Stefan Thor

Stefan Thor
Linköping University | LiU · Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE)

PhD

About

215
Publications
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Introduction
Skills and Expertise
Additional affiliations
March 2007 - August 2016
Linköping University
Position
  • Professor of Developmental Biology

Publications

Publications (215)
Preprint
Full-text available
The Hippo signalling cascade is an evolutionarily conserved pathway critical for the development of numerous organ systems and is required for the development of many parts of the mammalian nervous system, including the cerebellum. The Hippo pathway converges, via the nuclear YAP/TAZ co-transcription factors, on transcription factors of the TEA Dom...
Article
The Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) regulates corticogenesis, yet the consequences of mutations to this epigenetic modifier in the mature brain are poorly defined. Importantly, PRC2 core genes are haploinsufficient and causative of several human neurodevelopmental disorders. To address the role of PRC2 in mature cortical structure and function...
Preprint
The Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) regulates corticogenesis, yet the consequences of mutations to this epigenetic modifier in the mature brain are poorly defined. Importantly, PRC2 core genes are haploinsufficient and causative for several human neurodevelopmental disorders. To address the role of PRC2 in mature cortical structure and functio...
Article
The covalent modification of histones is critical for many biological functions in mammals, including gene regulation and chromatin structure. Posttranslational histone modifications are added and removed by specialised ‘writer’ and ‘eraser’ enzymes, respectively. One such writer protein implicated in a wide range of cellular processes is SET domai...
Article
Full-text available
Motivation: Identification of cell types using single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) is revolutionising the study of multicellular organisms. However, typical scRNA-seq analysis often involves post hoc manual curation to ensure clusters are transcriptionally distinct, which is time-consuming, error-prone, and irreproducible. Results: To overcome these...
Article
Full-text available
The central nervous system contains a daunting number of different cell types. Understanding how each cell acquires its fate remains a major challenge for neurobiology. The developing embryonic ventral nerve cord (VNC) of Drosophila melanogaster has been a powerful model system for unraveling the basic principles of cell fate specification. This pe...
Article
Full-text available
Nuclear factor one X (NFIX) is a transcription factor required for normal ependymal development. Constitutive loss of Nfix in mice (Nfix−/−) is associated with hydrocephalus and sloughing of the dorsal ependyma within the lateral ventricles. Previous studies have implicated NFIX in the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding for factors essent...
Article
Full-text available
A striking feature of the nervous system pertains to the appearance of different neural cell sub‐types at different axial levels. Studies in the Drosophila central nervous system reveals that one mechanism underlying such segmental differences pertains to the segment‐specific removal of cells by programmed cell death (PCD). One group of genes invol...
Article
Full-text available
The MCM2-7 complex is a highly conserved hetero-hexameric protein complex, critical for DNA unwinding at the replicative fork during DNA replication. Overexpression or mutation in MCM2-7 genes is linked to and may drive several cancer types in humans. In mice, mutations in MCM2-7 genes result in growth retardation and mortality. All six MCM2-7 gene...
Article
Full-text available
The hypothalamus displays staggering cellular diversity, chiefly established during embryogenesis by the interplay of several signalling pathways and a battery of transcription factors. However, the contribution of epigenetic cues to hypothalamus development remains unclear. We mutated the polycomb repressor complex 2 gene Eed in the developing mou...
Article
Full-text available
A prominent aspect of most, if not all, central nervous systems (CNSs) is that anterior regions (brain) are larger than posterior ones (spinal cord). Studies in Drosophila and mouse have revealed that Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2), a protein complex responsible for applying key repressive histone modifications, acts by several mechanisms to p...
Preprint
Full-text available
A prominent aspect of most, if not all, central nervous systems (CNSs) is that anterior regions (brain) are larger than posterior ones (spinal cord). Studies in Drosophila and mouse have revealed that the Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2) acts by several mechanisms to promote anterior CNS expansion. However, it is unclear if PRC2 acts directly an...
Article
Full-text available
Microtubule Associated Protein Tau (MAPT) forms proteopathic aggregates in several diseases. The G273R tau mutant, located in the first repeat region, was found by exome sequencing in a patient who presented with dementia and parkinsonism. We herein return to pathological examination which demonstrated tau immunoreactivity in neurons and glia consi...
Chapter
In bilaterally-symmetric animals (Bilateria), condensation of neurons and ganglia into a centralized nervous system (CNS) constitutes a salient feature. In most, if not all, Bilateria another prominent aspect is that the anterior regions of the CNS are typically larger than the posterior ones. Detailed studies in Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila...
Chapter
During central nervous system (CNS) development, a complex series of events play out, starting with the establishment of neural progenitor cells, followed by their asymmetric division and formation of lineages and the differentiation of neurons and glia. Studies in the Drosophila melanogaster embryonic CNS have revealed that the Notch signal transd...
Chapter
The Drosophila embryonic central nervous system (CNS) is a powerful model system for addressing basic mechanisms of nervous system development. Studies during the last three decades have resulted in a detailed description of the basic anatomical features of the CNS, as well as an in-depth understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms acting to...
Article
Full-text available
In the developing Drosophila central nervous system (CNS), neural progenitor (neuroblast [NB]) selection is gated by lateral inhibition, controlled by Notch signaling and proneural genes. However, proneural mutants still generate many NBs, indicating the existence of additional proneural genes. Moreover, recent studies reveal involvement of key epi...
Preprint
Full-text available
In the developing Drosophila central nervous system neural progenitor (neuroblast; NB) selection is gated by lateral inhibition, controlled by Notch signalling and proneural genes. However, proneural mutants only display partial NB reduction, indicating the existence of additional genes with proneural activity. In addition, recent studies reveal in...
Article
Full-text available
During CNS development there is prominent expansion of the anterior region, the brain. In Drosophila, anterior CNS expansion emerges from three rostral features: 1) increased progenitor cell generation, 2) extended progenitor cell proliferation, 3) more proliferative daughters. We find that tailless (mouse Nr2E1/Tlx), otp/Rx/hbn (Otp/Arx/Rax) and D...
Article
During cell cycle progression, the activity of the CycE-Cdk2 complex gates S-phase entry. CycE-Cdk2 is inhibited by CDK inhibitors (CKIs) of the Cip/Kip family, which include the human p21Cip1 and Drosophila Dacapo (Dap) proteins. Both the CycE and Cip/Kip family proteins are under elaborate control via protein degradation, mediated by the Cullin-R...
Article
The nervous system displays a daunting cellular diversity. Neuronal subtypes differ from each other in several aspects, including their neurotransmitter expression and axon projection. These aspects can converge, but can also diverge, such that neurons expressing the same neurotransmitter may project axons to different targets. It is not well under...
Article
Full-text available
During central nervous system (CNS) development, genetic programs establish neural stem cells and drive both stem and daughter cell proliferation. However, the prominent anterior expansion of the CNS implies anterior–posterior (A–P) modulation of these programs. In Drosophila, a set of neural stem cell factors acts along the entire A–P axis to esta...
Data
Combinatorial misexpression of the six EFs. (A–N) Embryonic fillets, showing expression of RFP and the six EFs, in control and insc-Gal4/UAS embryos, at St15. (H) RFP expression shows that insc-Gal4 drives expression in the entire CNS. (B–G, I–N) insc-Gal4/UAS-6xEF embryos reveal elevated expression of all six EFs in the CNS. (O–Z) Expression of th...
Data
Summary of previously published genome-wide DNA binding. Previous studies, using ChIP-seq and Dam-ID-seq, have revealed binding of EFs to Hox genes and of Ubx to EF genes [22, 37–39] (www.modencode.org). ChIP-seq, Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing; Dam-ID-seq, DNA adenine methyltransferase identification-sequencing; EF, Early Factor; Hox, Ho...
Data
Expression of EFs is higher in the brain. (A–C) Mean intensity of EF protein levels along A–P axis, adjusted to their expression levels in T2–T3 (*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, Student two-tailed t test; n = 4 embryos; 32 segments; ±SD). (D) Mean intensity of EF protein levels in B2–B3, adjusted to their expression levels in T2–T3 at St11 (*p...
Data
PRC2 mutants display nondetectable levels of H3K27me3 and anterior Hox expression. (A–J) Expression of H3K27me3, Antp, Ubx, Abd-A, and Abd-B in control and esc maternal/zygotic mutants, St15. Dashed lines outline the CNS. In esc mutants, there are nondetectable levels of H3K27me3, and all four Hox factors are expressed along the entire A–P axis, in...
Data
EFs are necessary for NB and daughter cell proliferation. (A) Staining for Pros, Dpn, and PH3 allows for the identification of dividing NBs (asymmetric Pros, Dpn+, PH3+) and dividing daughter cells (cytoplasmic Pros, Dpn negative, PH3+). (B–C) Proliferation in control and ase, at St14 in segment A1, reveals an apparent reduction in dividing cells i...
Data
EF co-misexpression overrides the Type I->0 switch and NB exit. (A–B) NB5-6T lineages at stage AFT in control and lbe(K)-Gal4/UAS-6xEF dissected CNSs. Boxed regions are magnified to the right. In control, no divisions are observed in NB5-6, neither in T nor A segments. In 6xEF co-misexpression, dividing NBs and daughter cells can be observed in bot...
Data
Numerical data underlying figures. (XLSX)
Article
Full-text available
During embryonic development, a number of genetic cues act to generate neuronal diversity. While intrinsic transcriptional cascades are well-known to control neuronal sub-type cell fate, the target cells can also provide critical input to specific neuronal cell fates. Such signals, denoted retrograde signals, are known to provide critical survival...
Data
Significant splicing events in brr2 mutants (|ΔΨ| >0,03; q<0.25). Values relative to the splicing events associated with the respective gene region (FlyBase gene symbol), using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. ES (Exon skipping), A5SS (Alternative 5' splice sites), A3SS (Alternative 3' splice sites), ME (Mutually exclusive exons), IR (Intron reten...
Data
Differential alternative splicing (DAS) analysis data of Prp8 mutants. Numerical data related to DAS analysis. Event_id: contains the gene cluster, chromosome, strand, position, gene ID, and exon path information. Event_type: ES (Exon skipping), A5SS (Alternative 5' splice sites), A3SS (Alternative 3' splice sites), ME (Mutually exclusive exons), I...
Data
Related to Fig 4. Ectopic expression of the BMP ligand Gbb in brr2 mutants. (A-B) Ap cluster neurons (white arrows), identified by ap-Gal4>UAS-GFP, immunostained for FMRFa and Nplp1, in control and in brr2 mutants ectopically expressing gbb (ap>gbb;brr2). Transgenic expression of gbb does not result in rescue of FMRFa expression. (EPS)
Data
Related to Fig 6. Prp8 phenocopies brr2 mutants. (A-F) Confocal, 2–5 layer projection images of the Ap cluster showing expression pattern of the late factors in the specification cascade by immunostaining of Eyes absent (Eya), Dimmed (Dimm) and phosphorylated form of Mothers against dpp (pMad) in Prp8 mutants (Prp804p024; E-F) compared to the patte...
Data
Related to Fig 5. Tv4 neuron axonal pathfinding in control. 3D reconstruction video from confocal images showing the axonal pathfinding of the Ap cluster (ap> RFP, red) and the Tv4 neurons (FMRFa>GFP, green) in the thoracic segment T3 of control flies at stage AFT. The reconstruction shows Tv4 projection to the midline and then dorsal, establishing...
Data
Significant splicing events common to brr2 and Prp8 mutants (|ΔΨ| >0,03; q<0.25). Values relative to the splicing events associated with the respective gene region (FlyBase gene symbol), using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. ES (Exon skipping), A5SS (Alternative 5' splice sites), A3SS (Alternative 3' splice sites), ME (Mutually exclusive exons),...
Data
Expression levels and splicing events detected for genes with the “TGF-β receptor signaling pathway” GO identifier in brr2 mutants. Values relative to the gene (FlyBase gene symbol) expression levels expressed as fold change, and splicing events for genes with the “TGF-β receptor signaling pathway” GO identifier in brr2 mutants. Expression in CNS i...
Data
Spreadsheet form of numerical data and summary statistics. Numerical data related to graphs and summary statistics in the Figs 1, 3, 5, S1, S4 and S5. (XLSX)
Data
Related to Fig 6. Top Gene Ontology terms affected in brr2 mutants (b). (A) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of genes showing both splicing events and 2-fold transcription changes in brr2 mutants (GeneCodis). (B) Venn diagram showing axon guidance affected genes in brr2 mutants. (EPS)
Data
Related to Fig 4. Dorsal neurohemal organ inervation by apterous cluster neurons in control. 3D reconstruction video from confocal images showing the axonal pathfinding of Ap cluster neurons (ap>GFP, green) innervating the dorsal neurohemal organ (DHN, buttonless-lacZ, blue) in the thoracic segments T2-T3 of control flies at stage AFT. (MP4)
Data
Related to Fig 5. Tv4 neuron axonal pathfinding in brr2 mutants with rescued FMRFa expression. 3D reconstruction video from confocal images showing the axonal pathfinding of the Ap cluster (ap> RFP, red) in brr2 mutants rescued by transgenic expression of activated BMP receptors (saxA and tkvA). Expression of FMRFa-eGFP reporter make possible to id...
Data
Significant splicing events in Prp8 mutants (|ΔΨ| >0,03; q<0.25). Values relative to the splicing events associated with the respective gene region (FlyBase gene symbol), using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. ES (Exon skipping), A5SS (Alternative 5' splice sites), A3SS (Alternative 3' splice sites), ME (Mutually exclusive exons), IR (Intron reten...
Data
Differential alternative splicing (DAS) analysis data of brr2 mutants. Numerical data related to DAS analysis. Event_id: contains the gene cluster, chromosome, strand, position, gene ID, and exon path information. Event_type: ES (Exon skipping), A5SS (Alternative 5' splice sites), A3SS (Alternative 3' splice sites), ME (Mutually exclusive exons), I...
Data
Gene expression levels 2-fold up- or down-regulated in brr2 mutants. Values relative to the gene (FlyBase gene symbol) expression levels with 2-fold change in brr2, expressed as RPKM (Reads Per Kilobase per Million). The table also shows a comparison of the expression levels detected for those same genes in Prp8 mutants. brr2 and Prp8 fold change i...
Data
Expression levels and splicing events detected for genes with the “axon guidance” GO identifier affected in brr2 mutants. Values relative to the gene (FlyBase gene symbol) expression levels expressed as fold change, and splicing events for genes with the “axon guidance” GO identifier affected in brr2 mutants. ES (Exon skipping), A5SS (Alternative 5...
Data
Ilp7 expression is not affected in brr2 mutants. (A-D) Expression of Ilp7, Dimm, pMad and FMRFa-GFP reporter, in control and brr2 (brr209c117). Ilp7 expression not affected in Ilp7 neurons (dashed lines) in brr2 mutants. Identification, using Dimm, of the previously described four Ilp7 expressing neurons (C-D dashed lines), which are BMP signaling...
Data
Related to Fig 6. Top Gene Ontology terms affected in brr2 mutants. (A) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of genes showing splicing events in brr2 mutants (GeneCodis). (B) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of genes showing 2-fold transcription changes in brr2 mutants (GeneCodis). (EPS)
Data
Related to Fig 3. Expression of PMad in thoracic and abdominal segments of VNC in brr2 mutants. (A-F) Expression of pMad in control (A, D) and brr2 mutant (B,E) thoracic segments of stage AFT embryos. Eya (in thorax) and Dimm (in abdomen) immunostaining was used to identify neuropeptide expressing cells and provide a reference for delimiting the se...
Data
Related to Fig 5. Characterization of FMRFa rescue. (A-C) Expression of FMRFa>GFP (FMRFa), ap>RFP and pMad, in ap-Gal4;brr2 mutants (brr209c117) transgenically expressing saxA and tkvA, at AFT. pMad expression is rescued in the Ap cluster by ectopic expression of active forms of Tkv and Sax, although FMRFa expression is not restored in every segmen...
Data
Related to Fig 4. Dorsal neurohemal organ innervation failure by apterous cluster neurons in brr2 mutants. 3D reconstruction video from confocal images showing the axonal pathfinding of Ap cluster neurons (ap>GFP, green) and the absence of innervation to the dorsal neurohemal organ (DHN, buttonless-lacZ, blue) in the thoracic segments T2-T3 of brr2...
Article
The basis for selective vulnerability of certain cell types for misfolded proteins (MPs) in neurodegenerative diseases is largely unknown. This knowledge is crucial for understanding disease progression in relation to MPs spreading in the CNS. We assessed this issue in Drosophila by cell-specific expression of human Aβ1-42 associated with Alzheimer...
Article
Full-text available
A conserved feature of the central nervous system (CNS) is the prominent expansion of anterior regions (brain) when compared to posterior (nerve cord). The cellular and regulatory processes driving anterior CNS expansion are not well understood in any bilaterian species. Here, we address this expansion inDrosophilaand mouse. We find that when compa...
Article
Great progress has been made in identifying transcriptional programs that establish stem cell identity. In contrast, we have limited insight into how these programs are down-graded in a timely manner to halt proliferation and allow for cellular differentiation. Drosophila embryonic neuroblasts undergo such a temporal progression, initially dividing...
Article
Full-text available
Tau protein is involved in numerous human neurodegenerative diseases, and Tau hyper-phosphorylation has been linked to Tau aggregation and toxicity. Previous studies have addressed toxicity and phospho-biology of human Tau (hTau) in Drosophila melanogaster However, hTau transgenes have most often been randomly inserted in the genome, thus making it...
Article
Full-text available
Genetic, biochemical and histological studies have identified a number of different proteins as key drivers of human neurodegenerative diseases. Whereas different proteins are typically involved in different disease, there is also considerable overlap. Addressing disease protein dysfunction in an in vivo neuronal context is often time-consuming and...
Article
Neural progenitor cells in most, if not all, systems generate different cell types according to a fixed birth-order. Studies in the Drosophila central nervous system now identify an expanding regulatory network underlying temporal diversification of very large neural lineages.
Article
Full-text available
The extensive genetic regulatory flows underlying specification of different neuronal subtypes are not well understood at the molecular level. The Nplp1 neuropeptide neurons in the developing Drosophila nerve cord belong to two sub-classes; Tv1 and dAp neurons, generated by two distinct progenitors. Nplp1 neurons are specified by spatial cues; the...
Data
Related to Fig 5 eya enhancer analysis. (A-D) Drosophila VNC at stage AFT, stained for β-gal (location) and GFP (reporter) to show the activity of the eya-CRM fragment driving GFP under (A) control conditions and (B-D) in mutant background for transcription factors critical for eya activation i.e. Antp, lbe and col. Since Antp, lbe and col mutants...
Data
Transgeneic enhancer flies. Outline of the generation of the different enhancer-reporter transgenes. (PDF)
Data
Bioinformatics of Transcription Factor Binding Sites (TFBS). Description of the identification of TFBSin the CRMS. (PDF)
Data
Related to Fig 1. Enhancer Identification. Genomic outline of the genes in the Nplp1 FFL cascade, and the various DNA fragments tested in transgenic lines (under each gene). (EPS)
Data
CRISPR/Cas9 enhancer deletions. Outline of the gRNAs, and the sequences of the deleted genomic regions. (PDF)
Data
Related to Fig 2 CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of enhancers affects Tv1 and dAp specification. (A-C) Staining for Eya, Col and Nplp1 in the Ap cluster at stage AFT in control, colΔTv-CRM and colΔdAp-CRM, shows that Eya, Col and Nplp1 expression is not affected in the Ap cluster by mutating either of the col CRMs. (D-F) Staining for Eya and Col in whole VNCs...
Data
Related to Fig 2 CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of enhancers affects Tv1 and dAp specification. (A-B) Staining for Eya, Ap and Col in the Ap cluster at stage AFT, in (A) control and (B) eyaΔCRM mutants. At AFT, Col specifically marks the Tv1 cells, in both (A) control and (B) eyaΔCRM. (B) In eyaΔCRM mutant embryos, Eya expression is lost in two out of four A...
Data
Related to Fig 5 dimm enhancer analysis. (A-E) Drosophila VNCs at stage AFT showing the dimm-CRM reporter expression, stained for lbe(K)-lacZ/β-gal (location) and GFP (reporter) to show the activity of the dimm-CRM fragment under (A) control conditions and (B-E) in different mutant backgrounds for transcription factors critical for dimm activation...
Data
Related to Fig 8 Summary of results. Summary of the experiments showing: The effect of CRM mutations on endogenous protein or Nplp1 expression; CRMs in mutant background; mutation of potential TFBS; and the effect on the CRM-lacZ/GFP expression compared to their respective controls. Blue labels = no significant differences, p≥0.05. Yellow labels =...
Data
Wild type and mutated CRMs. DNA sequences of wild type and mutated CRMs. (PDF)
Article
A readily evident feature of animal central nervous systems (CNSs), apparent in all vertebrates and many invertebrates alike, is its "wedge-like" appearance, with more cells generated in anterior than posterior regions. This wedge could conceivably be established by an antero-posterior (A-P) gradient in the number of neural progenitor cells, their...
Chapter
The mammalian nervous system contains vast numbers of neurons of many different sub-types. Understanding neuronal sub-type specification thus continues to be one of the major challenges of modern neurobiology. In addition, different neuronal sub-types are also generated in precise but sometimes vastly different numbers. This underscores the importa...
Article
Full-text available
During Drosophila embryonic nervous system development, neuroblasts express a programmed cascade of five temporal transcription factors that govern the identity of cells generated at different time-points. However, these five temporal genes fall short of accounting for the many distinct cell types generated in large lineages. Here, we find that the...
Article
Full-text available
Neural progenitors typically divide asymmetrically to renew themselves, while producing daughters with more limited potential. In the Drosophila embryonic ventral nerve cord, neuroblasts initially produce daughters that divide once to generate two neurons/glia (type I proliferation mode). Subsequently, many neuroblasts switch to generating daughter...
Chapter
The central nervous system (CNS) contains a daunting diversity of neuronal cell types. One of the major challenges of developmental neurobiology is to understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying this vast complexity. Studies in the Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) model system has contributed greatly to our understanding of neuronal cell su...
Article
Full-text available
The Paf1 protein complex (Paf1C) is increasingly recognized as a highly conserved and broadly utilized regulator of a variety of transcriptional processes. These include the promotion of H3K4 and H3K36 trimethylation, H2BK123 ubiquitination, RNA Pol II transcriptional termination, and also RNA-mediated gene silencing. Paf1C contains five canonical...
Article
Full-text available
Specification of the myriad of unique neuronal subtypes found in the nervous system depends upon spatiotemporal cues and terminal selector gene cascades, often acting in sequential combinatorial codes to determine final cell fate. However, a specific neuronal cell subtype can often be generated in different parts of the nervous system and at differ...
Data
Data underlying Figs 3L, 3N, 4G, 5, 6E, 6F and S5D. (XLSX)
Data
lbe acts in parallel with Antp, cas, and hth. (A–F) GFP/βgal, Col, Nab, and Lbe expression in the NB5-6T at St14 in control and Antp, cas, and hth mutants. Antp and hth mutants show loss of Col expression, while Lbe expression is not affected. (D) cas mutants show, in addition to a negative Col expression, a loss of Nab expression, since cas regula...
Data
Grn expression in the NB5-6 lineage at two different stages. (A) Co-staining for βgal of the grn-lacZ and Eya to analyze the expression of grn-lacZ at the Ap cluster at St16. We do not find grn-lacZ expression in the NB5-6 lineage at St 16. (B) Co-staining for GFP of the lbe(K)-GFP (to visualize the NB5-6 lineage) together with βgal for the grn-lac...
Data
Origin of supernumerary Eya cells in col and lbe co-misexpression. (A, B) Co-staining for βgal, Dimm, Eya, and GsbN of the mirror-lacZ construct in (A) control and (B) elav-Gal4>UAS-col, UAS-lbe genetic background. White dotted lines represent the Gsbn compartment whereas magenta dotted lines represent the Mirr compartment. Supernumerary Eya cells...
Data
Kr, pdm, and grn are not required for dAp cell survival. (A–C) Co-staining for Dimm and Eya in Kr, pdm, and grn mutants, in which cell death has been impaired by Df(3R)H99 or by expression of cell death blocker UAS-p35. dAp cells are lost in mutants and not restored by cell death impairment. (TIF)
Data
Origin of extra dAp cells in hb mutant background. Co-staining for GFP and Eya of the col-dAp-GFP enhancer (to visualize the NB4-3 from which dAp cell originated) in (A) control and (B) hb mutant background. Both the bonafide dAp and the supernumerary one are GFP positive. Thus, the supernumerary dAp generated in hb mutant originate from the NB4-3....
Data
Castor is not expressed in the NB4-3 early lineage and dAp is generated in a type I division mode. (A and B) Co-staining for GFP and Cas of the col-dAp-GFP enhancer (to visualize the NB4-3 lineage from which dAp cell originated) at Stage 12 and 13 to analyze the expression of Cas in the NB4-3 lineage when it is generating the dAp neuron. Cas is not...