Steven DeFroda

Background: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury has become increasingly common in Major League Baseball (MLB) players in recent years. Hypothesis: There is a significant difference in preinjury fastball velocity between MLB pitchers with tears and matched controls without UCL injury. Pitchers with injuries are throwing harder and getting inju...

Three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis is the gold standard for analyzing the biomechanics of the baseball pitching motion. Historically, 3D analysis has been available primarily to elite athletes, requiring advanced cameras, and sophisticated facilities with expensive software. The advent of newer technology, and increased affordability of video r...

Distal clavicle osteolysis is an uncommon condition that most commonly affects weight lifters and other athletes who perform repetitive overhead activity. Although this condition most commonly presents in young active men, it is becoming increasing more common in women with the rise in popularity of body building and extreme athletics. Distal clavi...

Displaced tibial eminence fractures are commonly encountered in pediatric patients and are often considered to be functionally equivalent to an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. While a variety of techniques are available for fixation of this injury, we describe an anchorless technique relying on suture fixation tied over a bone bridge. Thi...

Purpose: To investigate tibial tunnel widening in ACL reconstruction patients over seven years to establish the effects of initial graft tension on tibial widening and clinical outcomes when using both patellar tendon (BTB) and hamstring tendon (HS) grafts. Methods: Ninety patients, who were reconstructed with BTB or HS autografts, were randomiz...

Background: Lower extremity injuries, particularly knee injuries, in National Football League (NFL) players are common. Extensor mechanism ruptures often require season-ending surgery. Research on NFL injury risk factors, including time between games, is growing, but studies on rest periods and knee injuries have shown mixed results. No prior resea...

Background: Osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) of the knee is a reliable surgical technique for managing symptomatic full-thickness chondral lesions ≥ 2 cm² in young and active patients. There is a need for comprehensive analysis of recent studies among a growing body of literature to better understand the outcomes of OCA among athletic...

Background Large language model (LLM)-based artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots, such as ChatGPT and Gemini, have become widespread sources of information. Few studies have evaluated LLM responses to questions about orthopaedic conditions, especially osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Hypothesis ChatGPT and Gemini will generate accurate responses...

Labral repair and reconstruction procedures are commonly used to treat labral injuries. While clinical outcomes of acetabular labral repair and reconstruction have been reported, the respective cellular responses have not been well characterized. This study aims to compare acetabular labrum (LAB), anterior tibialis tendon (TEN), and knee meniscus (...

Introduction: During surgery for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), there is need for resection of an osteochondral cam lesion. Cam lesions may contain viable chondrocytes that could be appropriate for use in cell-based cartilage restoration treatments. This proof-of-concept study aimed to determine viable chondrocyte counts from arthroscopically...

Introduction: The acetabular labrum is a dynamic ring of cartilage that is essential to hip joint stability. This fibrous cartilage creates a seal that allows for equal distribution of applied force, as well as a means of nutrition delivery to the joint. Because of this, labral tears have detrimental effects on overall function, stability, and join...

OBJECTIVES To compare the outcomes of comminuted patella fractures fixed with a new patella-specific 2.7mm variable angle (VA) locking plate in isolation versus when augmentation of fracture fixation is applied with the plate. METHODS Design:Retrospective Setting Academic Level I Trauma Center. Patient Selection Criteria All acute comminuted pat...

Background: While quadriceps tendon (QT) and patellar tendon (PT) tears are relatively rare in the National Football League (NFL), the impact they can have on a player's season and career is significant. Despite the importance of extensor tendon injuries within the NFL, there is a lack of recent literature describing their risk factors, incidence,...

Purpose To systematically review the reporting of clinically significant outcome measure (CSO) thresholds and methods for calculating thresholds following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods A systematic review of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify articles that met inclusion criteria from Ja...

More than 70 million adults in the United States are impacted by osteoarthritis (OA). Symptomatic articular cartilage loss that progresses to debilitating OA is being diagnosed more frequently and earlier in life, such that a growing number of active patients are faced with life-altering healthcare decisions at increasingly younger ages. Joint repl...

