Stephen Poon

Contextualism in Epistemological Practices

Buildings have a crucial role to play in achieving zero-carbon energy. Reports indicate buildings account for 37% of energy and process-related CO2 emissions, and over 34% of energy demand globally. To mitigate climate change, industry leaders say that by 2030, 100% of new buildings must be net-zero carbon in operation, embodied carbon must be redu...

To mark World Green Building Week (WGBW) 2024, this inaugural series hosted a discussion while healthy buildings and net zero buildings have distinct goals, one focused on occupant health and the other on environmental impact, their principles complement each other. Integrating both approaches lead to structures that not only reduce their carbon fo...

To mark World Entrepreneurs' Day, this episode will host a discussion to explore the changing geography and nature of entrepreneurship and innovation in emerging economies with a focus on Southeast-Asia. It will review how innovation ecosystems are contributing to economic development and progress towards the SDGs, by providing an overview of curre...

A Schumpeterian perspective, “innovation” as described by Schumpeter in 1911, is the only source of true economic development, intended as a discontinuous change in economic life. Innovation is at the core of the process of creative destruction, generating the endless flow of cyclical fluctuations. The search for new energy solutions and their appl...

Entrepreneurship is the driving force of development, but entrepreneurship is not equally common everywhere, nor is it always sustainable. Institutions that promote entrepreneurial product and process innovation include the rule of law and flexible land, labour, and capital markets. More often than not, cities serve as hotbeds of all types of ent...

Coinciding with World Telecommunication and Information Society Day and emphasising sustainability goals. Irrespective of the governance system, countries across the world have as one of the main objectives the development of their economies. A healthy economy equals jobs, livelihoods and of course taxes that can be invested in schools and hospital...

This study delves into the evolution of creative education by examining the foundational principles and pedagogical approaches of the Bauhaus, the Ulm School of Design, and the Milwaukee Institute of Art & Design (MIAD). The Bauhaus, established in 1919, revolutionised creative education by merging art with technology, emphasising a hands-on, exper...

Coinciding with World Creativity and Innovation Day, we're hosting a dialogue with Katja Tschimmel! We'll explore how creativity, design, service innovation, and sustainability intersect, with a focus on collaborative approaches, user-centred design for a sustainable future, and design education. The dialogue will also provide a comprehensive and...

Organisation wellbeing is achieved when mental health is given a priority. By having a culture that values mental and emotional wellbeing, organisation will be able to increase safe communication by promoting active listening, open dialogue, reducing conflicts, and it will also increase empathy. Positive intervention also plays a vital part of dev...

The London-based charity Television for the Environment (tve) was founded in 1984. Its declared mission is ‘to use the power of storytelling to drive real world change for a more sustainable future’. Its core objective is ‘to work with filmmakers and partners worldwide to run media projects, make films and work to promote effective, evidence-based...

This study delves into the nuanced concept of doodles as a form of self-expression, particularly among Malaysian youths, through a quantitative investigation of their perceptions. The research examines how doodling activities influence idea generation, foster self-confidence, and contribute to decision-making processes in the context of brand marke...

Manufacturers are recognising the importance of incorporating ESG principles into their operations to create value and address pressing sustainability challenges. This approach involves rethinking science and formulating products more sustainably, while also considering social and governance factors. The mission is to help businesses create and d...

This paper presents findings of a Malaysian study of game-based learning as a teaching and learning method for tertiary-level art and design students in creative programmes. Game-based learning is considered a suitable strategy for Generation Z's learning style who prefer visual-based and interactive learning methods, and the ability to keep studen...

Intellectual Property (IP) can play a significant role in helping companies achieve their Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) goals. ESG refers to a set of criteria that investors and stakeholders use to evaluate a company's impact on the environment, society, and its governance practices. Managing and using IP more responsibly in the conte...

This chapter overviews audiences’ experiences with digital journalism by considering the advantages, disadvantages, and impacts of artificial intelligance (AI) in augmenting existing journalistic practices. As global societies witness the pervasive power of new media technologies, analyzing the potential and impact of AI in augmented journalism pro...

Ongoing investment in ESG supports the development of new processes, products, and markets. This creates efficiencies, drive innovation and resilient profitability that will ultimately support reliable, long-term growth. In addition, SMEs that are adopting and implementing ESG policies can support capital retention and contribute to a more engaged...

