Steve R. Entrich

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• Ph.D. in Educational Sociology
• PI SNSF project JTEPS at University of Zurich

In an attempt to internationalize higher education to keep up with global standards, in 2014, Japanese policymakers launched their most significant program yet, the "Top Global University Project" (TGUP). In the following, the number of Japanese students spending part of their studies abroad significantly increased. However, funding was provided to...

In the course of educational expansion the absolute educational opportunities of children from educationally disadvantaged families have gradually equalized. Nevertheless, the probability of significantly surpassing their parents’ educational level and thus bridging a large social-structural distance remains low for children from disadvantaged soci...

We contribute to research on social inequalities in educational attainment by examining the role of institutional contexts for students’ study abroad (SA) intent and participation. To do so, we extend the individual-level rational choice model predicting SA intent and participation depending on students’ socioeconomic status (SES) into a multi-leve...

This article examines the cross-national differences in socioeconomic accessibility to shadow education (SE) across 63 societies. Drawing on arguments from two competing theoretical models either emphasizing cross-national cultural, economic, and institutional differences (e.g., model of secondary schooling, scale of SE) or universally working soci...

In recent years, the body of evidence suggesting that studying abroad during higher education can positively influence students’ personality development, academic knowledge and skills, intercultural competences, and employment prospects has increased. Policy makers and scholars alike want to understand who reaps these benefits and who does not. Hen...

This paper examines data collection and analysis on the outcomes of students with Special Educational Needs (SEN), comparing Germany, Italy and Ireland. Stemming from both academic research and accountability mechanisms, the paper provides an overview of the available data on students with SEN internationally and, more specifically, in the three na...

The key message of this Special Issue is that a more nuanced understanding and specification of how familial, social, and educational factors intersect-shaped by intergenerational influences, relational warmth, and systemic challenges-can inform more equitable and transformative pathways for youth development. By recognizing the intricate dynamics...

Call for Abstracts: Special Issue of the Social Science Japan Journal Internationalization of Education and Labour in Japan Submission deadline for Abstracts (200-300 words): November 31st, 2024 Please submit all Abstracts to: steve.entrich@uni-due.de Publication schedule: 1) October/November: Collecting abstracts 2) December 2024: Pre-decision o...

This article examines the role of parents’ school experiences in adolescence on their educational investment strategies for their own children in middle adulthood. We focus our analysis on the parents’ decision to organize private tutoring (also called shadow education) for their children. Previous international research largely agrees that familie...

The present article contributes to research on extended education and inequality in educational attainment in two ways: First, we draw on insights from two competing theoretical strands of argumentation from social stratification and mobility research to better explain the role of 'shadow education' (SE) for educational success in a highly stratifi...

Shadow education research has expanded rapidly worldwide in the past decades. Whilst most studies have focused on somewhat broad dimensions of shadow education (for example its prevalence, nature, and characteristics at different educational levels, or its impact on social inequalities), there are various important micro dimensions of this phenomen...

Shadow education research has expanded rapidly worldwide in the past decades. Whilst most studies have focused on somewhat broad dimensions of shadow education (for example its prevalence, nature, and characteristics at different educational levels, or its impact on social inequality), there are various important micro dimensions of this phenomenon...

For 30 years, the term ‘shadow education’ (SE) is used in research to describe educational activities outside the spectrum of formal schooling. Initially misunderstood as an outgrowth of East Asian exam culture, comparative studies mapping the worldwide spread of SE over the last 20 years demonstrated that this is in fact a global phenomenon. Owing...

Die pandemiebedingte ad hoc Digitalisierung von Lehrveranstaltungen im Frühjahr 2020 war für Lehrende wie Lernende Chance und Herausforderung zugleich. Befunde zeigen, dass das flexible selbstständige Arbeiten und Kennenlernen von Potenzialen des digitalen Lehrens und Lernens positiv wahrgenommen, aber als besonders herausfordernd erlebt wurden. Fe...