Purpose To assess the ability of ChatGPT-4 and Gemini to generate accurate and relevant responses to the 2022 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) clinical practice guidelines for ACLR. Methods Responses from ChatGPT-4 and Gemini to prompts derived from all 15 AAOS guidelines were evaluated by seven fellowship trained orthopedic sports m...

Background Socket-tunnel overlap during meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) combined with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may compromise graft integrity and lead to impaired fixation and treatment failure. Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to determine optimal socket-tunnel drilling parameters for medial and la...

Context Interest in the relationship between psychology and the outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) continues to grow as variable rates of return to preinjury level of activity continue to be observed. Evidence Acquisition Articles were collected from peer-reviewed sources available on PubMed using a combination of s...

Purpose While the National Institutes of Health and American Medical Association recommend patient education materials (PEMs) should be written at the sixth‐grade reading level or below, many patient education materials related to traumatic orthopaedic injuries do not meet these recommendations. The purpose of this study is to create a standardised...

Purpose To determine whether low resilience is predictive of worse patient-reported outcomes (PROs) or diminished improvements in clinical outcomes after joint preserving and arthroscopic surgery. Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Science Direct was performed on September 28, 2022, for studies investigating the relatio...

Purpose Orthopaedic Patient Education Materials (PEMs) related to total hip and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have repeatedly been shown to not meet American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health recommendations for readability. PEMs that are written with too much complexity limit the ability of some readers to comprehend the materi...

Abstract Purpose: To assess the risk of socket-tunnel overlap for posterior medial or lateral meniscal root repair combined with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using artificial tibias and computerized tomography (CT) scans for three-dimensional (3D) modeling. Methods: Artificial tibias (n=27; n=3/subgroup) were allocated to gr...

Category Sports; Ankle Introduction/Purpose Ankle injuries are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries in National Football League (NFL) players. Concussions are also concerningly frequent, especially given increasing post-mortem observations of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in former NFL players. There is a gap in the literature r...

Background There is a gap in the literature regarding musculoskeletal risk factors for concussion within the National Football League (NFL), which is an avenue that must be explored to promote player safety given the high incidence of both injury types. This study aims to observe if ankle injuries are associated with an increased risk of subsequent...

Posteromedial elbow impingement due to valgus extension overload often develops as a result of excessive valgus and extension force during repetitive overhead throwing activities. Impingement classically occurs in throwing athletes such as baseball, tennis, softball, or lacrosse players. If isolated, arthroscopic removal of the posteromedial olecra...

Objectives Sports-related knee injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or meniscus tears are very common, and there are ample resources for knee injury-related patient education materials (PEMs). However, the anatomy, pathology, and treatment plans of knee injuries are often described in terms that are obscure to patients. While the inter...

Objectives Chondral lesions of the hip pose a unique and challenging problem for surgeons. These lesions can be encountered frequently during arthroscopic and open hip preservation procedures; however, their clinical significance and definitive management remain controversial. Cartilage restoration procedures within the hip can be invasive and chal...

Objectives To document indications, surgical technique, and outcomes for acetabular labrum reconstruction in the initial series of cases using fresh meniscus allograft transplantation in comparison to a contemporaneous cohort of cases using fresh-frozen tendon allografts. The study was designed to test the hypothesis that patients undergoing labral...

Purpose Orthopaedic patient education materials (PEMs) have repeatedly been shown to be well above the recommended reading level by the National Institute of Health and American Medical Association. The purpose of this study is to create a standardized method to improve the readability of PEMs describing spine-related conditions and injuries. It is...

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a commonly performed orthopaedic procedure, and it is crucial to assess an athlete’s readiness to safely return to sports following ACLR in order to minimize the risk of reinjury. Despite this, determining optimal return to play (RTP) criteria following ACLR that is accurate, accessible, and repro...