This book chapter delves into the captivating realm of logomania, offering an in-depth exploration of the intricate interplay between branding, consumer behaviour, and emerging technologies in the context of the luxury industry. Through a meticulous examination of historical evolution, consumer perceptions, economic implications, and technological...

Catch us LIVE this edition with our seventh series of a collaborative think-tank roundtable focusing on integrated sustainability and urban creativity, with the support of high caliber panels from various industries and education institutions. Our mission is to create a platform that will help start conversation to empower the community with sustai...

Exploring the dynamic relationship between modern technology, sustainability, creativity, and innovation. How advancements in technology can drive sustainability efforts, foster creative solutions, and spark innovation across various industries. Sharing an experience of co-founding Whatnot Startup Studio, empowering precision farming through agrite...

Culture as an aspect of sustainability has been gaining attention among scholars, cultural practitioners, and policymakers internationally in recent years. This conversation provides a forum to discuss the role of culture in local sustainable development and sustainability transformation. Informed by evolving perspectives on cultural sustainabili...

This paper aims to analyze the various factors that have contributed to the popularity of creative digital visual genres on social sharing platforms such as Instagram. According to literature and evidence from trend studies, the taste evolution for creative visual media such as digital photography is largely due to the various benefits of visual di...

During the period of Covid-19 pandemic, there was increasing concern for human interactions with urban environmental systems. This awakening acknowledged human-induced and human-created problem resulted in greater push for wellbeing, safety, health, and comfort among work sectors that face occupational hazards and safety risks. Data from ergonomics...

The purpose of this paper is to discuss contemporary perspectives of street art by examining its influence on urban society and culture. Its research aims to understand social perceptions and awareness towards graffiti art, and how graffiti artists develop a youth subculture through building relationships between street art and the targeted audienc...

Across the city of Minneapolis, “No Justice, No Peace!” is now a frequent slogan. Minneapolis became an epicentre of social protest with the murder of George Floyd by police in May 2020. Conflicts and disruptions often considered rooted in economics and land are, at their root, cultural. The dialogue discusses how some artists and cultural organi...

Negotiating with cultural practices is an aspect of sustainability among cultural practitioners. This conversation provides a platform to discuss the cultural dimension of performing arts when modernity and tradition has been collided, collaborated, and sustained the art forms. Transformation of cultural practices could be interpreted as divergence...

Catch us LIVE this edition with our sixth series of a collaborative think-tank roundtable focusing on integrated sustainability and urban creativity, with the support of high caliber panels from various industries and education institutions. Our mission is to create a platform that will help start conversation to empower the community with sustaina...

This article considers the application of the principles of ergonomics in examining contemporary furniture design. The study probes how aesthetics and ergonomics have shifted design thinking from the previous century. The objective of research is to examine user experience and how these are translated into appeals based on understanding anthropomet...

Catch us LIVE this edition with our fifth series of a collaborative think-tank roundtable focusing on integrated sustainability and urban creativity, with the support of high caliber panels from various industries and education institutions. Our mission is to create a platform that will help start conversation to empower the community with sustaina...

We are all interconnected and form cultures that link everyone to the world around us. Hardware or software, work, or play, digital or physical, culture tells the story that drives the design solution. Employing a Culture-Driven Design approach to solve our creative problems, the core belief is that designs that fuse utility and beauty into a mea...

This paper offers a critical examination of comics' role in constructing, establishing, and giving meaning to the system of social stratification through status and class representations. Literature presents a spectrum of scholarly critiques on theories related to social class and status, and to align the principles of justice, morality, 34 and equ...

The concept of doodles as a self-expression art-form is discussed through a quantitative study on the perceptions of Malaysian youths towards doodling activity to produce ideas, to develop self-confidence, and in decision making for brands. The intentionality and purposes for doodling have been much critiqued by contemporary visual researchers. Thi...

As the world’s climate changes and extreme weather events accelerate are presenting new challenges to architects, what is happening today will impact what needs to be done and how we must adapt to these changes. How climate resilience being incorporated into building design and what’s needed to close the gap on climate adaption? Buildings today,...

The question of how a single art exhibition can increase sustainability across an entire art market was a macro guide as the art consultancy Dua Konsultasi staged the exhibition ‘Art-Tastik: The Foundation’. The exhibition moved beyond traditional models of presenting art in Malaysia by marrying knowledge, experience and forecasting to develop an...

