Stephen Ison

• Doctor of Philosophy
• De Montfort University

This paper contributes to understandings of loyalty programmes in B2B markets by examining the adoption of dedicated customer loyalty schemes by international cargo airlines. Although a substantial body of research explores the use of frequent flyer programmes (FFPs) and associated loyalty schemes in B2C commercial air transport markets, the emerge...

Mobility Hubs (MH) have been developed, as multimodal interchanges focussed on public transport, active travel modes, and shared mobility, with the aim of encouraging more sustainable forms of travel. There is emergent evidence of MH development and implementation across an increasing number of international cities often with different interpretati...

In common with other developed nations, the UK population is ageing. This has impacts on all areas of economic and social activity, including transport and air travel. This paper aims to provide an initial assessment of the ground access journeys to UK airports made by ageing (65+ years) air travellers, a topic hitherto unexplored by the academic r...

This paper focuses on the application of evaluation based on a Theory of Change Approach, including elements of Realistic Evaluation to a transport intervention; the UK's first Workplace Parking Levy (WPL) introduced in 2012 in the City of Nottingham. A WPL places a charge off-street parking provided by employers. The scheme acts as a transport dem...

Globally, cities face a range of transport-related environmental, social, and economic challenges, not least congestion, air pollution, and promotion of sustainable modes of public transport. Mobility hubs (MHs) have been identified as a mechanism to aid the move toward a sustainable transport network and are at various stages of implementation in...

Disruptive passenger behavior, commonly termed air rage, poses severe operational challenges for all airlines. Incidents of air rage can pose risks to aircraft safety and have significant negative impacts on passenger experience and airline reputation. Over the last decade, reports of air rage have increased significantly, and anecdotal and media c...

Existing autonomous driving systems of intelligent vehicles such as advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS) assess and quantify the level of potential safety threats. However, they may not be able to plan the best response to unexpected dangerous situations and do not have the ability to cope with uncertainties since not all vehicles can always ke...

Until recently, addressing the environmental externalities associated with the use of the private car and single occupancy vehicles has been the focus of the airport ground access policies worldwide. However, with the emerging unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, which have already changed the way we live, work, and travel, encouragin...

Air transport is, by its very nature, inherently geographical as it involves the aerial movement of people and goods between different locations around the world. In the last 100 years, air transport has evolved from a dangerous, expensive and unreliable mode of transport into a highly competitive multitrillion-dollar sector of the global economy t...

Air transport is one of the defining features of the modern age. This article begins by defining the three principal types of air transport—commercial, military and general aviation—and identifying their key similarities and differences. The role of commercial air transport in the modern world economy is then considered in terms of airports, aircra...

The majority of journeys that are made by private car require a parking space at the destination and this chapter provides an overview of this complex area of transport. It starts by outlining the different types of car parking space and the various users of them before moving on to parking management and the role of regulation and the price mechan...

This paper addresses the ways in which administrative and economic demand management mechanisms can be used to address the issue of the demand-supply disequilibria at capacity-constrained airports around the world. It introduces the concepts of airport capacity and demand management as they pertain to contemporary air transport operations. Traffic...

The nature and operation of air freight services pose particular challenges for marketing. These challenges mean the marketing that is undertaken for air freight differs from the marketing that is conducted for air passenger services. This entry introduces the different types of air freight operation, including pure freight and bellyhold, and relat...

A Workplace Parking Levy (WPL) is a form of transport demand intervention which imposes a levy on private nonresidential off-street parking at the workplace. This chapter describes the motivation for the introduction of a WPL, discusses the background to the implementation of such a scheme, provides a brief overview of schemes in existence and fina...

Reconciling economic development with the provision of safe, affordable, accessible and environmentally sustainable urban transport networks is key to securing the future vitality of cities and the health and wellbeing of urban residents. Although increased automation and electrification may offer opportunities for decarbonising urban transport in...

The ownership of commercial airports is of strategic national, commercial and political importance. Airport ownership directly influences the planning, development, policy and management activities that are undertaken at the site and the extent to which central government can influence them. Historically, local Government ownership and operation of...

The global COVID pandemic, national lockdowns and unprecedented decline in passenger demand worldwide has led to airlines cancelling services, furloughing staff, applying for financial support and placing aircraft into temporary storage. However, with finite space available, and up to two-thirds of the world's total passenger fleet grounded for an...

The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting travel restrictions and fall in consumer demand led to a dramatic and unprecedented reduction in passenger flights across Europe. As borders closed, national Governments advised against all but essential travel and passenger demand disappeared, European airlines were forced to quickly respond to the downturn...