Purpose: This study proposes to establish in-depth inspection of the anatomic structures involved with the pathology of athletic pubalgia in a cadaver model. Methods: Eight male fresh frozen cadavers were dissected in a layered fashion. The rectus abdominis (RA) and adductor longus (AL) tendon insertions were isolated to quantify the size of the...

Purpose of Review Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is a common cause of hip pain that may potentially lead to osteoarthritis. Operative management of FAIS seeks to arthroscopically reshape the abnormal hip morphology and repair the labrum. For rehabilitation following operative management, a structured physical therapy program is unanim...

Tibial spine avulsion fractures, or tibial eminence fractures, are intra-articular knee injuries that affect the bony attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It is commonly seen in children and adolescents aged 8 to 15 years old and can be caused by noncontact pivot shift injuries or by traumatic hyperextension knee injuries, as seen in...

The acetabular labrum is essential to maintaining the functional health of the hip joint through contributions to joint congruity, stability, and the negative pressure suction seal. Injury, overuse, long-standing developmental disorders, or failed primary labral repair can eventually lead to functional labral insufficiency requiring management via...

Orthopedic injuries in female athletes continue to rise at a dramatic rate at every level of competition. This has sparked increased research interests into the pathoanatomy, epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes related to sex-specific differences involving ligament injuries, including ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries. However, most publis...

Bipolar "floating" clavicle injuries are infrequent upper-extremity injuries that occur secondary to a high-energy trauma, which can cause dislocation at the sternoclavicular (SC) and acromioclavicular joints. Given the rarity of this injury, there is not a consensus regarding clinical management. Although anterior dislocations can be managed nonop...

Objectives Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCL-R) surgeries have increased significantly in amateur and professional baseball pitchers. While high school (HS) showcase participation has been considered an injury risk factor, limited data corroborating this association exists. Despite concern that showcase participation in amateur athletes...

Background: Showcase participation has been considered a risk factor for elbow injuries. It remains unclear whether high school (HS) showcase volume negatively affects pitchers' career paths. Because pitchers are achieving 90 mph thresholds at younger ages, it is unknown whether shorter time intervals between achieving 90 mph thresholds and dates...

Background The meniscal roots are essential for preserving the structural and biomechanical properties of the tibiofemoral joint. Posterior meniscal root avulsions can cause meniscal extrusion, joint space narrowing, and progressive knee arthritis. Iatrogenic avulsions after malpositioning of the transtibial tunnels during anterior cruciate ligamen...

Osteoarthritis is a common cause of morbidity in an increasingly aging population. While the weight-bearing joints of the leg and foot are frequently affected by osteoarthritis, degenerative changes in the joints of the upper extremity are likewise common, and can be both particularly debilitating for affected individuals and uniquely challenging f...

: Arthroscopic hip labral reconstruction is a complex procedure which is growing in use as indications, techniques, and surgical expertise advance. ➢: Graft selection is an important component of labral reconstruction based on relative advantages and disadvantages of available types of autografts and allografts. ➢: The ideal graft should mimic...

Purpose To develop a standardized method to improve readability of orthopaedic patient education materials (PEMs) without diluting their critical content by reducing the use of complex words (≥3 syllables) and shortening sentence length to ≤15 words. Methods OrthoInfo, a patient education website developed by the Academy of American Orthopedic Sur...

: Certain anatomic factors, such as patella alta, increased tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance, rotational deformity, and trochlear dysplasia, are associated with an increased risk of recurrent patellar instability. ➢: The presence of a preoperative J-sign is predictive of recurrent instability after operative management. ➢: Isolated me...

Patients do not do as well after meniscectomy as after repair. Although saving the meniscus is not always easy and the success rate of repair is not 100%, repair—when possible—remains the best option for patients in the long run. Meniscal repair rates are on the rise, especially in younger patients, but are not high enough. Recent research has show...