The objective of this article is to discuss the role of comics as a source of political and social influence, to understand the challenges in modern comics upholding of aesthetic simplicity and cultural authenticity. To explore comic’s significance and value as a cultural art-form, several aspects of comic design and characterisation development th...

The entertaining 1-minute short video format is interactive and keeps us updated in the most fun way. More than just entertainment, the regional and local impact is tremendous. Local creators create content on everyday lives that users find relatable, impacting way of life and helping on micro sale. Everybody is on TikTok from age of 15 to 51. You...

Catch us LIVE this edition with our fourth series of a collaborative think-tank roundtable focusing on integrated sustainability and urban creativity, with the support of high caliber panels from various industries and education institutions. Our mission is to create a platform that will help start conversation to empower the community with sustain...

There is a pressing need to consider how the arts can play a meaningful role in promoting creative social sustainability, a concept that relates to applying creative and inclusive solutions to mitigate climate change. One of the major areas here is architecture. How can local or native or indigenous architecture promote creative social sustainabil...

A sharing about sustainability in design business from the writer who co-founded Malaysia’s award-winning graphic design studio and graphic design magazine. Just how did she manage two things at once? And what lessons can we all apply to sustainability in our daily life? In the wonderful intersection of business and design, one of the most talked-...

Sustainable branding isn’t a new concept. With growing concerns over climate change and greater consumer interest in social, environmental, and economic issues, many brands have integrated sustainable practices to increase brand values and solidify their brand positions as environmentally, economically, and socially responsible organisations. In t...

We continue to see greater interest from investors in supporting investments that incorporate environmental, social, and governance considerations, including topics such as health, education, gender, climate, clean water, and sanitation. Strengthening capital markets is important to promote stronger economic growth and employment and making the g...

This paper addresses young Malaysian consumers' perceptions and marketplace behaviour through advertising for aspirational and lifestyle consumption. The aim is to study the impact of aspirational advertising on materialism, peer approval, sex appeal, and body image. The literature review uses marketing and social theories, while the appeals of emo...

Penang is the first state in Malaysia that visions to be a green and sustainable state. In August, the Chief Minister launched Penang2030 incorporating ideas for policy making and a strong socialising of its goals in the public service. Penang Green Council, as the environmental education arm of Penang State strives to attain this goal through educ...

How to gain more financial independence? Be healthier and find happiness! Through this rich journey you will learn the benefits of minimalism on your mental health (letting go of the clutter physically and mentally) and your financial health (materialism took over our lives, how to step back and get perspective on our spending habits). You will...

As the world moves towards a more urbanised future the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) grows even faster with the rate of urbanisation. Developing nations are now looking towards a more sustainable and circular future, hence proper waste management and awareness is the key factor to improve our living standards as well as to help protect our...

Catch us LIVE this edition with our third series of a collaborative think-tank roundtable focusing on integrated sustainability and urban creativity, with the support of high caliber panels from various industries and education institutions. Our mission is to create a platform that will help start conversation to empower the community with sustaina...

This paper brings together classical principles of sustainable design to frame perspectives and arguments for humane design in reducing environmental impacts. Research will focus on the application of ergonomic principles in the processes of choosing materials and built construction, and to discuss the impact of integrating climatic and humane desi...

Catch us LIVE this edition with our second series of a collaborative think-tank roundtable focusing on integrated sustainability and urban creativity, with the support of high caliber panels from various industries and education institutions. Our mission is to create a platform that will help start conversation to empower the community with sustain...

This paper presents a critical qualitative review and analysis of blended learning (BL) in the creative design education environment from the perspective of animation lecturers through examining their observations, shared experience, technology adoption, and perceptions of BL benefits. The aim of study is to understand how design lecturers adopt th...

In this article, I will attempt to strip away some perceptions of “avant-gardism” that the Modernist movement have encumbered and to apply a more critical perspective in understanding whether the Bauhaus creative system of typography could be considered aesthetically relevant in the development of contemporary graphic design.

The subject of this study is on information design and data visualisation. The aim of research is to understand perspectives of visual design in improving critical visual literacy. The objective of study is to identify various perspectives towards critical visual literacy among audiences who have access to print publications, but who are increasing...