The present article aims to contribute to research on extended education and inequality in educational attainment in two ways: First, we draw on insights from two competing theoretical strands of argumentation from social stratification and mobility research to better explain the role of ‘shadow education’ (SE) for educational success in a highly s...

We contribute to research on social inequality in educational attainment by examining the role of institutional contexts for students’ study abroad (SA) intent and participation. We advance existing research in two ways. First, we better conceptualize social inequalities in SA choice by extending the usual individual-level rational choice models in...

Ongoing globalization has put pressure on societies to foster higher levels of transnational human capital (THC), that is, intercultural skills and foreign language proficiency, among their future workers to cope with the new demands on the globalizing labor market. To achieve THC, in non-English-speaking societies such as Germany, English as the g...

Wie sieht inklusive Lehre von Inklusionspädagogik aus? Wie vorleben und nicht nur theoretisieren? Welche Lehren kann Hochschullehre aus den Corona-Semestern voller Zoom-Vorlesungen ziehen? Steve Entrich, Vertretungsprofessor des Lehrstuhles für Inklusion und Organisationsentwicklung (IOE), hat sich Gedanken gemacht und ein Format entwickelt, in dem...

Der als »Abeducation« bekannt gewordenen Bildungspolitik unter Führung von Premierminister Shinzō Abe kommt insbesondere im Rahmen der prominenten Revitalisierungsstrategie »Japan is back«, die insbesondere das Wachstum der japanischen Wirtschaft zum Ziel hatte, eine zentrale Rolle zu. Grob können die Bildungsreformanstrengungen unter Abe als bildu...

Ongoing globalization has put pressure on societies to foster higher levels of transnational human capital (THC), i.e., intercultural skills and foreign language proficiency, among their future workers to cope with the new demands of the globalizing labour market, while being able to make use of travel and study opportunities abroad. To achieve THC...

The literature on social inequality in study abroad almost exclusively focuses on university students. This paper systematically examines the role of socioeconomic status (SES) for study abroad intent (SAI) and uptake across all levels of pre-college education in Japan, thereby also providing a first in-depth empirical study on pre-college study ab...

Book review of Kaori H. Okano's Education and Social Justice in Japan. Routledge, London & New York, 2021. 234 pp. ISBN 9780415832526

Studying abroad is considered one of the most efficient ways to accumulate ‘transnational human capital,’ i.e. foreign language skills and intercultural competencies. Focusing on Japan, this paper investigates socioeconomic inequality in study abroad intent (SAI) and pre-college study abroad (PSA) participation. Drawing on sociological rational cho...

The field of extended education covers a large range of educational extra-curricular activities over the life course, including but not limited to school support programs, community-based after school classes, and supplementary education (Stecher, 2018; Stecher & Maschke, 2013). Especially the rapid growth of private supplementary education markets...

The current study seeks to expand our knowledge on extended education and ist potential contribution to social inequality by examining socioeconomic disparities in supplementary education (SE) at college and its impact on labor market outcomes. Using data from the United States Education Longitudinal Study, logistic and linear regressions deliver t...

During the past decades, increasing attention has been given to the relationship between educational attainment, social inequality and rising parental investments in the non-formal education of children. But even though much and more is known about private educational investment at the school level, research on extended education programs and activ...

The relationship between educational attainment, social inequality and rising parental investments in the non-formal education of children received increasing attention in recent decades. Although much is known about inequality in private educational investment in general, it remains largely unclear how these investments affect students’ educationa...

Seit Jahren stehen in großem Umfang außerschulische Bildungsangebote für Kinder und Jugendliche zur Verfügung. Jedoch ist wenig über die Qualität der Angebote bekannt und von wem sie mit welchem Ergebnis genutzt werden. Die Beiträge in diesem Symposium setzen an diesem Desiderat an und fokussieren dabei auf Förderangebote für Kinder und Jugendliche...

