Stanisław Surma

• MD
• Research Assistant at Medical University of Silesia

Frailty syndrome (FS) is a complex and multifaceted condition commonly observed in old adults patients with chronic diseases, often accompanied by cognitive impairments. This review explores the integration of frailty interventions into existing care models to improve patient outcomes, focusing on four key areas. First, it emphasizes the importance...

Background Hypertension is a common condition among the elderly and is frequently accompanied by frailty syndrome (FS). The coexistence of hypertension and FS poses significant challenges in patient management and negatively impacts the quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to analyze the relationship between FS and QoL in elderly patients with s...

Lipid disorders are the most common risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in Poland, where it is responsible for up to 200,000 deaths per year, with the number of myocardial infarctions and strokes reaching 80,000 annually and 25% of people dying within 3 years after a myocardial infarction. Despite the availability of effe...

Zaburzenia lipidowe stanowią najczęściej występujący w Polsce czynnik ryzyka chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego o etiologii miażdżycowej (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, ASCVD). W Polsce ASCVD odpowiadają nawet za 200 tys. zgonów rocznie, z liczbą zawałów i udarów sięgającą po 80 tys. rocznie, z czego 25% osób umiera w ciągu 3 lat po zawale...

Background and purpose Body mass index (BMI), as a straightforward measure, is widely used in clinical practice, and its results are linked to HT and patient prognosis. This study aimed to ascertain if sex differences exist in the prognostic significance of BMI at the time of admission to the cardiology unit, and how this impacts the LOHS for patie...

Background: Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) is one of the most frequent monogenic disorders in the world, leading to premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lipid lowering therapy (LLT) and achievement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol...

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) prevention does not only mean effective fight against the existing and well-recognized cardiovascular risk factors, but also against their complications, including micro- and macrovascular complications. Only then we might comprehensively reduce CVD burden and cardiovascular and cause-specific morbidity and mortality....

Introduction: Inflammation is a recognized residual CVD risk factor. However, the knowledge, diagnosis, and management of inflammation-related CVD risk among healthcare professionals (HCPs) remain scarce. Methods: The survey, consisting of 20 questions dedicated to HCPs, was developed by the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). It was launched...

Introduction: Excessive dietary salt intake is a recognized ASCVD risk factor, and causes approximately 1.89 million deaths annually. There is also an ongoing discussion whether dietary salt might be associated with the direct ASCVD risk. Thus, we aimed to check the knowledge, perception, diagnosis, and management of indirect and direct salt-relate...

Background HeFH is one of the most frequent monogenic disorders in the world, leading to premature ASCVD. Purpose The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lipid lowering therapy (LLT) and achievement of LDL-C goal in heFH children. Methods The main endpoint was efficacy of goal achievement for LDL-C and other lipid...

Arterial hypertension is the most common cardiovascular risk factor in the world. The prevalence of hypertension has doubled over the last 30 years. Despite the availability of many antihypertensive drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), the level of uncontrolled blood pressure (BP...

Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) is one of the most frequent monogenic disorders in the world, leading to premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lipid lowering therapy (LLT) and achievement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goa...

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and consequent acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are substantial contributors to morbidity and mortality across Europe. Fortunately, as much as 2/3 of this diseases burden is modifiable, in particular by lipid-lowering therapy (LLT). Current guidelines are based on the sound premise that with respect to l...

Background: Globally, diseases of the cardiovascular system stand as the principal contributors to mortality and are anticipated to show an upward trajectory. The occurrence of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) has been linked to underlying inflammatory processes. The monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (MHR) ratio has garnered significant...

This editorial refers to ESC simultaneous publication entitled: 'Intra-individual variability in lipo-protein(a): the value of a repeat measure for reclassifying individuals at intermediate risk', by T.M. Leucker et al., https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjopen/oeae064.

Heart failure (HF) is a major health issue, affecting up to 2% of the adult population worldwide. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity and its association with various cardiovascular diseases, understanding its role in HFrEF outcomes is crucial. This study aimed to investigate the impact of obesity on in-hospital mortality and prolonged hospi...

Lipoprotein(a) is a recognized risk factor for ASCVD. There is still no targeted therapy for Lp(a), however, drugs such as pelacarsen, olpasiran, zerlasiran, lepodisiran and muvalaplin are in clinical trials and have been shown to be effective in significantly reducing Lp(a) levels. Moreover, elevated Lp(a) levels significantly affect the prognosis...

