Srikumar Chakravarthi

SEGi University | SEGi · Faculty of Medicine

Pediatric gastric disorders present complex challenges influenced by various lifestyle factors, including diet, behavior, and environmental exposures. This paper delves into the multifaceted impact of lifestyle on gastric health in pediatric populations, exploring common disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease...

Pediatric gastric disorders present a diverse range of challenges in clinical practice. This review examines the anatomy and physiology of the pediatric gastric system, outlines common gastric disorders (including GERD, peptic ulcer disease, and H. pylori infection), and discusses diagnostic modalities and treatment approaches. Emphasis is placed o...

The authors request that the Funding section be amended to conform to the correct format required by the funding institution, i.e. the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia. Previously written statement in the funding section: Funding for this work was provided by Ministry of Education, Malaysia, with Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) wit...

Most cells of our body have primary cilia, which are specialised sensory organelles that are present on the apical surface. They have been proven to perform critical roles in tissue formation and signal transmission. Mutations of the genes involved in development and functioning of the cilia result in a group of diseases called as ciliopathies whic...

Chapter 8 discusses the general software architectures for SOC and IOT software example for the design case study. This chapter is also a continuation of IOT solution being discussed in previous two chapters. It introduces software development life cycle (SDLC), different software architecture styles such as layered architecture and event driven so...

This chapter deals in detail the System on Chip (SOC) subsystems, and components in different system architectures. It explains the role of the processor in systems, different types of processors, with details of their functions, internal components, architectures, their advantages, and disadvantages. Different types of processor architectures cove...

This chapter deals with different storage requirements of the systems in dominant chip multi-processor (CMP) SOC architectures. On chip memory, its organization are important as they determine the overall performance of the SOC. Identifying and determining the right type of memory for the function is important aspect of defining the SOC architectur...

This chapter deals in detail the SOC architecture, its components, or subsystems. It covers the definition process of SOC Architecture and their interactions. A step-by-step method of defining SOC architecture explained in this chapter, can be used as a guideline to understand the process of capturing the right requirement to the successful SOC imp...

This chapter introduces the systems in a broader perspective providing different examples of electronic systems, and their components. Chapter explains the internal subsystems and how they are interconnected to form a useful system, their organization, and their different architectures. It also covers SOC evolution over the years and how systems ar...

The present work examined the effect of oral administration of rutin and its combination with metformin, an antidiabetic drug on blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides level and vascular function in streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (...

Macrophages play a critical role in lung injury and repair processes. Their functions can be broadly classified into two polarized phenotypes. The M1 macrophages promote inflammation and defense against pathogens, while the M2 macrophages are involved in tissue repair and resolution of inflammation. Gene manipulation techniques can be used to modul...

Nur77, also known as NR4A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1), is a transcription factor belonging to the NR4A subfamily of nuclear receptors. Emerging evidence suggests its involvement in modulating macrophage polarization states. Macrophages are versatile immune cells that can adopt distinct functional states depending on the signals...

Chronic wounds are wounds that fail to progress through the normal stages of healing and remain open for an extended period of time. These wounds often require specialized treatment approaches. While the genes involved in wound healing play important roles in chronic wound treatment as well, the specific genetic factors contributing to chronic woun...

One of the rapidly growing groups of diseases known as ciliopathies is primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a rare hereditary illness of the motile cilia. Different clinical symptoms of primary ciliary dyskinesia include infertility, left-right lateralization abnormalities, and chronic upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. Our knowledge of the...

The present work examined the effect of oral administration of rutin and its combination with metformin, an antidiabetic drug on blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides level and vascular function in streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (...

Previous studies have demonstrated how Europeans perceive service robots, but there is a lack of empirical evidence for the same in Asians, particularly from cross-national studies with a substantial sample size. In this study, we adopt a transdiagnostic approach and analyse the disorder caused by hotel service robots (HSR) in the hotel industry us...

Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates have been steadily decreasing in developed nations owing to the excellent screening programs executed. However, it still remains one of the most prevalent tumors in developing nations, contributing significantly to cancer-related mortality in females. The major causal factor in the genesis of cervical c...

Testes are anatomically and functionally designed to prevent immune reactions against allogenic sperm antigens. On the other side, the immune tolerance properties of the testes aid some viruses concealing from the systemic immune defense. Although testes possess their unique antiviral response, which is counteracted by immunosuppressive mechanisms...

Background: Porous silicon (pSi) nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with suitable targeting ligands are now established cancer bioimaging agents and drug-delivery platforms. With growing interest in peptides as tumor-targeting ligands, much work has focused on the use of various peptides in combination with pSi NPs for cancer theranostics. Here, th...