Im diesem Beitrag stützen wir uns auf soziale Reproduktionstheorien, um die zunehmende Nutzung privater, kommerzieller Nachhilfe in Deutschland in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten als statusbasierte, geschlechtsspezifische Investitionsstrategie von Familien zu erklären. Wir fragen daher, ob eine Investition in Nachhilfe für Mädchen und Jungen gleicherm...

Die Schließung der Hochschulcampi und die damit verbundene pandemiebedingte Digitalisierung der Lehre im Frühjahr 2020 brachte für Lehrende und Lernende diverse Herausforderungen. Während die Perspektive von Studierenden häufig berichtet wird, bleibt die Lehrendenperspektive eher unberücksichtigt. Im Rahmen eines ZEIF-Kolloquiums an der Universität...

Shadow education has become part of mass schooling in many societies. Against the background of the continuing expansion of formal education and the persistence of educational and social inequalities, the growing influence of shadow education begs major implications for the postulated goal of equality in educational opportunities. This chapter addr...

This volume tackles perceived myths surrounding the academic excellence of East Asian students, and moves beyond Western understandings to offer in-depth analysis of the crucial role that shadow education plays in students’ academic success. Offering pioneering insights into the growing phenomenon of shadow education, this text offers: • New Post-...

With the adoption and ratification of the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2006, inclusive education became an international human right and a global norm. But, “Education for All” remains a worldwide challenge. It appears that some countries achieved higher inclusive education rates than others. Why this is...

The dataset covers 63 societies focusing on inequality in shadow education use. The data come from different international sources (OECD: PISA study 2012, World Bank, UNESCO). Data were targeted for the year 2012 or the closest available to that year.

The dataset covers 52 societies focusing on inclusive education. The data come from different international (World Bank, UNESCO, United Nations, and EASIE) and national sources (ministries of education as well as national statistics bureaus). Data were targeted for the year 2018 or the closest available to that year.

The current study seeks to expand our knowledge on extended education and its potential contribution to social inequality by examining socioeconomic disparities in supplementary education (SE) at college and its impact on labor market outcomes. Using data from the United States Education Longitudinal Study, logistic and linear regressions deliver t...

Understanding study abroad as supplemental education investment of individuals to enhance their formal school careers for status attainment purposes, we draw mainly on cultural and social reproduction (Bourdieu, 1973; Breen & Goldthorpe, 1997) and job-competition theories (Spence, 1973; Thurow, 1976). We address the gender gap in SA participation a...

In the present article, we draw on social reproduction theories to explain the increase in the use of "shadow education" (SE) in Germany over the last two decades as a status-based, gender-specific investment strategy of families. Thus, we ask whether investing in private tutoring for both girls and boys alike serves to maintain or improve their st...

The presentation reviews general findings on realization and outcomes of inclusive schooling in international comparison. Own preliminary findings on the determinants for national rates of inclusive schooling and the possible effects of inclusive education rates on performance in PISA 2018 are presented and discussed as well.

The presentation deals with international trends in inclusive education showing the latest empirical data.

Objectives: The traditional German school system allocated students based on their performance level to three different secondary school types. However, the first PISA study showed that German students perform not above average in international comparison, while their performance is largely affected by social origin and school type. To reduce inequ...

Objectives: In this presentation, the changes in Japan’s education policy since the late 1990s are discussed with special emphasis the “more freedom of school choice” policy, testing whether social inequality in educational attainment could be reduced as an outcome of this measure. Theoretical framework: According to sociological rational choice t...

Studying abroad is considered the best way to accumulate ‘transnational human capital’, i.e. foreign language skills and intercultural competencies. Focusing on Japan, this paper asks whether high SES families invest in study abroad to maintain their status, and whether gender and age of the children affect this outcome. Drawing mainly on sociologi...

International research missed to address why class divides in private educational investment are larger in some countries than others. Using data from the 2012 PISA study for 63 societies, cross-national differences in the probability of top in comparison to bottom socioeconomic strata to use shadow education are analyzed. By questioning the promin...