Unlabelled: Focal cartilage defects of the knee are painful and difficult to treat, especially in younger patients1. Seen in up to 60% of patients who undergo knee arthroscopy2, chondral lesions are most common on the patella and medial femoral condyle3. Although the majority of lesions are asymptomatic, a variety of treatment options exist for th...

Background Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) surgeries have increased significantly in amateur and professional baseball pitchers. Although showcase participation has been considered an injury risk factor, limited data are available to corroborate this association. Hypothesis Elite pitchers achieving fastball velocities ≥90, ≥92, and...

Background Treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis (GHOA) may include conservative management with use of intraarticular injections, prior to considering total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). The purpose of this study was to assess trends in the use of preoperative cortisone (CO) and hyaluronic acid (HA) injections, as well as investigate the relatio...

Background Lytic or malpositioned tunnels may require bone grafting during revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (rACLR) surgery. Patient characteristics and effects of grafting on outcomes after rACLR are not well described. Purpose To describe preoperative characteristics, intraoperative findings, and 2-year outcomes for patients wi...

Objectives The most common five-year age group that experiences a shoulder dislocation is 15 to 19 years. Certain glenoid dimensions, including radius of curvature, depth, and retroversion have been identified as native anatomic characteristics that contribute to instability risk. In addition, diminished glenoid surface area in the setting of bone...

Objectives The clinical significance of the concentration of inflammatory biomarkers in the synovial fluid of the knee has been studied in the context of several pathologies. However, there is a paucity of literature examining concentrations of synovial fluid inflammatory biomarkers in patients with focal chondral defects and their correlation with...

Arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction is a technically demanding procedure, particularly with respect to tibial footprint debridement and tibial tunnel placement, where iatrogenic damage to anatomic structures is a well reported complication and incorrect tunnel placement can have functional implications. Preparation of the...

Objectives While minimal clinically important difference (MCID), patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS), and substantial clinical benefit (SCB) have been defined for hip-specific legacy patient reported outcome measures, they have not been defined for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) instruments for patient...

Background It is unclear if native glenohumeral anatomic features predispose young patients to instability and if such anatomic risk factors differ between males and females. The purpose of this study was to compare glenoid and humeral head dimensions between patients with a documented instability event without bone loss to matched controls and to...

Background Individual contributions of the rotator cuff (RC) and superior capsule (SC) to prevent superior translation of the humerus are not well understood. Purpose To evaluate the relative contributions of the SC and RC to normal and pathologic shoulder biomechanics by determining their independent effects on superior humeral translation. Stud...

Despite advances in techniques designed to make arthroscopic sports medicine procedures simple, complications still arise in the operating room; even in the most trained hands. However, what marks a skilled surgeon is not just the ability to steer the ship amidst smooth seas, but a knack for getting out of trouble once things deviate from the set c...

Background While reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is considered a safe surgical option in elderly patients, large-scale analyses of complications and mortality after RSA in patients 80 years and older are scarce. The goals of the current study were to identify revision, complication, and early mortality rates after RSA in patients 80 years and o...

Background Rotator cuff repair using graft augmentation for large-to-massive, full-thickness rotator cuff tears has been reported to have improved clinical outcomes relative to other therapeutic interventions. Although an effective and promising technique, graft augmentation can be technically challenging, particularly with deployment and positioni...

Background Concussions have received national attention in collision sports such as football, soccer, and hockey, but less focus has been placed on basketball. Purpose To determine return-to-play (RTP) and player performance in the first and second season after concussion in National Basketball Association (NBA) players. Study Design Descriptive...

Purpose The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of return to play (RTP) and return to previous level of performance (RPP) in competitive overhead athletes after SLAP repair to identify factors associated with failure to RTP. Methods Systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic R...

Baseball is unique in its multiple facets: pitching, hitting, base rounding, and fielding are distinct activities that require different athletic skills to perform at a high level. Likewise, these different aspects of the game can contribute to a multitude of varying injuries. While high-velocity overhead throwing, along with batting, can produce a...