This chapter deals with interconnecting signals, routing algorithms, and optimization techniques in SoC design. The chapter covers routing challenges of SoC design and ways to address them.KeywordsGlobal routingTrack assignmentDetailed routingSearch and repairParasitic extraction

Male component is the major contributing factor in over half of all cases of infertility, with over 25% of infertile males having no recognised underlying cause of infertility. In around 40–50% of male infertility cases, oxidative stress (OS)-related processes have been found to be responsible for fertility impairment. Inflammation is a major stres...

In December 2019, an unknown viral infection emerged and quickly spread worldwide, resulting in a global pandemic. This novel virus caused severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has caused 6.25 millions of deaths worldwide and remains a major concern for he...

Research background. Morinda citrifolia L. (noni), Ananas comosus L. cv. Sarawak (pineapple) and Mangifera indica L. cv. Apple (mango) represent fruits capable of coagulating milk and forming a curd. Plant-derived milk coagulants have antidiabetic phytochemicals that enrich the curd. Hence this work evaluates the dual benefits of the fruits in coag...

Gastric cancer, with more than 1 million cases all over the globe, is a leading contributor to cancer mortality. In the recent past, the evolution of target therapies and the refining of already existing chemotherapy have widened the therapy choices for advanced gastric cancer and increased survival. In addition, more studies have been conducted al...

The pathophysiology of male infertility involves various interlinked endogenous pathways. About 50% of the cases of infertility in men are idiopathic, and oxidative stress (OS) reportedly serves as a central mechanism in impairing male fertility parameters. The endogenous antioxidant system operates to conserve the seminal redox homeostasis require...

This chapter deals with the physical design verification of a SoC Design. This chapter explains checking for logic equivalence, analysis for static timing and reliability. It also deals with the design for manufacturability as a sign off checklist.KeywordsLogic equivalence checkPhysical designPlace and routeCTSGDS IILEFLayoutClock routePower routeD...

This chapter describes processes to make SoC design workable to fabricate. Manufacturability is an important consideration of SoC physical design. This is the design validation process. The chapter considers design finishing techniques to address the challenges in process technologies.KeywordsChip finishingDesign for manufacturability (DFM)Tap cell...

This chapter discusses current trends and design challenges of SoCs. It covers different converging technologies that enable advancements in innovative SoC architectures. This is a short chapter to motivate engineers to help push the envelope of technological advancement in future system development.KeywordsAdvanced devicesVGAA3D-VLSIMachine learni...

This chapter describes the clocking strategy, types of clock trees, and their need in SoC design. The chapter explains the implementation of a clock tree in SoC design. KeywordsCTSClockClock TreeClock JitterClock skewClock slewDuty cycleClock MeshSetup delayHold delayMax and Min path delay constraintsPPAPhysical design

This chapter introduces SoC packages, evolution and recent trends in package designs. The chapter also describes the EDA tool features for packaging. It introduces the concept of 3D IC design which is most promising design technique.KeywordsSoC packaging3DCC3DIC2D designs2.5D designsPlastic packageLQFPQFNBGACeramic packageMILCommercialSpaceIndustry...

This chapter deals with floor plan and placement methods for SoC design. It describes partitioning designs, estimating design sizes, algorithms of physical design tools. Few design decisions for achieving good placement are discussed in this chapter.The physical design flow described in this chapter is mostly applicable to automatic cell based SoC...

This chapter introduces system on chip (SoC)s and its design trends. Additionally, it discusses different VLSI SoC design styles and the selection criteria depending on the system requirements. The importance of physical design is explained in the overall SoC design context. It also describes various challenges of physical design, Electronic Design...

This chapter deals with a physical design (PD) flow both at block level and top level hierarchy of the SoC. It describes a criteria to choose the design flow, tools required and the PD tool algorithms.KeywordsPhysical designPD flowBlock-level PDTop-level PDPD constraints

This chapter lists a set of questions selected chapter-wise for readers to test their understanding. Answers are also given at the end of the chapter.

Background: Prostate cancer is the commonest cancer among men in India and early detection is key to cure and survival but its screening through prostate specific antigen (PSA) has remain controversial in literature. Screening with prostate specific antigen (PSA) has led to more men diagnosed with prostate cancer than in previous years with potenti...

Chemotherapy, the most commonly used systemic treatment for cancer suppression, invariably destroys healthy cells, resulting in side effects, stressing the need for anticancer drug carriers that preserve or enhance chemotherapy effects while minimising the intensity of adverse reactions. Nanoparticles, which may be modified to have a variety of bio...

Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's disease are the most important challenges in public health. Long term suffering of type-2 diabetes brings the possible risk of Alzheimer disease for the patient. The features of both diseases are characterized through the cause of inflammation as well as insulin impairment. Insulin degrading enzyme, Matrix metallop...

Endometrial epithelial metaplasia is described as transition of the normal endometrial epithelial cells by benign complex proliferation of cells. These metaplastic changes have been frequently reported as associated changes in endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma more than non-neoplastic samples and are also known to appear atypical occasiona...