The talk gives an overview of the development, specifics and implications of the Japanese supplementary education market with special emphasis on it'd persistence over the years and its diverse supply ranging from academic prep schools (juku, yobikō), learning centers (kyōshitsu), private tutoring, non-academic extracurricular activities (music, ar...

In Germany we observe a strong increase in the enrolment in shadow education (‘Nachhilfe’) over the last two decades. To explain this development we draw on social reproduction theories identifying two strategies: (1) families seek competitive advantages for their children to maintain or achieve an advantageous education level (status attainment st...

Japanese families are known for their massive private investment in supplementary education services. Until recently, however, such investments rarely targeted the increase of students‹ transnational human capital during school, such as foreign language skills and intercultural competencies. Studying abroad is considered the best way to accumulate...

Full text: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02188791.2019.1611540?journalCode=cape20 According to sociological rational choice theory, students’ class-specific educational decisions at key transition points significantly contribute to educational and social inequalities. Yet, while theory missed to clearly accentuate all relevant actors’...

The paper shows ways to individually plan a PhD within the framework of the GEAS Graduate School at Free University Berlin.

Contents Overview of methodical approaches: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Example for mixed-method approach: Institutional Change of Education in Japan? Working task: Group 1: How can you theorize institutional change? Group 2: How can you measure institutional change? All: Reflect on your own research project! Recommendations: data and method...

Shadow schooling has become part of mass education in all countries and as such plays a significant role for educating future citizens. International research highlighted the expan-sion of supplementary education markets worldwide and often emphasized that such a de-velopment would inevitably result in growing educational and social inequality in n...

Since the dawn of the new millennium, the education systems of Germany and Japan have undergone rapid transformations. Following the 'PISA-shock' and 'education in crisis' debates, both nations implemented numerous reforms giving education a new direction. Recent research concentrated on analyzing the effectiveness of these reforms in terms of acad...

This work focuses on the impact of socioeconomic background, school ranking, time of decision-making as well as type of university entrance method (either general through entrance exam or alternative method such as school recommendations or AO office) on high school students' use of shadow education (including cram/prep schools (juku), private tuto...

This book examines why Japan has one of the highest enrolment rates in cram schools and private tutoring worldwide. It sheds light on the causes of this high dependence on ‘shadow education’ and its implications for social inequalities. The book provides a deep and extensive understanding of the role of this kind of education in Japan. It shows new...

Research on shadow education frequently stressed that a participation in shadow education is highly restricted by socioeconomic background, consequently fostering educational and social inequalities. Based on a literature review and a discussion of international and Japanese research findings on the subject, this chapter outlines the general proble...

This chapter summarizes the main findings of the book by addressing the central question underlying all prior analyses: Is there a possibility that shadow education is used as an instrument to neutralize a student’s disadvantaged family background and thus serves as an explanation for high educational outcomes but low socioeconomic impact on these...

The field of shadow education research remains largely empirically unexamined. Existing empirical studies often remain very limited in their explanatory power due to the use of inadequate data sources and limited methodical approaches. In addressing the question which data and methods are best suited to achieve empirically founded comprehensive fin...

The field of shadow education research remains generally under-theorized. Only seldom do studies apply distinct theoretical concepts to capture the causes and implications of shadow education investments for social inequality. Addressing the question whether there are adequate theoretical concepts to explain the possible implications of shadow educ...

This chapter analyzes the Access dimension outlined in the Shadow-Education-Inequality-Impact (SEII) Frame, specifically addressing the question who is involved in the decision for shadow education and how that might affect the perceived formation of social inequality. In Japan, families need to decide whether or not an investment in shadow educati...

This chapter analyzes the Effects dimension outlined in the Shadow-Education-Inequality-Impact (SEII) Frame, specifically addressing the question whether shadow education inherits the power to enhance all students’ chances to achieve a high education level independent of socioeconomic origin. Apparently, a comparatively high percentage of academica...