It is a commentary on the most breakthrough lipid studies presented at the ACC2024 Scientific Sessions in Atlanta with the expert perspective on their consequences on the management of lipid disorders worldwide.

It is estimated that one‑third of the world's population consumes alcohol. At the same time, it is well‑known that excessive alcohol consumption in one of the leading causes of premature mortality. The history of production of alcoholic beverages, especially wine, dates back as long as 8000 years. However, people soon realized adverse effects of al...

It is an Invited Commentary on the article entitled "Traditional risk factors and premature acute coronary syndromes in South Eastern Europe: a multinational cohort study" The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, Available online 2 January 2024, Pages 100824 by Dr. Raffaele Bugiardini et al.

Purpose of Review: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a leading cause of premature death. Lipid disorders, particularly elevated serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), contribute significantly to ASCVD. The risk of developing ASCVD is influenced by the duration of exposure to elevated LDL-C concentrations (cholesterol-yea...

Zaburzenia lipidowe, przede wszystkim hipercholesterolemia, są najczęściej występującym czynnikiem ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego w Polsce (3 na 4 osoby). Stężenie cholesterolu LDL (LDL-C) w surowicy jest podstawowym parametrem lipidowym, który należy wykorzystywać do określania ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego i celu leczenia hipolipemizującego. Leczenie...

It is an invited EHJ article prepared to celebrate the 90th birthday of prof. Akiro Endo- the inventor of statins, drugs that dramatically improved our possibilities to effectively treat and prevent CVD and its complications.

Lipid disorders, primarily hypercholesterolemia, are the most common cardiovascular (CV) risk factor in Poland (this applies even 3/4 of people). The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) serum level is the basic lipid parameter that should be measured to determine CV risk and determines the aim and target of lipid-lowering treatment (LLT). L...

Citation: Koutentakis, M.; Kuciński, J.;Świeczkowski, D.; Surma, S.; Filipiak, K.J.; Gąsecka, A. The Ketogenic Effect of SGLT-2 Inhibitors-Beneficial or Harmful? J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10, 465. Abstract: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, also called gliflozins or flozins, are a class of drugs that have been increasingly us...

In 2023 there are still even 75% of patients over the target of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and hypercholesterolemia is the most common and the worst monitored cardiovascular risk factor. How it is possible, considering the knowledge we have on the role of cholesterol in the process of atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic cardiovascula...

Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease is one of the outstanding challenges in gastroenterology. The increasing incidence of the disease is undoubtedly connected with the ongoing obesity pandemic. The lack of specific symptoms in the early phases and the grave complications of the disease require an active approach to prompt diagnosis and treatme...

This is an Invited EHJ CardioPulse article.

Background: There is good evidence showing that inactivity and walking minimal steps per day increase the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and general ill-health. The optimal number of steps, and their role in health is however still unclear. Therefore, in this meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between step count and all-cause...

This is an Invited CardioPulse article.

Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are glucose-lowering agents whose positive impact on cardiovascular risk has been described extensively. Not only do they influence lipid profile, blood pressure, atherosclerosis risk, hemoglobin level, and insulin resistance, but they also reduce cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, and ho...

Background: Despite better accessibility of the effective lipid lowering therapies only about 20% of patients at very high cardiovascular risk achieve the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. There is a large disparity between European countries with worse results observed for the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) patients. One of the...

Lipid disorders are the most common risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Statins are the gold standard in the treatment of lipid disorders. These drugs significantly improve the prognosis of patients, both in primary and secondary ASCVD prevention. Statins have a good safety profile, yet they are often not used in the hig...

Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is a key factor involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases and their complications (Figure 1) [...]

Objective Adiponectin is produced by white adipose tissue and has anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. In patients with arterial hypertension plasma concentration of adiponectin is lower than in healthy subjects. Renal denervation (RDN) i.e. percutaneous ablation of fibers from th...

We live in interesting times, when we have finally possibility of effective treatment of patients with lipid disorders, and in fact with numerous effective drugs available, there should be (hypothetically) rare situations to have patients over the lipid targets. But it wasn't always like that. Thus, we have decided to subjectively look in the past...

