean age of 9.17 ± 1.03 years presenting with dentoalveolar AOB (mean − 1.28 ± 1.46 mm) and normal facial pattern (FMA = 25.76°) were treated with an extr...

Introduction: Patients and parents want shorter treatment times, but it is unclear whether they would compromise outcome quality to shorten treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare orthodontists' and parents' perceptions of finished occlusion and their willingness to extend treatment time to achieve improved outcomes. The effects of ela...

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a publicly available facial recognition application program interface to calculate similarity scores for presurgical and postsurgical photographs of patients who underwent orthognathic surgeries. Our primary objective was to identify which surgical procedure(s) had the greatest e...

Introduction This study aimed to evaluate the factors that influence potential orthodontic patients choosing an orthodontist, general dentist, or direct-to-consumer (DTC) aligners for their treatment, and to determine the level of interest in each provider type. Methods An electronic survey was administered to 249 adults among the general populati...

Objectives: To compare the effects of two common methods of overbite reduction on smile esthetics. Materials and methods: A prospective clinical trial was conducted with 32 patients in whom overbite reduction was achieved using a maxillary incisor intrusion arch (18 patients) or flat anterior bite plate (14 patients). Clinical and cephalometric...

Objectives: To investigate the reliability and accuracy of a monitoring system in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with a rapid maxillary expander. Specifically, the amount of tooth movement calculated by the software was compared with the actual measurements taken on plaster models obtained during an in-office visit. Materials and metho...

Purpose To evaluate differences between orthodontists and general dentists in experience with clear aligners (CA), patients’ demand and perception, types of patients, and malocclusion treated with CA and to compare the two groups of clinicians not using CA in their practice. Methods A Web-based survey was developed and sent to the 129 members of t...

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a three-dimensional imaging mechanism that is being used more frequently in dentistry and across many dental specialties for diagnostic and treatment planning purposes. Additionally, CBCT may be used to evaluate growth and treatment changes in individual patients over time when accurate and precise superimpos...

Introduction: The aims of this study were to investigate the eruption pattern of maxillary permanent canines in the alveolar cleft area after secondary alveolar bone grafting and to assess the risk indicators for canine impaction. Methods: The sample consisted of 75 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate who underwent secondary alveolar b...

Digital dental technology is increasingly becoming an integral part of the modern orthodontic practice. The accuracy of digitally articulated models is critical when developing orthodontic treatment plans. Objective: to determine the accuracy of model articulation generated by extraoral and intraoral scanners. Design: One extraoral scanner with a w...

Objective: The aim of this study was to use three-dimensional images to determine the presence of upper lip asymmetry at rest and during smiling in a group of individuals with no history of orthodontics or facial cosmetic surgery. Methods: Standardized three-dimensional frontal resting and smiling images of 54 volunteers were analyzed using the...

Objective: To measure the changes in tooth mobility, alveolar bone, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during orthodontic treatment to regain incisal function in the presence and absence of biting exercises. Materials and methods: Thirty-six females (42.3 ±...

Objective: To compare alveolar bone thickness and height changes between untreated incisors (control), incisors advanced with light-force tipping, and incisors advanced with bodily movement mechanics. Materials and methods: Forty-three subjects (aged 9.49 ± 1.56 years) with anterior crossbite were allocated into an untreated group (control), tip...

There are so many compliments to Dr. Steven Lindauer that is hard for one to figure where to start from… Well, travelling backwards in time, all the way to the year 2000, I went to Virginia to study English at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), in Richmond, Virginia, USA. During my daily walks to the English school, I used to pass by the Schoo...

Objective: To examine the orthodontic patient experience having braces compared with Invisalign by means of a large-scale Twitter sentiment analysis. Materials and methods: A custom data collection program was created that collected tweets containing the words "braces" or "Invisalign" for a period of 5 months. A hierarchal Naïve Bayes sentiment...

Objective: To investigate differences in case selection, treatment management, and aligner treatment expertise between orthodontists and general practitioners. Materials and methods: A parallel pair of original surveys with three sections (case selection, treatment management, and demographics) was sent to orthodontists (N = 1000) and general de...