The overuse of natural resources required to achieve economic growth and development has negatively impacted the environment and unfavourably affected their availability and cost. So, it is easy to see why the idea of a circular economy, which is a hot term today in sustainability talk. It was even in the Twelfth Malaysia Plan (12MP). But is it jus...

In an era of digital transformation, how can a creative agency transform and adapt to the new norms of doing business? Many creative agencies were heavily hit by the lockdowns, despite already being relatively more digital and ahead of the curve tech-wise. Flexibility and adaptability have become much more important, due to the digital transformati...

Fast-fashion has made us buy more clothes than we need. Only 15% of consumer-used clothing is recycled compared to 75% of pre-use clothing recycled by manufacturers. What happens to its post-consumer life? Can textile wastage create opportunities? Let's discuss how green technology plays a role in developing conscious fashion? To learn more check...

Catch us LIVE this edition with our inaugural series of a collaborative think-tank roundtable focusing on integrated sustainability and urban creativity, with the support of high caliber panels from various industries and education institutions. Our mission is to create a platform that will help start conversation to empower the community with sust...

The principles of Net Zero Energy and rainwater harvesting are increasingly adopted in designing architecture which adheres to whole building design (WBD) principles. This paper will critically examine evidence of WBD ecological and social wellbeing benefits. The research asks if green building measures are beneficial beyond preservation of non-ren...

Rashvin is the Group CEO of Biji-biji Initiative, which is one of Malaysia's pioneering and award-winning Social Enterprise that champion sustainability. Biji-biji Initiative comprises subsidiaries across a few industries, in Ethical Fashion, Circular Economy Solutions, and their latest venture ME.REKA, which is an innovative and alternative educat...

Intelligent advertisements are visual feasts on their own, with sensorial appeals designed specifically to be associated with consumption. Intelligent food advertising is something else. Advertising food products or services is extremely pervasive in contemporary society as a form of communication used to persuade audiences to consume. Food adverti...

Typographic elements have a huge impact on how designed mediums affect visual literacy. This paper reviews the principles, perspectives and approaches in the production and function of typographic design visual media (print and digital), with the aim to understand the relationship between typographic design on digital mediums, with the aim of exami...

A shelter is a tool for survivorship, built to prolong the lifespan of living beings. Vernacular architecture is the most primitive basis of shelter, but a house is also an example of balance between life and art, cohabiting and coexisting. In Malaysia, with mounting social and economic pressures for adaptation to urbanised lifestyles, can we still...

This paper explores the phenomenon of sex in advertising to understand the relationship between objectification of gender, sex, sexuality and representations of femininity through advertising subtexts, processes and discourses. Literature shows the usage of sexism in advertising and marketing veers in extreme scopes between blatant explicitness and...

How to improve traffic efficiency has become a challenge for the planning, design, construction of smart cities. The large-scale adaptation to digital networks and mobile platforms provide smart solutions to urban management issues such as transportation services, traffic congestion and road navigation. The aim of research is to demonstrate how dig...

Sustainability principles impact green building infrastructure design, planning and construction decisions. The influence of social perceptions in transforming notions of green architecture and sustainable designs as desirable are also interesting contexts for urban design researchers in addressing environmental impacts. The aim of this paper is to...

This paper considers the key question of how modernist architectural principles behind Bauhaus, Le Corbusier and American International Style movements are viewed in the context of contemporary architectural designs. By examining literature and perspectives of scholars, the core principles of architectural modernism will be reframed in the context...

This paper presents contextual factors that drive integration of sustainable design practices in the workplace. The objective is to study pro-environmental principles in the management of energy, resources, and interior designing to examine the advantages of sustainable workspace designs in enhancing health, productivity, and social engagement. Res...

The planning and design of urban housing are now at the confluence of change. As space consumption and the need for integrated infrastructures grow to cater to high demands, many concerns have been raised within urban planning, construction and related sectors about the environmental, economic, and social contexts of sustainable urban housing const...

This chapter discusses the influence of 2D game design by investigating the role of character design in increasing video game popularity. The chapter examines two aspects of game design, one positive and one negative: character design that enhances emotional appeal, and the influence of game violence on children. Previous literature on this subject...