The specific features of any regular schooling system affect whether and in what ways parents and students develop a demand for shadow education. Addressing the question how the formal and informal Japanese education sectors are connected, the main focus of this chapter lies on the identification of the factors driving the high dependence on shadow...

This chapter analyzes the Continuity dimension outlined in the Shadow-Education-Inequality-Impact (SEII) Frame, specifically addressing the question whether educational and thus social inequalities in present Japan have increased due to increasing insecurities concerning educational credentials and their returns, which in turn affect families’ educ...

This chapter analyzes the Change dimension outlined in the Shadow-Education-Inequality-Impact (SEII) Frame, specifically addressing the question how Japanese shadow education managed to maintain strong despite unfavorable changes which were believed to make this industry superfluous until 2009 and how this affects educational opportunities for disa...

This chapter outlines the causes and outcomes of the yutori (relaxation) education reform as the major shift in contemporary Japanese education, specifically addressing the question whether the yutori reforms have actually changed Japan’s regular schooling system so as to reduce competition for high credentials and thus possibly reduce the demand f...

日本の塾教育の研究を始めて６年以上経つが、何を研究しているのか説明しようとすると、けげんな顔をされることが多い。自国以外の教育制度を研究する必要性や価値を感じる者は比較教育学者を除いてあまりいない。しかも比較教育研究界においてすらその研究対象は公教育に置かれる。塾を研究対象とする研究者は一部に限られ、その一人が香港大学のマーク・ブレイ教授であるが、私が日本の塾の研究をしていると知り、（カナダのブリティッシュ・コロンビア大学のジュリアン・ディレケス教授－のちに私の博士論文のアドバイザーになるのだが－の他に）「もう一人、ドイツ人」が日本の塾研究に加わったことはいいことだと私に言った。このような経緯から、ごく一部の外国人研究者の他に、日本の塾研究は主に日本人の手で行なわれていると思っていたが、日本...

Since I entered the “shadow” of the Japanese education system some 6 years ago, I received a lot of strange looks when trying to explain what my research was about. Aside from comparative educationalists, only few understand the importance and merits of studying foreign systems of education. But even in comparative education research, outside of sc...

Over the last 150 years we observed a steady increase of the educational level of most societies’ population, resulting in a general educational “upgrading” worldwide. But even though this upgrading trend is understood as an ultimate verification of more equality of educational opportunities and thus a reduction of social inequalities; upgrading ha...

Nachhilfe, Tutoring, Paukschulen – außerschulische Lernangebote haben Konjunktur. Vor allem dort, wo die Schule vermeintlich schwächelt. In Japan etwa hat sich dafür neben dem Schul- ein zweites Bildungssystem etabliert, die sogenannte „Shadow Education“. Sie soll jenen Erfolg bringen, den Schule nach Ansicht der Eltern nicht garantieren kann. Der...

This paper empirically tests the popular assumption that the worldwide expansion of supplementary education markets would inevitably result in growing educational and social inequality using data of the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Taking on an institutional viewpoint, differences in the effects of social origin on sh...

Der Reader führt in die konzeptionellen und statistischen Grundlagen linearer und (binär-) logistischer Regressionsanalysen ein. Vor- und Nachteile beider Regressionsverfahren sowie Anwendungsgebiete werden diskutiert, bevor Gelegenheit zur praktischen Einübung der Verfahren am Beispiel der PISA-Studie gegeben wird. Statistische Vorkenntnisse zur R...

Due to its fee based nature, private supplementary tutoring, also known as shadow educa-tion, is believed to play a crucial role in the formation of inequality in educational opportu-nities (Heyneman 2011). In fact, several comparative single- and multi-case studies verified a strong impact of socioeconomic background variables on the chance to pur...

According to decision theory, educational decision-making is strongly influenced by social origin, especially at transition points in school (such as the middle and high school entrance examinations). In Japan, the impact of educational decision-making on students' future careers is particularly strong. In addition to choosing a school, parents hav...