Objective: To evaluate the precision and reproducibility of a protocol to perform rapid voxel-based superimposition of the mandible in growing patients using CBCT. Materials and methods: The sample comprised two cone-beam computed tomography scans taken at least 1 year apart from each of 24 growing patients. Voxel-based superimposition was perfo...

Objective: To determine whether orthodontic treatment with removable aligners vs fixed orthodontic appliances is associated with a different frequency of orthodontically induced external apical root resorption (OIEARR) when genetic, radiographic, and clinical factors are accounted for. Materials and methods: Three hundred seventy-two orthodontic...

Objective: To investigate American and Canadian orthodontists' opinions and perceptions on the use of headgear in the treatment of Class II malocclusions. Materials and methods: An online survey was sent to randomly chosen orthodontists (n = 1000). Results: The study was completed by 948 orthodontists; 62% of the orthodontists indicated that t...

Objective: To evaluate similarities and differences in orthodontists' and general dentists' perceptions regarding their interdisciplinary communication. Materials and methods: Orthodontists (N = 137) and general dentists (N = 144) throughout the United States responded to an invitation to participate in a Web-based and mailed survey, respectivel...

Objective: To (1) assess orthodontic patient and practitioner use of and preferences for social media and (2) investigate the potential benefit of social media in marketing and communication strategies in orthodontic practices. Materials and methods: A survey was developed and randomly distributed to orthodontists via the American Association of...

Objective: To determine if interproximal reduction of teeth (IPR) is perceived differently by orthodontists and general dentists. Materials and methods: A Web-based survey containing statements about IPR was developed and randomly distributed to orthodontists and general dentists. Results: The majority of orthodontists and general dentists str...

Introduction A new, highly filled primer is currently marketed as a fluoride delivery system effective in reducing white spot lesions in orthodontic patients. However, no studies in the literature support this claim. The purpose of this in-vivo study was to investigate the retention and the efficacy of this primer in reducing the formation of white...

Objectives: Smile esthetics is critical when treating patients with a chief complaint of gummy smile. A repeatable method to evaluate soft tissue mobility would be beneficial in identifying etiology of excessive gingival display. The purpose of this study was to quantify the soft tissue changes that occur upon smiling and to compare changes between...

Objective: Previous studies have documented changes and trends in the dental and orthodontic literature over time. The purpose of this study was to compare characteristics of published papers in the orthodontic literature among journals and over time. Method: All articles (N=968) published in 3 journals: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dento...

The objective of this systematic review was to estimate the efficacy of protrac- tion facemask on the correction of Class III malocclusion in the short term. A systematic review of articles was performed using different electronic data- bases (PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, LILACS, and Google Scholar)....

Objective: To evaluate parents' preferences regarding the appearance and attire of orthodontists. Materials and methods: Parents attending their child's first orthodontic appointment were asked to choose from among sets of photographs of potential orthodontic providers. Selected factors were varied within the sets, including sex and age of the p...

Objective: To determine if text message reminders regarding oral hygiene compliance have an influence on the level of compliance within an orthodontic population. Materials and methods: In this prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial, 42 orthodontic patients were assigned to a text message or control group. Parents of patients assigne...

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that orthodontist characteristics and factors related to retainer choice do not influence the management of the retention phase with regard to frequency and duration of follow-up care provided. Materials and methods: Orthodontists (n = 1000) were randomly selected to participate in an online survey divided...

Objective: To evaluate and compare, retrospectively, the skeletal and dental effects of mandibular symphyseal distraction osteogenesis (MSDO) achieved through the use of tooth-borne versus hybrid distractors. Materials and methods: Pretreatment (T1), predistraction (T2), postdistraction (T3), and posttreatment (T4) orthodontic records were colle...

Objectives: To examine how orthodontists in the United States manage the retention phase in regard to choice of retainer and time. Methods: Orthodontists (n=1,000) throughout the United States were randomly selected through the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) to receive a web-based survey. The survey was divided into three main sectio...

To minimize demineralization, fluoride releasing and recharging materials are used in orthodontic patients with poor oral hygiene. However, for a preventive effect at least 1ppm of fluoride concentration needs to be continuously present in saliva. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the fluoride recharging ability of a commerci...