The use of batik as design culture heritage of Kampoeng Laweyan, a village in the Surakarta (Solo) province of Java island, Indonesia, is the case study of this paper. The purpose of research is to understand how batik, from its ancestral place of origin, facilitated the rise of a small community from cycles of economic slumps, while facing the ext...

The discussion in this research is about how the utopian ideology that emerged from designing ordinary products demanded by mass consumer markets triggered the plastic monobloc pandemic and influenced social reformation, both in aesthetics aspects of industrial design applications, and in equalising the global post-World-War II economy. Modernism t...

For this critical essay, the purpose of research was to conduct case examinations of the influential principles of ecological architectural design of American builder Frank Lloyd Wright, with a contemporary view of environmentally-appropriated bioclimatic building designs, represented by Malaysian architect Ken Yeang. This analysis puts a critical...

Architectural vernacularism, place and placelessness are concepts that have major influences on hospitality architecture design in Asia. The growth of the global travel economy has brought attention to issues of heritage authenticity of hospitality architecture, which relates to the branding of hotels and resorts through tourism marketing and promo...

Evaluating the ethos of two leading graphic designers, Modernist American type master Paul Rand, and French postmodernist artist Philippe Apeloig, seems appropriate to understand design rationality for our own times. Rand, known for his corporate logo designs, and Apeloig, lauded as a class act among 21st-century graphic artists, are leading role-p...

Environmentalism as the overall concept of ecological architecture is defined as the inter-relations between people, and how built forms affect the surroundings through design, reflecting the impact of technology, human principles of living with nature, and of social connections in communities. Modern ecological designs have smart solutions in plan...

The purpose of this study is to critique and examine the infringement of design patents, and their impact on the Malaysian design industry and local consumers. The perspectives of local stakeholders are sought in aspects of their attitudes and perceptions towards design patent rights infringement. A review of secondary literature provides term defi...

This paper discusses the enduring influences of the Bauhaus in contemporary design by comparing the movement’s impact on 20th-century social change, and as a model for social inventiveness and innovation through promoting equality of arts for everyone by combining the arts and business. The review of literature and a comparative analysis of similar...

A critical examination of the historical, political, social and cultural significance of Bauhaus social and cultural impacts is presented in this paper, with a focus on Modernist typography's social and cultural relevance today. Design literature shows that Bauhaus-inspired experimental forms of "new" typefaces and letterforms, initially perceived...

This paper aims to review Malaysian public and preschool educators’ perceptions of the role of innovative play in early childhood learning and development through a survey of LEGO as a preschool learning enabler which facilitates and strengthens children’s cognitive thinking, interaction, psychosocial skills and creativity. Literature sets up a the...

This paper looks at the principle of intertextuality as the basis for relevance and salience of contemporary Popular Art in Western and Asian art traditions. The aim of the study is to descriptively interpret Pop Art in the context of social, political, economic and cultural realities of particular eras, and to understand intertextual cues in prese...

Environmental justice is an increasingly problematic proposition, as the clash of political, economic, social and community interests invariably occur. The purpose of this research is to examine the viability of an integrated framework that establishes environmental justice from economic, social and cultural development perspectives in Malaysia. Ca...

We believe it is important to try to understand intuition in design context. By looking at the actual practices used for practitioners we can learn how intuition already is trained in these disciplines and how it could be developed further. In this issue I take one step toward this direction by discussing the place of intuition in design on industr...

Research into phenomenological contexts of architecture has been shaped by shifting dynamics, the influences of changes within societies and their relationship to human perception. The sensory construct of Steven Holl's architectural design heritage can be ascribed to 'natural phenomena' theories that seek philosophical revelation in the process of...

The primary purpose of this investigation is to inform how indigenous symbols are incorporated into meaning making of social narratives, and the impact of misappropriation, misuse and misinterpretation of symbols with their original intentions. Literature discussing the process of symbolism perception transformation capacities are reviewed, to pres...

This paper discusses how minimalist design aesthetics affects consumer furniture preference. Through a case study analysis of the sociocultural and historical significance of Bauhaus furniture, the appeal of minimalist forms aims to illuminate the current status of trends and market preferences in furniture design, based on appearance attributes. T...

The growth of Asian branding strategies has been influenced by consumer behaviour variables based on local cultural environments. These include personal beliefs, attitudes, norms, lifestyles, shopping orientation, purchase motives and family influences. As consumption behaviours today interplay in a social landscape dominated by technological progr...