Genitourinary complications following orthopaedic intervention are uncommon but well-described occurrences and exist on a spectrum of severity. These complications vary depending on the anatomic location and surgical approach, with surgery of the spine, hip, and pelvis of particular concern. Injuries to the urinary tract may present acutely with ur...

The ability to return to sport (RTS) after articular cartilage injury is of vital importance to athletes. Discussing the likelihood of returning to sport with patients is necessary, yet patients should be informed of the heterogeneous nature of the variables associated with successful RTS and the methodologic limitations behind current RTS rate est...

Rehabilitation is commonly used following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, though specific protocols are widely varied. Regardless of whether the injury is managed operatively or nonoperatively, quadriceps strengthening and return to full range of motion are the main focus points of rehabilitation, both to regain function and prevent future...

Rotator cuff tears are one of the most common causes of shoulder pain and dysfunction seen by orthopaedic surgeons. Although rotator cuff repair (RCR) has been shown to provide optimal outcomes, retear rates average roughly 60% and have been reported to exceed 90%. Retear after RCR is especially prevalent in patients with large, multitendon tears w...

The lateral patellofemoral complex is an important stabilizer to medial and lateral displacement of the patella. Soft tissue abnormalities can range from pathologic tightness to laxity, presenting with symptoms related to patellar instability, anterior knee pain, or arthritis. Clinical evaluation should be performed to confirm patellar dislocation,...

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains one of the most frequently performed orthopedic procedures, and graft selection remains one of the most crucial preoperative treatment decisions. The use of allograft tissue has increased in the past decade for both primary and revision ACL reconstruction, as these tissues can play a role in t...

Purpose: To (1) characterize HSI recurrence rates across the 2009-2010 to 2019-2020 NFL seasons and (2) to identify HSI recurrence risk factors amongst positions and determine the weekly return to play (RTP) recurrence risk. We hypothesized that older players, skill position players and players returning to play faster were most at risk. Methods:...

Background: Improper pitching mechanics are a risk factor for arm injuries. While 3-dimensional (3D) motion analysis remains the gold standard for evaluation, most pitchers and clinicians do not have access to this costly technology. Recent advances in 2-dimensional (2D) video technology provide acceptable resolution for clinical analysis. However...

Child abuse is common in the United States but is often undetected. The incidence of this form of abuse is difficult to quantify, but children with a history of abuse are at risk of chronic health conditions. Medical providers are in the unique position of triaging trauma patients and differentiating unintentional from abusive trauma, as well as ha...

Background Accurate assessment of osseous morphology is imperative in the evaluation of patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) and hip dysplasia. Through use of computed tomography (CT), 3-dimensional (3D) reconstructed hip models may provide a more precise measurement for overcoverage and undercoverage and aid in the interpreta...

Background Meniscal root tears are radial tears occurring at or within 1 cm of the meniscal root attachment. These injuries have been shown to be the biomechanical equivalent of a total meniscectomy and are thought to be responsible for a rapid progression of osteoarthritis if left untreated. Indications Meniscal root repair is indicated if possib...

Meniscal root repair is becoming more common with increasing knowledge regarding the function of the meniscal root and its role in long-term joint preservation, as well as improved surgical techniques and instrumentation. Despite this, adequate visualization of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus may be challenging, particularly in those with...

Background Surgical repair of chronic quadriceps tendon ruptures can be daunting, especially after failure of a prior repair. In this setting, tissue quality is usually poor, necessitating graft augmentation. In this video, we describe our technique for Achilles tendon allograft augmentation for revision quadriceps tendon repair. Indications Faile...

Background Several fixation methods have been reported for the operative treatment of tibial eminence fractures. Previous biomechanical studies have demonstrated that suture fixation may be a stronger construct; however, the maturity status of these specimens was not scrutinized. Purpose To examine if suture fixation remains a biomechanically supe...

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is an increasingly common procedure as orthopaedic patients seek to remain active longer in life, resulting in more ligamentous knee injuries. Graft selection is at the forefront of decision making in knee reconstruction, with advantages and disadvantages to various grafts, including allograft to auto...