The aim of this retrospective clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion on skeletal nasal cavity size in growing subjects by use of low dose computer tomography. Eight Caucasian children (three male; five female) with a mean age of 9.7 years (SD±1.41) were the final sample of this research that underwent palatal expans...

The authors investigated the prevention and treatment of white-spot lesions (WSLs) during and after orthodontic therapy from the perspective of general dentists and orthodontists. The authors administered a cross-sectional survey to general dentists (n = 191) and orthodontists (n = 305) in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina. Sixty-nine percent o...

Objective: To determine if there are significant clinical differences between self-ligating brackets (SLB) and conventional brackets (CB) during orthodontic treatment, as perceived by orthodontists. Materials and methods: A survey was developed and distributed to evaluate how SLB compare to CB in terms of orthodontists' perceptions (n = 430). R...

Despite the many advances to improve the practice of orthodontics, white spot lesions, or decalcifications, remain a common complication in patients with poor oral hygiene. The purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions and level of awareness of patients, parents, orthodontists, and general dentists toward the development of white spot les...

To compare attitudes of orthodontists, periodontists, and general dentists regarding the use of soft tissue lasers by orthodontists during the course of orthodontic treatment. An analogous survey was developed to evaluate and compare the current opinions of a representative sample (n  =  538) of orthodontists (61.3%), periodontists (24.3%), and gen...

The relationship between physical appearance and social attractiveness is well established in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dental esthetics influenced the perceptions of teens when judging a peer's athletic, social, leadership, and academic abilities. The frontal-face smiling photographs of 10 teenage volunteer...

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in compliance between home-schooled patients (HS) and non-home-schooled (NHS) patients receiving orthodontic treatment. Methods: Records of forty HS patients and forty similarly matched NHS patients (based upon age, gender, race, initial canine and molar classification, type of...

To determine the prevalence of white spot lesions (WSLs) in orthodontic patients at 6 and 12 months into treatment using the visual examination method. Patients 6 and 12 months into treatment were examined for the presence of WSLs. The control group consisted of patients who were examined for WSLs immediately after bonding. Upon clinical evaluation...

To develop a novel delivery system by which fluoride incorporated into elastomeric rings, such as those used to ligate orthodontic wires, will be released in a controlled and constant manner. Polyethylene co-vinyl acetate (PEVA) was used as the model elastomer. Samples (N = 3) were prepared by incorporating 0.02 to 0.4 g of sodium fluoride (NaF) in...

To examine the gender differences in managing practice and staff members in orthodontic practices. All orthodontists in Virginia and Maryland (n = 427) were surveyed and demographic information was collected. For the crude analyses of the data, a Fisher's exact test or chi(2) test was performed. For the adjusted analyses, genders were compared usin...

Introduction: Enamel decalcification in the form of white spot lesions (WSLs) is a significant risk associated with orthodontic treatment when oral hygiene is poor. The reported prevalence of WSLs in orthodontic patients varies widely due to the lack of a standardized method of evaluation. The objective of this study was to determine 1) the prevale...

Introduction: The guidance theory suggests that undersized lateral incisors do not provide the path necessary for a canine to normally erupt. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that impacted canines occur more often adjacent to small maxillary lateral incisors. Objectives: To determine whether patients with small maxillary lateral incisors are m...

To discern patients' opinions regarding responsibility for orthodontic retention and to determine whether patient attitudes toward retention are related to perceptions of treatment success. Materials and Questionnaires regarding orthodontic retention were distributed to first-year undergraduate college students (n = 158), first-year dental students...

In orthodontic patients with stainless steel crowns (SSCs) bands instead of brackets are used because of inadequate bond strength between the adhesive and metal surface. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare shear bond strengths of brackets bonded to SSCs using various orthodontic adhesives and surface conditioning techniques. Materials and...

Retention is the final phase of orthodontic treatment. Compliance with retainer wear is important for long-term treatment success. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine: 1) patient perceptions of responsibility regarding orthodontic retention, 2) factors associated with patient compliance during retention, and 3) associations betwe...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if a Class II dental and skeletal appearance is perceived by teachers, mothers and peers to predict a child's athletic, social, leadership, and academic abilities, and a child's susceptibility to teasing. Methods: A survey was constructed using frontal nonsmiling, frontal smiling, and profile no...