The scope of study in this paper encompasses architectural and urban design approaches from three cultural systems: vernacular, Renaissance and modern urbanism. The main objective is to understand how cultural design aesthetics contribute to perspectives in visualizing and conceptualizing the construction of buildings and planning of urban settings...

Design seem ‘intuitive’, it has been normal until relatively to use language and concepts from cognitive design of problem solving behaviour. However, it has become clear that designing is not normal ‘problem solving’. We therefore need to establish appropriate concepts for the discussion of intuition in design. Designing involves ‘finding’ appropr...

Malaysian batik has permutated from a traditionalist position as a communal craft to becoming a brand identity feature of the nation. This paper provides in-depth understanding of the factors which have enabled the traditional batik craft sector to experience a popularity revival, despite perceived threats from mass-produced products. A review trac...

This study addresses issues related to conceptual development of visual literacy skills, through a critical examination and evaluation of the role of effective visual design and its ideation through art and design practices. Research into the role of creative thinking as an emerging professional field of practice seeks to explore the depth of marke...

Intuition is useful and needed in situations where problems are ill defined and where there is a lot of information available. These kinds of situations are the norm especially in design. Indeed, many design practitioners attest that intuition is extremely important in their working process. However, especially the beginner level design students ex...

This paper outlines the findings of qualitative research undertaken to investigate the possibility of adopting urban village design principles in transforming the neighbourhood of Petaling Jaya in Malaysia. The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions towards the potential of high-density cities and townships that face socioeconomic, en...

In spite of the tangible cultural benefits, street art such as mural paintings face the threat of impermanence as a unique heritage artifact. Unpredictable climate conditions, vandalism, lack of appreciation of the social history and the arts, loss of cultural integrity through changes in societal tastes, as well as authorities' ambivalence and lac...

Human experiences play a significant part in engaging consumers with brands. Carefully orchestrated brand messages constructed on various emotional associations involves more than managing costs and logistical considerations efficiently. Effective integrated marketing communication and advertising campaigns, public relations and media strategies se...

As the focus on developing and enhancing children " s learning increases, a notable growth trend has been seen in the field of commercially-published children illustrated books (CIB). This paper presents key insights on the improvement of child literacy with the aid of illustrated books designed for the children market. An overview of classical chi...

In this paper, the aim of research is to analyse the theoretical principles of traditional and newer forms of branding design, and to review the visual communicator's roles as constructed through traditional, social and postmodernist perspectives. Where designers traditionally direct their course in the branding process to solving clients' problems...

This paper aims to study the evolutionary factors which have contributed to the development and significance of handcrafted typography, from its traditional antecedents to current practices and methods that meld typographic design philosophies with contemporary experimental forms of aesthetics using exploratory mediums, and a more universal cultura...

Understanding the psychological concept of the collective unconscious and its association with our subconscious minds were psychoanalyst Carl Jung’s lasting legacy in the field of analytical psychology. This study discusses the attributes of the Jungian collective unconscious and the creation of consumer archetypes for branding concepts, and to out...

INTUITION – imagination and insight in Design Thinking, there is little practical understanding of how the mental processes these words refer to might work in thought, or how they might arise when solving a problem, or designing something. Although today much discussed and widely recognised as a very important tool in decision-making, the experienc...

In the past decade, technology’s capacities in educational delivery have expanded from being used primarily as an instructional medium, to an integral part of the modern classroom environment. This paper aims to study the use of computer graphics interface (CGI) in early childhood education. Multimedia has been broadly integrated into the teaching-...

The many creative methods of strategic brand communication and brand marketing have always been a subject of critical study, as ongoing research studies by academics and practitioners continue to yield contradistinctions in the approaches to brand image creation. The design of brand identities matters crucially in the little window of time that cus...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological and emotional connections between sexual imagery and food advertising, with the aim of gaining insight about why consumers are drawn to this form of eroticism. Case study of advertisements for a well-known international brand of fast food featuring female subjects as objects of desire w...

The Hippies are often caricatured in postmodern discourse as disaffected college dropouts, long-haired liberals and drug-fuelled rebels. In their roles as social influencers, they consciously stoked the fervour of civil protest and change through idealist acts. This study attempts to find out the specific forces which led to the development of the...