Passengers who require special assistance at airports and on aircraft represent one of the fastest growing demographics for aviation worldwide. At some airports, annual growth in PRM (persons with reduced mobility) traffic is six times greater than the overall rate of passenger growth yet barriers to accessible air travel remain and disabled passen...

The unprecedented global shutdown that resulted from the COVID pandemic presents an opportunity to reconfigure future transport policy and practice for the benefit of the global environment and individual citizens alike. Before COVID, much of the emphasis in transport policy was on demand management, ‘smart’ technological interventions and sustaina...

Recently, technologies for predicting traffic conflicts in real-time have been gaining momentum due to their proactive nature of application and the growing implementation of ADAS technology in intelligent vehicles. In ADAS, machine learning classifiers are utilised to predict potential traffic conflicts by analysing data from in-vehicle sensors. I...

Car parking spaces occupy significant areas land within cities and, in many areas, is often provided to motorists free of charge or at low cost. This can encourage car use which leads to traffic congestion and environmental degradation. In response, local authorities have increasingly used parking policies to address these issues. However, the effe...

Globally, improved standards of living, nutrition and medical treatment are extending human life expectancy and enhancing quality of life with the result that an increasing number of ageing passengers are using airports. This ‘grey boom’ presents both challenges and opportunities for airports as older travellers exhibit distinct and different trave...

A Workplace Parking Levy (WPL) scheme raises a levy on private non-domestic off-street parking provided by employers. In April 2012 Nottingham became the first UK City to implement such a scheme with the revenue generated hypothecated for funding two additional tram lines into the city, the refurbishment of the main railway station and enhancements...

An ageing population is a social phenomenon affecting transport systems in many cities. More attention is being given to how older people travel so as to increase independence in later life but at the same time ensure sustainable mobility. Despite an increasing ageing population, the small island state of Malta still needs improvements in the way a...

Internationally, disruptive and unruly passenger behaviour has become a growing concern and has gained increasing media attention facilitated by the spread of social media. Behaviour of this nature ranges from relatively minor infractions such as verbal abuse towards crew and other passengers and smoking, through to potentially lethal actions which...

The progressive liberalisation of air transport within the European Union during the 1990s has delivered tangible benefits to consumers in the form of increased competition, greater choice of origin/destination airports, lower prices, unbundled airfares and innovative new products. The emergence, expansion and evolution of European low-cost operato...

This study employs a stated preference method to elicit and explore customer willingness to pay for airline ancillary products, specifically seat selection fees. Bivariate correlations are used to investigate linkages between passenger attributes and opinions with stated values for seat selection under a range of scenarios on UK domestic services....

Airports, those familiar and often much-maligned interfaces between ground and sky, are vital nodes in the modern world economy. Every year, the world’s airports collectively facilitate the safe aerial movement of over 34.8 million flights, 3.57 billion passengers and over 50 million tonnes of valuable air freight (ATAG, 2016) and the prevalence an...

Old age is a complex and dynamic phenomenon. The relationship between old age and transport is also very complex due to the heterogeneity within this age group. Yet what is certain is that with age, a person’s functional abilities change. This chapter provides a summary of how older people can be vulnerable within the road environment. Using an est...

A Workplace Parking Levy (WPL) scheme raises a levy on private non-domestic off street parking provided by employers. In April 2012 Nottingham became the first UK City to implement such a scheme with the revenue generated hypothecated for funding transport improvements. The lag between the introduction of the WPL and the opening of related public t...

Older adults are becoming a larger portion of the world's population, and as a result, more attention is being given to their mobility and travel behaviour. Such studies are however lacking in certain contexts like in Malta, an island state in the Mediterranean Sea. Malta is facing a concurrent high population density, high motorisation rate and an...

Hypothecated revenue from the Nottingham Workplace Parking Levy (WPL) is being used to fund additional tram lines, refurbish the Nottingham Railway Station and to sustain the supported Linkbus network. This strategy aims to constrain congestion, cater for future economic growth and make Nottingham a more attractive location for business investment...

Despite continued improvements in aircraft technology, aircraft noise remains one of the most socially contentious aspects of airport operations and the externality effect that is most likely to provoke a negative response from local airport residents and neighbouring communities. Aircraft noise is both a quality of life and a sustainability issue...

Vehicles searching for parking create an environmental and economic impact. Despite negative externalities for individual drivers and society as a whole, there is a dearth of research in the area of parking search from the perspective of local government authorities. The aim of this paper is to ascertain the perceptions of local authority policymak...