Background: Diabetes and arterial hypertension are the two most common types of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) impacting people globally. There is no prior research on the Syrian population's knowledge and treatment of hypertension and diabetes. It is crucial to investigate how the Syrian public understands and perceives these disorders in order...

In physiological conditions sodium concentration in plasma oscillates between 135-145 mmol/l. The kidneys play most important role in the regulation of sodium homeostasis. In recent years, a significant role of glycosaminoglycans, localized mainly in the subcutaneous tissue and the role of glycocalyx on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, wa...

This editorial refers to 'The association between sodium intake and coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in the general Swedish population', by J. Wuopio et al. accepted and published in the European Heart Journal Open.

(1) Introduction: Adiponectin is synthetized by white adipose tissue and has anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. In patients with arterial hypertension, plasma concentration of adiponectin is lower than in healthy subjects. Renal denervation, i.e., percutaneous ablation of fibers...

Dietary habits, including alcohol consumption, are among the significant risk factors for the occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF). The pathophysiological relationship between alcohol consumption and AF is complex and multifactorial. However, there is conflicting information about the impact of alcohol consumption (in various doses and types) on...

Citation: Koutentakis, M.; Surma, S.; Rogula, S.; Filipiak, K.J.; Gąsecka, A. The Effect of a Vegan Diet on the Cardiovascular System. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10, 94. https:// Abstract: The vegan diet, often known as a plant-rich diet, consists primarily of plant-based meals. This dietary approach may be beneficial to one's health and the en...

Arterial hypertension (AH), one of the most common diseases of civilization, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This disease is the second, after lipid disorders, the most common cardiovascular risk factor and a significant cause of premature death. In Poland, one in three adults (approximately 11 million peop...

The survey was conducted on a representative adult sample of Poles one year after the announcement of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The survey aimed to determine how the public in different social groups and age categories assessed the impact of the pandemic on their personal and professional lives, and where and to what extent respondents sought p...

Statins, which are widely used not only in dyslipidemia treatment, have been studied in patients with COVID-19. Due to pleiotropic effects of that group of drugs we may suspect that they will exert anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects preventing from the development of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mechanisms of statins action on the positive o...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a major problem in the medicine worldwide. Numerous studies have found that cardiovascular disease worsens the prognosis of patients with COVID-19. On the other hand, cardiac complications are relatively common in COVID-19 patients. Considering the biology of the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the mai...

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder. The level of low-density lip-oprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with homozygous FH can be twice as high as that in patients with heterozygous FH. The inhibition of ANGPTL3 shows an important therapeutic approach in reducing LDL-C and triglycerides (TG) levels and, thus, is a potenti...

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) are a very important cause of premature death. The most important risk factor for ASCVD is lipid disorders. The incidence of lipid disorders and ASCVD is constantly increasing, which means that new methods of prevention and treatment of these diseases are still being searched for. In the management of...

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of premature death worldwide. Inflammation and its biomarkers, like C-reactive protein (CRP), among the risk factors, such as hypertension, lipid disorders, and diabetes, may be also responsible for the residual cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Modern lipid-lowering treatment wit...

Dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (DMT2) is one of the worst controlled worldwide, with only about 1/4 of patients being on the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target. There are many reasons of this, including physicians’ inertia, including diabetologists and cardiologists, therapy nonadherence, but also underusage and under...

Introduction: There is good evidence that inactivity and walking less steps per day increase risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and general health. However, the golden limit of steps and their role in health is still debatable. Hypothesis: The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the relationship between step count and all-cause and CV mortal...

Introduction: There is good evidence that inactivity and walking less steps per day increase risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and general health. However, the golden limit of steps and their role in health is still debatable. Hypothesis: The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the relationship between step count and all-cause and CV morta...

Background Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder that may develop serious vascular damage leading to a high risk of the development of premature of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Purpose The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of statins on lipid profile in children patients with diagnosed FH. Methods We syste...

Obesity is one of the most dangerous epidemics of the 21st century. In 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began and caused many deaths among patients with obesity with and without complications. Simultaneously, the lockdown related to the COVID-19 pandemic caused a host of emotional problems including anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Many peop...

Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder that may develop serious vascular damage leading to a high risk of the development of premature of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Purpose: The aim of this meta­analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of statins on lipid profile in children patients with diagnosed FH. Methods: We syst...