Increasing Educational Inequalities in Japan? The Impact of Insecurities on Educational Investments from the 1990s to today - This paper addresses the question whether educational and thus social inequalities in present Japan have increased due to increasing insecurities concerning educational credentials and their returns affecting families' educa...

Summary: This paper addresses the question how Japanese shadow education, the juku-industry, managed to maintain strong despite steadily decreasing student populations and major changes in the formal education system which were believed to make this industry superfluous until 2009. Since the implications of a high dependence on shadow education for...

This dissertation attempts to reveal whether shadow education provides certain educational opportunities for students from disadvantaged family backgrounds also and thus helps these students to overcome their disadvantages and achieve academic resiliency and educational success. My main research question thus reads as follows: Does shadow education...

International research on paid-for supplementary education outside of school, generally re-ferred to as shadow education, constantly highlighted the negative effects of a high depend-ence on these supplementary education services across several countries. Due to its fee based nature, shadow education is believed to play a crucial role in the format...

Following decision theory (Boudon, Raymond. 1974. Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality: Changing Prospects in Western Society. New York: Wiley.), social origin strongly affects educational decisions, especially at transition points in educational attainment. In Japan, the fierce competition in gaining access to the next level of schooling...

Considering the great impact the first PISA-results caused in Germany and Japan, this study seeks to provide an explanation for the continuous higher achievement rates of students in the PISA-winner country Japan compared to their German peers. Another great difference between the two participants that was detected in PISA is the correlation betwee...

The aim of this paper is to clarify in what ways school performance and out-of-school lessons are linked, with special emphasis on social disparities in educational attainment. Previous research about shadow education indicates that out-of-school education may indeed be a factor to improve the academic achievement of school students. On the other h...

Der Bedeutungszuwachs der empirischen Bildungsforschung in der jüngsten Vergangenheit ist nicht zuletzt auf die Ergebnisse der deutschen Wieder-Teilnahme an internationalen Schulleistungsvergleichsuntersuchungen zurückzuführen. Insbesondere die Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) und das Programme for International Student...

The impact of international academic achievement studies such as PISA and TIMSS resulted in a significant increase of research about educational outcomes, the structures of education systems, educational practices, as well as inequalities in educational attainment. Nevertheless, for a long time politicians and researchers missed to recognize the gr...

In this work, Akito Okada examines the historical transformation of the concept of equal opportunity while revealing the great difficulties the implementation of this concept has brought upon politics in post-war Japan. With this highly significant work the author allows all non-Japanese researchers to finally be able to get a deep insight into Jap...

Who thinks that Japanese students should have gotten tired of juku classes by now is proven wrong. The hope to pass the difficult entrance examinations and get access to a prestigious university like the Tōdai (Tokyo University) and by this increase the chances to get hired for a desirable steady position in one of Japan’s big companies or governme...

To concretely analyze how shadow education and academic achievement are linked, we will analyze the data of the PISA 2009 survey from a comparative point of view. This data is both, most current and also representative at the national level. Thus we will get a more specific, up-to-date understanding about the linkage of shadow education and academi...

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Inanspruchnahme außerschulischen Unterrichtes deutscher und japanischer Schüler an privaten Nachhilfe-Einrichtungen. Die Auswirkungen dieser im Schatten erteilten Bildung auf die Schulleistungen von Schülern werden im japanischen Fall für das hohe Abschneiden in internationalen Schulleistungsvergleichsstudien...

Der Autor versucht mit dieser kurzen Einführung eine Übersicht über den Stand der Forschung zu einem Thema zu geben, das in der Forschung bisher noch nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt wurde: der außerschulischen, privatwirtschaftlich organisierten Zusatzbildung, der sogenannten Shadow Education. Der Fokus der Arbeit richtet sich dabei auf die Länder...

A guest post by Steve Entrich, PhD Student, Univ of Potsdam: " Private Nachhilfe " or after-school lessons as given in juku-like institutions, private tutoring at home, and all other forms of supplementary education has been the focus of an annual debate in Germany. Parents, education experts and politicians, who see this kind of " shadow education...