Workshop 4 explored the development of inter-modal transport systems in developed and developing economies worldwide, focusing on their characteristics, approach, design, performance, relative merits, challenges faced and their evaluation. The workshop examined the social, political, institutional, regulatory, and operational challenges in providin...

Simultaneously increasing the proportion of airport surface access journeys that are made by public transport modes and reducing the environmental effects of airport access/egress trips while accommodating growing consumer demand for air and surface access travel are priority areas for the air transport industry and the UK Government. Given the urg...

Vehicles searching for parking create an environmental and economic impact. Despite negative externalities for individual drivers and society as a whole, there is a dearth of research in the area of parking search. The aim of this paper is to ascertain the perceptions of expert public policy stakeholders in relation to parking search. Local authori...

In 2014, over 51 million tonnes of cargo, valued at over US$6.8 trillion, was flown around the world. Approximately 56% of this total (by global revenue tonne kilometres (RTKs)) was flown on dedicated freighter aircraft which were either manufactured specifically for this purpose or converted from passenger use. The remaining 44% (by total global R...

The commercial air transport sector currently faces the serious and seemingly incompatible challenge of meeting growing consumer demand for flight whilst reducing its environmental impact and meeting increasingly stringent international emissions targets. Growing demand for air travel combined with improvements in environmental performance in other...

Biofuels are being advocated by certain sections of the commercial aviation industry as a means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and lowering fossil-fuel dependency within the confines of current aircraft technology and infrastructure. Rising oil prices, increasingly stringent environmental legislation, and continued growth in air travel demand...

Research in Transportation Business and Management (RTBM) was launched in 2009 with the first volume appearing in August 2011. The format of the journal is somewhat different to that of conventional journals in that each volume is themed focusing on a particular aspect of transportation from a business and management perspective. This paper focuses...

Travel planning by employers promoting more sustainable travel has delivered less car dependent behaviour for the commute in many places. Area-wide or precinct travel plans are less common but, where they exist, attempt to provide a more holistic approach through capturing synergies between employers and employees throughout a precinct. Area-based...

The reasons for, and the implications arising from, the underrepresentation of women on the flightdeck of commercial aircraft continues to challenge national Governments, the aviation industry, and the academic community. Although some airlines have made concerted efforts to improve the gender balance of their flightcrew, womens' participation in t...

The highway maintenance sector within the United Kingdom consumes considerable amounts of natural resources and accounts for a large amount of carbon emissions. Carbon emissions reduction is now considered an integral part of tender selection criteria and project performance issue by highway clients. This requires contractors to be able to assess a...

East Midlands airport (EMA) is a regional airport in northwest Leicestershire in central England. It is located roughly equidistant between the three Midlands’ cities of Derby, Leicester and Nottingham and currently supports a range of full-service scheduled, charter and low-cost passenger operations to short- and medium-haul destinations in Europe...

In response to growing concerns about rising energy bills, long-term energy security and the environmental impacts of greenhouse gas emissions, airport operators worldwide are increasingly implementing new sustainable practices to help reduce costs, increase efficiency and reduce their environmental impacts. These initiatives include the installati...

Fifty years ago, Reuben Smeed chaired a study and produced a Report on the Economic and Technical Possibilities of Road Pricing. This report was to consider different methods of charging, including road pricing, to see if different pricing methods could reduce the problems associated with congestion as opposed to the traditional methods in place su...

Vehicles in search of on-street parking create an environmental and economic impact: they increase network traffic flow and congestion, heighten pollutant emissions levels, create additional noise, give rise to time delays for through vehicles, and lead to potential safety hazards when vehicles maneuver into or out of on-street spaces. Despite exte...

Despite positive experiences in Australia of utilising area wide workplace parking place charges to pay for public transport improvement, only one UK local authority, to date, Nottingham City Council has chosen to implement a Work Place Parking Levy scheme (WPL). This scheme intends to allocate the revenue raised to fund (amongst other things) two...

PurposeThis chapter provides a case study of the implementation of the Parking Space Levy (PSL) in Sydney, Australia. Introduced by the Parking Space Levy Act 1992, the scheme places a levy on business use of off-street car parking spaces with the revenues from the levy being hypothecated to public transport improvements. The chapter outlines the i...

PurposeParking choice involves an individual selecting a parking place based upon various inter-related factors. This chapter examines the factors that influence parking choice decisions. MethodologyA review of the literature on parking choice has been undertaken. The influence of various factors on parking choice and recommendations for future par...

PurposeA Workplace Parking Levy (WPL) scheme represents a major transport demand management intervention which raises a levy on private non-domestic off street parking provided by employers to employees, regular business visitors and students. It therefore increases the average cost of commuting by car and stimulates a contraction in the supply of...