Alcohol has been drunk for centuries and in the past also used as a medicine. Alcohol consumption in Poland and in the entire world has gradually increased, which is also nowadays accelerated by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, the amount of alcohol consumed in Poland was 11.7 l per capita, which was a the highest level since 1961. It is est...

Purpose of Review Hypertension prevention and cardiovascular risk reduction are cornerstones in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Potential applicability of nontraditional cardiovascular risk reduction methods, such as pet ownership, raises a growing interest. Recent Findings Studies show that having pets may reduce the risk...

Coffee, next to water, is the most consumed drink in the world. Coffee contains over 1000 chemical compounds, the most popular of which are caffeine, chlorogenic acid, kahweol, cafestol and trigonelline. Numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of coffee on the cardiovascular system, nervous system, digestive system and kidneys. Due to th...

Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide. The most important method of preventing hypertension is social awareness of its causes. An important role in educating society about hypertension is played by medical personnel. The study involved 327 students of medicine representing all years of study. The st...

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. The impact of coffee consumption on human health has been the subject of many clinical studies and meta-analyses. Taking into account the results of these studies, it can be concluded that coffee has a number of health benefits in terms of the population, including the reduction of the risk...

Despite continuous advances in pharmacotherapy, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains the world's leading killer. Atherosclerosis relates not only to an increased level of cholesterol, but involves the development of atherosclerotic plaques, which are formed as a result of processes including inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, i...

Heart failure (HF) is a global epidemic that contributes to the deterioration of quality of life and its shortening in 1–3% of adult people in the world. Pharmacotherapy of HF should rely on highly effective drugs that improve prognosis and prolong life. Currently, the ESC guidelines from 2021 indicate that ACEI, ARNI, BB, and SGLT2 inhibitors are...

Arterial hypertension is the most common cardiovascular risk factor in the general population. Increased mortality from arterial hypertension affects all ethnicities and ages, including those with mental disorders. Most people with arterial hypertension suffer from the primary form of the disease. The aim of this article was to analyze the influenc...

Simple Summary Periodontal disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are very common around the world. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death. The main factor involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is inflammation. Therefore, a number of studies have indicated that periodontal disease (causes chronic inflammation) i...

Atherosclerosis is a process whose onset can be observed even in the foetal period. A number of risk factors, such as hyperlipidaemia, hyperhomocysteinaemia, arterial hypertension, hyperuricaemia, smoking, metabolic syndrome, hypertriglyceridaemia, and diabetes, accelerate the progression of atherosclerotic lesions leading to the development of ath...

Acute kidney injury occurs in about 30% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is one of the most common extrapulmonary complications of this disease. The highest risk of acute kidney injury is found in hospitalized patients who require mechanical ventilation. The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 is mul...

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), including coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease, represent a significant cause of premature death worldwide. Biomarkers, the evaluation of which would allow the detection of ASCVD at the earliest stage of development, are intensively sought. Moreover, from...

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus started in March 2020. The conclusions from numerous studies indicate that people with comorbidities, such as arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity, underlying cardiovascular disease, are particularly vulnerable to the severe course of COVID-19. The avai...

Colchicine is an effective anti-inflammatory agent used to treat gout, coronary artery disease, viral pericarditis, and familial Mediterranean fever. It has been found to act by preventing the polymerization of the protein called tubulin, thus inhibiting inflammasome activation, proinflammatory chemokines, and cellular adhesion molecules. Accumulat...

Wstęp: Rehabilitacja psychiatryczna jest zespołem oddziaływań, które mają doprowadzić do poprawnego funkcjonowania pacjenta w społeczeństwie, zgodnie z przyjętym porządkiem społecznym i prawnym. Zawiera elementy edukacji, opieki i terapii. Materiał i metody: Badanie przeprowadzono wśród pacjentów oddziałów psychiatrii sądowej w okresie od września...

Background: The high incidence of phobias and the limited accessibility of psychotherapy are the reasons for the search for alternative treatments that increase the availability of effective treatment. The use of virtual reality (VR) technology is an option with the potential to overcome the barriers in obtaining an effective treatment. VR exposure...

Extraction procedures for mandibular third molars are performed all over the world every day. Local inflammation resulting from surgery, and the pain that patients experience, often make it impossible to take up daily life activities, such as work or sports. Growth and anti-inflammatory factors, located in the fibrin network, have a positive effect...