Purpose To determine the agreeability of femoral torsion measurements on axial and oblique axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). Methods Patients who underwent primary hip arthroscopy for FAIS between January 2012 – January 2019 were identified. Inclusion criteria were all p...

Knee braces continue to be a widely utilized piece of medical equipment, ranging from simple over the counter sleeves to more complex functional braces, with the ability to provide electrical stimulation to muscle groups. Despite their popularity, alternatives to knee braces exist for patients who find braces to be ineffective, uncomfortable, cumbe...

Background The influence of femoral torsion on clinically significant outcome improvement after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) has not been well-studied. Purpose To quantify femoral torsion in FAIS patients using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and explore the relationship between femoral torsion and clinically s...

Objectives Increased glenoid retroversion has been associated with an increased risk of posterior glenohumeral instability. Normal mean glenoid version is between 0-7° of retroversion depending on the population and measurement method. Retroversion can range above 20°, notably in patients with glenoid dysplasia. Increased glenoid retroversion has a...

Background A paucity of literature exists regarding trajectories of functional and sports-specific recovery after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). Purpose To determine if subgroups of patients exist based on the recovery trajectory of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after hip arthroscopy for FAIS in the short-term...

“Weekend warriors” are recreational athletes who compress their physical activity into 1-2 weekly exercise sessions. These individuals are generally older than the conventionally discussed athlete, and can live otherwise sedentary lifestyles that contribute to limited opportunities for regular exercise. The combination of high-energy physical activ...

The acetabular labrum is essential for stability during physiologic motion of the hip. Labral repairs frequently are attempted in cases of primary tears, although labral reconstruction is an important alternative in the revision setting or in the primary setting when the tissue is unsalvageable. Labral reconstruction has been shown to restore the h...

Background: The use of electrocautery is a common surgical technique and is often used during shoulder arthroplasty to elevate or transect the subscapularis tendon. The relative amount of tissue damage caused by cautery as opposed to sharp transection is not currently known. The purpose of this study was to examine local tissue damage resulting fr...

Background Increased attention has been directed toward the ligamentum teres (LT) and its association with acetabular coverage, labral pathology, and hip microinstability; however, few studies have evaluated whether LT pathology influences the rate of clinically significant outcome improvement after hip arthroscopy. Purpose To determine if patient...

Hip abductor tendon tears of the gluteus medius and minimus are becoming a well-recognized source of pain and dysfunction, primarily in middle-age females. Like the rotator cuff, fatty infiltration (FI) can occur after tearing of these tendons. While the association of TFL hypertrophy after abductor tendon tears has been established, its associatio...

Background Comminuted inferior pole patellar fractures can be treated in numerous ways. To date, there have been no studies comparing the biomechanical properties of transosseous tunnels versus suture anchor fixation for partial patellectomy and tendon advancement of inferior pole patellar fractures. Hypothesis Suture anchor repair will result in...

Purpose To evaluate the agreeability between the mobile application-based International Hip Outcome Tool-12 (iHOT-12) survey with the paper version, as well as compare the time it takes patients each of the versions, and patient preferences between the two. Methods Patients seen with symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement syndrome were prospecti...

Hip arthroscopy is an increasingly popular procedure used to treat femoroacetabular impingement. However, the procedure is technically challenging with a steep learning curve. To prevent complications and to optimize patient outcomes, proper patient positioning, correct portal placement, and adequate capsular closure are necessary. For central comp...

Background: Although minimal clinically important difference (MCID), Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS), and substantial clinical benefit (SCB) have been defined for hip-specific legacy patient-reported outcome measures, these metrics have not been defined for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) instruments f...

Greater trochanteric pain syndrome is a common cause of lateral hip pain, encompassing a spectrum of disorders, including trochanteric bursitis, abductor tendon pathology, and external coxa saltans. Greater trochanteric pain syndrome is primarily a clinical diagnosis, and careful clinical examination is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatmen...