Stefan Schmid

Stefan Schmid
Bosch Research

Ph.D. Computer Science
Knowledge Engineering, Digital Twins, Neuro-symbolic AI, Deep Learning

About

105
Publications
36,696
Reads
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1,747
Citations
Introduction
My current research topics are: knowledge engineering, knowledge representation, construction and reasoning, semantic interoperability, data integration, and knowledge-driven data analytics and machine learning.
Additional affiliations
August 2013 - present
Bosch
Position
  • Senior Expert
April 2008 - July 2013
NEC Laboratories Europe
Position
  • Manager
March 2004 - March 2008
NEC Laboratories Europe
Position
  • Senior Researcher
Education
October 1998 - December 2002
Lancaster University
Field of study
  • Computer Science
October 1992 - September 1998
Ulm University
Field of study
  • Computer Science

Publications

Publications (105)
Preprint
Full-text available
Despite the remarkable success of deep neural networks (DNNs) in computer vision, they fail to remain high-performing when facing distribution shifts between training and testing data. In this paper, we propose Knowledge-Guided Visual representation learning (KGV), a distribution-based learning approach leveraging multi-modal prior knowledge, to im...
Chapter
Knowledge graphs (KGs) have transformed data management within the manufacturing industry, offering effective means for integrating disparate data sources through shared and structured conceptual schemas. However, harnessing the power of KGs can be daunting for non-experts, as it often requires formulating complex SPARQL queries to retrieve specifi...
Conference Paper
Precisely predicting the future trajectories of surrounding traffic participants is a crucial but challenging problem in autonomous driving, due to complex interactions between traffic agents, map context and traffic rules. Vector-based approaches have recently shown to achieve among the best performances on trajectory prediction benchmarks. These...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Motion prediction and planning are key components to enable autonomous driving. Although high definition (HD) maps provide important contextual information that constrains the action space of traffic participants, most approaches are not able to fully exploit this heterogeneous information. In this work, we enrich the existing road geometry of the...
Conference Paper
The usage of semantic technologies for purposes like data integration, information retrieval, search, and decision-making is steadily on the rise. Bosch is leveraging these technologies to enhance the ability to represent, integrate, and query various data sources. The main objectives are enabling data understanding, interlinking, and analysis. To...
Article
Autonomous Driving (AD) datasets, when used in combination with deep learning techniques, have enabled significant progress on difficult AD tasks such as perception, trajectory prediction and motion planning. These datasets represent the content of driving scenes as captured by various sensors, including cameras, RADAR, and LiDAR, along with 2D/3D...
Preprint
Representing relevant information of a traffic scene and understanding its environment is crucial for the success of autonomous driving. Modeling the surrounding of an autonomous car using semantic relations, i.e., how different traffic participants relate in the context of traffic rule based behaviors, is hardly been considered in previous work. T...
Conference Paper
Representing relevant information of a traffic scene and understanding its environment is crucial for the success of autonomous driving. Modeling the surrounding of an autonomous car using semantic relations, i.e., how different traffic participants relate in the context of traffic rule based behaviors, is hardly been considered in previous work. T...
Preprint
Full-text available
Representing relevant information of a traffic scene and understanding its environment is crucial for the success of autonomous driving. Modeling the surrounding of an autonomous car using semantic relations, i.e., how different traffic participants relate in the context of traffic rule based behaviors, is hardly been considered in previous work. T...
Conference Paper
Traditional approaches to computer vision tasks based on neural networks are typically trained on a large amount of pure image data. By minimizing the cross-entropy loss between a prediction and a given target class, the network and its visual embedding space are automatically learned to fullfill a given task. However, due to the sole dependence on...
Chapter
Full-text available
Traditional computer vision approaches, based on neural networks (NN), are typically trained on a large amount of image data. By minimizing the cross-entropy loss between a prediction and a given class label, the NN and its visual embedding space are learned to fulfill a given task. However, due to the sole dependence on the image data distribution...
Chapter
Nowadays, cars are equipped with hundreds of sensors that support a variety of features ranging from basic functionalities to advanced driver assistance systems. The communication protocol of automotive signals is defined in DBC files, yet, signal descriptions are typically ambiguous and vary across manufacturers. In this work, we address the probl...
Preprint
Deep learning techniques achieve high accuracy in computer vision tasks. However, their accuracy suffers considerably when they face a domain change, i.e., as soon as they are used in a domain that differs from their training domain. For example, a road sign recognition model trained to recognize road signs in Germany performs poorly in countries w...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Knowledge graphs as fundamental pillar of artificial intelligence are experiencing a strong demand. In contrast to machine learning and deep learning, knowledge graphs do not require large amounts of (training) data and offer a bigger potential for a multitude of domains and problems. This article shows the application of knowledge graphs for the s...
Poster
The BIG IoT project focuses on easy integration of the IoT data and services offered by existing IoT platforms and services based on semantic technologies. To enable IoT applications to consume data and services provided by heterogeneous systems and different stakeholders, a common set of ontologies and an RDF triple store with querying functionali...
Conference Paper
Machine learning (ML) is gaining much attention for data analysis in manufacturing. Despite the success, there is still a number of challenges in widening the scope of ML adoption. The main challenges include the exhausting effort of data integration and lacking of generalisability of developed ML pipelines to diverse data variants, sources, and do...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
In the automotive industry, welding is a critical process of automated manufacturing and its quality monitoring is important. IoT technologies behind automated factories enable adoption of Machine Learning (ML) approaches for quality monitoring. Development of such ML models requires collaborative work of experts from different areas, including dat...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Data lake architectures enable the storage and retrieval of large amounts of data across an enterprise. At Robert Bosch GmbH, we have deployed a data lake for this expressed purpose, focused on managing automotive sensor data. Simply centralizing and storing data in a data lake, however, does not magically solve critical data management challenges...
Chapter
This paper summarizes our research & development activities in building a semantic data management platform for large enterprise data lakes, with a focus on the automotive domain. We demonstrate the use of ontology models to systematically represent, link, and search large amounts of automotive data. Such search capability is an important enabler f...
Article
Full-text available
Today, IoT platforms offer proprietary interfaces and protocols. To enable interoperable interaction with those platforms we present the generic BIG IoT API that employs a novel approach for self-description and semantic annotation to fully adapt arbitrary IoT platforms. We have deployed this approach for multiple platforms from the mobility domain...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The Internet of Things (IoT) is maturing and more and more IoT platforms that give access to things are emerging. However, the real potential of the IoT lies in growing IoT cross-domain ecosystems on top of these platforms that will deliver new, unanticipated value added applications and services. We identified two crucial aspects that are importan...
Article
Full-text available
Today, the Internet of Things (IoT) comprises vertically oriented platforms for things. Developers who want to use them need to negotiate access individually and adapt to the platform-specific API and information models. Having to perform these actions for each platform often outweighs the possible gains from adapting applications to multiple platf...
Patent
Full-text available
A clustered femtocell network including a plurality of femtocell access points that are connected via a logical interface to a mobile network in order to provide user equipments with radio access to the mobile network, wherein the mobile network includes a Mobility Management Function—MMF—, is characterized in that a logical function—Proxy Mobility...
Patent
Full-text available
A method for detecting attacks to multimedia systems, wherein a communication path (1) is established within the multimedia system by a multimedia communication flow between a communication source and a communication destination, is characterized in that at least two devices (3, 4, 8) are provided along the communication path (1), each the device (...
Patent
Full-text available
A method for facilitating communication in a mobile communication system in which address-delegating entities are involved, wherein mobile nodes attaching to the communication system get assigned an address or address prefix, wherein the address or address prefix assignment is delegated from an entity being associated with mobility management—mobil...
Patent
Full-text available
A reliable and flexible method for controlling traffic within a network structure without the addition of remarkable complexity to the core network is provided, the structure including a PDN (Packet Data Network), an operator core network with a DNS (Domain Name System) server, a HeNB (Home evolved Node B) or HNB (Home Node B) and/or eNB (Evolved N...
Patent
Full-text available
A communication method in LIPA/SIPTO architecture is provided which, when a user equipment (UE) is to connect from a serving area to an external network, allows re-selection of an optimal gateway. The communication method allows selecting a gateway apparatus physically or topologically close to a site, where the user equipment is attached.
Conference Paper
Existing mobile network infrastructures, for example the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), are based on mission specific, specialized network nodes/entities that are interconnect via standardized interfaces in a static manner, each providing a specific service/function. One common practice adopted by many Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in order to cater...
Article
Full-text available
Standardization organizations play a major role in the telecommunications industry to guarantee interoperability between vendors and allow for a common ground where all players can voice their opinion regarding the direction the industry should follow. In this paper we review the current activities in some of the most relevant standardization bodie...
Article
Mobile network operators are experiencing a tremendous increase in data traffic due to the growing popularity of bandwidth-intensive video services. This challenge can be faced either by boosting the capacity of the network infrastructure, or by means of offloading traffic from the backhaul and core network and serving contents from distributed cac...
Article
With the popularity of YouTube and other video services (e.g. VoD), video content is becoming a dominant traffic type in mobile networks and will soon form the major bulk of the traffic [1]. This poses a serious challenge to Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) when it comes to delivering video content to multiple users in a wireless environment, where...
Article
Full-text available
Local IP Access (LIPA) and Selected IP Traffic Offload (SIPTO) are two topics currently of high interest to mobile network operators. They enable data traffic offload at appropriate points in the Radio Access Network in a highly cost-efficient manner. These technologies also have the potential to greatly increase system scalability and offer operat...
Patent
Full-text available
A system for supporting local IP connectivity for an (e)NodeB, the system including a mobile operator network with a PDN-Gateway or a GGSN, and at least one User Equipment (UE) that is associated with the (e)NodeB, is characterized in that a local gateway function (L-GW) is provided for the (e)NodeB, wherein an extension tunnel is established betwe...
Conference Paper
Mobile carriers are currently facing the tremendous challenge of coping with the rapid data traffic growth stemming from smart phones and data dongles. Recent studies have shown that caching of high volume content within carrier networks has the potential of substantial cost savings in network resources. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of cac...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
In this paper, we consider the Selected IP Traffic Offload (SIPTO) approach to handle increased data traffic of both local and macro-cellular networks. We devise different approaches based on operator defined offload policies on a per destination domain name basis, which offer operators fine-grained control of whether a new IP connection should be...
Conference Paper
Key incentives for mobile operators to offer femtocell services are the possibilities to cost-efficiently enhance indoor coverage and to offload traffic from the macro-cellular network. While femtocells were originally conceived for standalone deployments in user homes, there is an increasing interest in exploiting their advantages also in an enter...
Patent
Full-text available
A visited policy controlling device decides the amount of a visited network bearer resource that is provided by a visited user plane device for an end-to-end service based on the amount of a bearer service resource requested to be used in the end-to-end service. A home policy controlling device decides the amount of a core network bearer resource t...
Conference Paper
Wireless communication technologies such as microwave radios are used to provide high-speed mobile backhaul connectivity for radio access networks in cases in which wire-based alternatives, e.g. cable or fiber, are not readily available and cannot be deployed in an economic or timely manner. Current mobile backhauls are predominantly deployed in tr...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
To cope with the rapid increase of data traffic in mobile networks, operators are looking for efficient solutions that ensure the scalability of their systems. Decentralization of the network is one of the key solutions. With such solution, small-scale core network nodes (gateways) are locally deployed to serve the local community of users, in a de...
Patent
Full-text available
A mobile communication system for relaying user data includes a plurality of base station apparatus and a core network apparatus. Each of the base station apparatus forms a cell for connecting to a terminal through a wireless link. The core network apparatus can be connected to the base station apparatus. Even when the terminal moves between the ba...
Article
The rd Generation Partnership Project is specifying solutions for IP flow mobility, which enable IP data flows being routed between a mobile terminal and the infrastructure via a 3GPP and non-3GPP access systems, e.g. over LTE and WLAN. Connectivity via the different access systems is provided based on the concept of a shared single Packet Data Net...
Conference Paper
In the System Architecture Evolution (SAE) study of the nextgeneration mobile network in 3GPP, Serving Gateways (SGWs) and Mobility Management Entities (MMEs) are grouped to form a number of service and pool areas, respectively. While this concept of SGW service areas in the Evolved Packet Core is interesting to limit the administrative scope of SG...
Patent
Full-text available
Method for searching services, resources and/or functionalities in a network wherein the network comprises a multitude of nodes to which routable network addresses are assigned, and wherein the services, resources and/or functionalities which are to be searched, are specified by a source node (Q) that is characterized in that a corresponding direct...
Conference Paper
Available doorbell interphone systems are designed under the assumption that residents would be at home to enable the communication between them and their visitors. However, people spend a large fraction of their time away from home, thus undermining the basic assumptions of existing doorbell solutions. Recent developments in 3GPP Home Node B (HNB...
Article
Full-text available
The objective of autonomic networking is to enable the autonomous formation and parametrization of nodes and networks by letting protocols sense and adapt to the networking environment at run time. Besides its dynamic aspects, a core requirement of autonomic networking is to define a structured framework and execution environment that enables algor...
Conference Paper
From the beginning of data networking, dynamic routing has been a challenge. Due to the constantly increasing number of devices and the introduction of multi-hop wireless networks, dynamic routing will remain an important issue for any future network architecture. Using more elaborate routing metrics for such environments is regarded as the general...
Article
A key aspect of the 3GPP system architecture evolution is the specification of an evolved packet core that supports multiple access networks. The EPC enables operators to deploy and operate one common packet core network for 3GPP radio accesses (E-UTRAN, UTRAN, and GERAN), as well as other wireless and wireline access networks (e.g., eHRPD, WLAN, W...
Patent
Full-text available
A communication system shares terminal identification information (TII) used for identifying a terminal that sends a spam phone call, with another communication system belonging to another network provider, and includes: a storage section that stores the TII of a terminal that sends a spam phone call; a transmission section that transmits the TII s...
Article
There is a large conceptual gap between end-to-end infrastructure requirements and detailed component configuration implementing those requirements. Today, this gap is manually bridged so large numbers of configuration errors are made. Their adverse ...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
TurfNet is an internetworking architecture that enables communication among autonomous and heterogeneous network domains. The architecture uses a global identity namespace and does not require global addressing or a common internetworking protocol. It integrates the new concept of dynamic network composition with other recent architectural concepts...
Article
Full-text available
In this article, we apply autonomic and distributed management principles to wireless access networks. Most interesting is the application of autonomic properties and behaviors including adaptive, aware, and automatic operation in a decentralized setting. In particular, we present a generic and autonomic management architecture for decentralized ma...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The ANA (Autonomic Network Architecture) project aims at providing a framework to flexibly host, interconnect, and federate multiple heterogeneous networks in an autonomic way, i.e. without requiring active human intervention. The guiding design principle is to strive for a maximum degree of flexibility at all levels of the architecture in order to...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Service mobility is a highly desirable feature of future networks and will be a key factor in supporting mobile users and meeting the increasing demand for service resiliency and efficient resource management. Currently the main approaches for developing mobile services are active capsules and mobile agents but these are limited by design and fail...
Article
The 3GPP network specification is currently undergoing major updates toward beyond 3G. The evolved 3GPP network will support interworking with multiple including non-3GPP - radio access networks, and support mobility between them. It will furthermore support personal area networks and moving networks. Generally, 3GPP is moving in the direction of a...
Article
This article introduces a novel approach for service composition on active and programmable routers. The proposed composition framework enables flexible programmability of a router’s data path through dynamically loadable software components, called ‘active components’. The composition framework promotes transparent, dynamic and incremental deploym...
Chapter
Full-text available
Autonomic networking set a challenge for the research community to engineer systems and architectures that will increase the QoS and robustness of future network architectures. However, our experience is that so far the autonomic network research community does not have a common perception of what an autonomic network is. This paper attempts to pro...
Article
Full-text available
This article presents new concepts for network-supported media delivery in mobile networks. Automatic composition and merging of networks are central parts of these concepts. Media delivery is no longer an end-to-end service that only uses the network as an IP transport. Instead, these concepts create a service-aware network and provide customized...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The Internet is becoming an immense organism of composite, highly distributed, pervasive, communication intensive services. For such a system to operate effectively, a sensible dialogue between users, services and the network components must proceed constantly based on mutual observation, self-observation, and adaptive and distributed feedback cont...
Conference Paper
This demonstration exhibits the novel concepts of autonomic network composition and adaptive media delivery which have been developed as part of the EU framework 6 project ambient networks. A realistic use case serves as a demonstration scenario to illustrate how these core features of an ambient network work together in practice, and how they can...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
A Service-specific Overlay Network (SSON) is a virtualization concept proposed for customized media delivery in the Ambient Networks architecture [1]. The service specific media delivery network has to be constructed dynamically without prior knowledge of the underlying physical network. This process must consider unique properties, such as routin...
Conference Paper
Today, users have more and more mobile and fixed devices with communication capabilities including phones, PDAs, Laptops, PCs, TV sets, HiFi equipment, etc. As the various devices have different capabilities, users want to be able to switch to the most suitable device depending on the current environment and context. In order to support service con...
Conference Paper
With the increasing heterogeneity of Internet enabled devices and Internet access technologies, media content may often need to be adapted to best meet the user or application needs. However, server-side adaptation has shown its limitations, leading to the development of network-side adaptation techniques. Overlay networks have emerged as a possibl...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
This paper presents a decentralized approach for the autonomic man- agement of a group of collaborating base stations to provide efficient and effective wireless network access in highly dynamic environments. It provides a manage- ment platform that supports many different management functions based on com- mon mechanisms for information exchange,...
Conference Paper
A new networking architecture referred to as Ambient Networks is currently under investigation, which aims at enabling the cooperation of heterogeneous networks belonging to different operator and/or technology domains. Key elements of the Ambient Networks concepts are the Ambient Control Space (ACS) encompassing all control functions in a certain...
Article
Full-text available
1 TurfNet is a novel internetworking architecture that enables communication among autonomous and heterogeneous network domains. The architecture uses a global identity namespace and does not require global addressing or a shared internetworking protocol. It integrates the new concept of dynamic network composition with other recent architectural c...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The Internet architecture is based on design principles such as end-to-end addressing and global routeability. It suits relatively static, well-managed and flat network hierarchies. Recent years have shown, however, that the Internet is evolving beyond what the current architecture can support. The Internet architecture struggles to support increas...
Article
Full-text available
Internet users are increasingly mobile. Their hosts are often only intermittently connected to the Internet, due to using multiple access networks, gaps in wireless coverage or explicit user choice. When such hosts communicate using the current Internet protocols, intermittent connectivity can significantly decrease performance and even cause conne...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
This paper proposes a novel mechanism to enhance data protection in communications across untrusted networks. The approach is based on the principle of network address hopping, whereby a data stream is spread across multiple end-to-end connections. The aim is to obscure the data exchange between two peers by shuffling the communication pattern. The...
Conference Paper
It is becoming increasingly apparent that the IETF mobile IPv6 protocol will have a role to play in future mobile and wireless networks. However, it is extremely likely that even after a real world deployment of IPv6, a considerable number of 'legacy' IPv4 applications and devices will remain in regular use for many years to come. Recently, much wo...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The Internet is currently evolving beyond what its architecture can support. Often, the mechanisms that allow the Internet to adapt to increasingly conflicting sets of new requirements break some of its basic design principles and can thus severely interfere with end-to-end communication. This paper recognizes that increased autonomy of network reg...
Article
Service specific overlays are overlay networks build and setup for a single service. Since different services need different types of overlays the setup process is pretty different. Current approaches normal allow to send in a overlay specification into the overlay provisioning system (mainly centralized). In our approach, we use pattern-based mana...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Active and programmable network technologies strive to support completely new forms of data-path processing capabilities inside the network. This in conjunction with the ability to dynamically deploy such active services at strategic locations inside the network enables totally new types of applications. In this paper we exploit these network-side...
Article
Full-text available
The first age of Internet architectural thinking concentrated on defining the correct principles for designing a packet-switched network and its application protocol suites. Although these same principles remain valid today, they do not address the question of how to reason about the evolution of the Internet or its interworking with other networks...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Recently developed networked services have been demanding architectures that accommodate an increasingly diverse range of applications requirements (e.g. mobility, multicast, QoS), as well as system requirements (e.g. specialized processing hardware). This is particularly crucial for architectures of network systems where the lack of extensibility...