What we are all well aware of is the fact, that shadow education institutions are established all over the world and seem to gain greater importance from year to year. The presented flyers show a typical side of these institutions: juku are also season oriented organizations, which aim to get more students especially while summer break.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Reformierung des japanischen Bildungssystems durch die amerikanische Besatzungsmacht vom Zeitpunkt der Kapitulation Japans 1945 bis zum Abbruch des Gros der Reformbestrebungen im Jahre 1949. Dabei liegt der Fokus insbesondere auf den initiierten Bildungsreformen und deren Nachhaltigkeit vor dem Hintergrund des...

Im historischen Rückblick erscheint die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus stets als das dunkelste Kapitel deutscher Geschichte. Eingegrenzt auf die Jahre 1933 bis 1945 nimmt die faschistische Diktatur eine Sonderstellung innerhalb der Geschichte ein, doch darf die nationalsozialistische Herrschaft natürlich nicht ohne ihre Ursachen und die gesellschaftl...

Mit dem fortschreitenden 21. Jahrhundert sieht sich die Welt immer größeren Wandlungsprozessen gegenüber. Die globale Wirtschaft und Politik werden in Zukunft, sofern sie dies nicht ohnehin in immer stärkerem Ausmaße bereits sind, vor allem durch die sogenannten BRIC-Staaten Brasilien, Russland, Indien und China mitgestaltet und maßgeblich beeinflu...

Wie kann insbesondere Deutschland, das laut Experten schon dieses Jahr durch China als Exportweltmeister abgelöst werden soll , wirtschaftlich und so auch politisch international den Anschluss behalten? Mit anderen Worten: Ist Deutschland „zukunftsfähig“? Die Antwort auf diese Frage muss insbesondere in der Bildung gesucht werden. Schließlich gibt...

Der DDR-Staat hatte sich verpflichtet, gegen jegliches Vorkommen von Rechtsradikalismus bzw. -extremismus, Faschismus oder Nazismus vorzugehen. Inwiefern kam die Staatsgewalt dieser Pflicht aber nun nach? Wie gut waren das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MfS) und die weiteren Vertreter der Staatsgewalt, wie die Volkspolizei (VoPo), wirklich über...

Berichte über gewalttätige Übergriffe rechtsextremer deutscher Jugendliche auf Ausländer oder Deutsche mit Migrationshintergrund, aber auch gewalttätige Zusammenstöße linker und rechter Jugendlicher reißen keineswegs ab. Das Thema ÄJugendgewalt und Rechtsextremismus“ besitzt noch immer höchste Aktualität und Brisanz, wie aus einer Analyse des Vollt...

Gewaltverbrechen sind heutzutage in allen Industrienationen noch immer an der Tagesordnung. Auffällig ist dabei stets, dass laut vorliegender Kriminalitäts- und Viktimisierungsdaten vor allem Vertreter des männlichen Geschlechts das Gewaltmonopol auf ihrer Seite haben. Gewalt ist dabei nicht nur gegenüber Frauen, welche somit zu Opfern hegemonialer...

In der vorliegenden Hausarbeit habe Ich es mir nun zum Ziel gesetzt, den Einfluss der Kriegserziehung auf Kinder und Jugendliche zur Zeit des Ersten Weltkrieges näher zu betrachten, um anschließend die Frage zu klären, inwiefern der Kriegsalltag Einfluss auf die schulische und allgemeine Bildung der Kriegsjugend hatte. Dabei werde Ich mich zunächst...

Nach dem Erringen der Alleinherrschaft verfügte Augustus über eine ungeheure militärische Macht. Um jedoch dieses riesige, mediterrane Reich nicht nur selbst erfolgreich regieren zu können, sondern auch für seine Erben zu erhalten, müssen Augustus neben seinen zahlreichen Land- auch nicht zu unterschätzende Seestreitkräfte zur Verfügung gestanden h...