Medical education in the current century warrants extensive multidisciplinary problem solving skills, just like multiple members in a Malaysian Keluarga (family in Bahasa Melayu) join together to solve problems in daily life, that ensure delivering cost-effective quality health care. Yet medical schools seem to be still educating their medical and...

In the current pandemic, COVID-19 patients with predisposing factors are at an increased risk of mucormycosis, an uncommon angioinvasive infection that is caused by fungi with Mucor genus which is mainly found in plants and soil. Mucormycosis development in COVID-19 patient is related to various factors, such as diabetes, immunocompromise and neutr...

This chapter discusses image and video capturing modules suitable for Internet of Things applications.

This chapter deals with the layered architecture and describes design flow of IoT device for an application in a step-by-step manner. Also discussed in this chapter are the different types of architectures including edge computing- and cloud computing-based IoT solutions. IoT design is explained with the help of body temperature monitoring IoT as a...

This chapter deals with the architecture, design, and development of software for IoT systems. IoT software is very complex as it involves device software, application software, and communication software and should comply with different standards. The chapter highlights the importance of guidelines for good firmware IoT architecture.

This chapter has three parts: Part 1 has a set of questions from each chapter for the reader to test their understanding. Part 2 has firmware programs (code clips) for the most used interfaces on Arduino board. The design examples presented in Part 2 can be tried on development boards or IDEs on your systems. It is necessary to download the correct...

This chapter describes the vulnerabilities of IoT network highlighting the need for security and methods to secure IoT networks. Also discussed are the layer-wise attackers’ model and solutions.

This chapter explains the different methods of M2M communication and M2M technologies, history of M2M communication, applicable standards and protocols, architectural frameworks of M2M communication, and examples from different application domains.

This chapter discusses standard protocols related to M2M communication, with reference to ISO’s OSI layer architecture and its modifications required to connect lightweight device architectures to conventional systems on the Internet. This chapter also deals with necessary modifications in Ethernet stack to accommodate IoT device connectivity to ne...

This chapter deals with the design for manufacturability (DFM) and other requirements to be considered for IoT product development and business models enabled by IoT and IIoT solutions. The chapter also introduces concept of business model innovation and its importance for sustained success.

This chapter describes the development flow of IIoT-based solution for automating process workflows in manufacturing or process industry. The chapter also deals with an approach to monitor workflow automation in these companies which are the main objective of Industry 4.0. The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) architecture for IIoT-b...

This chapter details application development technologies in IoT systems. The application technologies and protocols used to develop applications which run on devices, gateways, and cloud interfaces with the user or surrounding environment. This chapter explains different protocols and their use in application development.

This chapter deals with the designing of an IoT system for environment monitoring. It demonstrates in detail how the requirements are converted to an actual product. Reader can use the content of this chapter as a reference to design any IoT solution of their choice. This chapter also has an approach note to implement the design as a system on chip...

This chapter defines various communication protocols for constrained devices and constrained lossy and low-power networks.

Earlier chapters concentrated capturing and aggregating data and managing networks. This chapter deals with database formation, organization, and management of such collected from a large number of sensor devices and analyzing them.

This chapter deals with the different sensors, actuators, capturing modules, and related interface circuitry to integrate in systems for IoT. Signal conditioning circuits for sensor outputs and hardware accelerators for signal and data processing are addressed in this chapter.

This chapter describes Industry revolution along with its history of industry revolutions, Industry 4.0 with Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and M2M communication technologies as enabling technologies. As it sets the platform for design fundamentals of IoT, various terms associated with the Internet of Things are def...

One hundred cases of histologically proven invasive ductal carcinomas were histologically graded based on modified Bloom and Richardson Grading. Out of these 17 cases each of low grade, intermediate grade, and high grade invasive ductal carcinomas were selected for Immunostaining using the monoclonal antibodies Cyclin D1,pP53 and Her2/neu. It was f...

One of the most prevalent serum adipokines, adiponectin, is well-known for its function in regulating insulin sensitivity and preventing the metabolic syndrome from developing. Adiponectin is expressed in numerous components of the testis and studies claim that adiponectin may have positive paracrine effects on testicular functions. Adiponectin, on...

The usage of nanoparticles in the recent years have gained a huge importance in various fields due to their unique properties such as electrical, optical, magnetic abilities that contribute to the growth of science and technology. Therefore, it has become vital to understand the impact of nanoparticles on the human health and environment as they ar...

Macrophages in diabetes mellitus exhibit certain altered inflammatory and immune functions that include reduced phagocytic capability towards microorganisms. This could lead to accumulation of excessive dysfunctional macrophages at the diabetic cutaneous wound and also predispose to many macrophage associated lesions such as necrobiosis lipoidica,...

When a cancer patient tests positive for Covid-19 infection, the patient's oncologist has to decide on a further treatment with careful consideration of factors such as patient's immune status, risk benefit ratio, safety of healthcare professionals and many other factors depending on the tumor's unique biology. Owing to the high infectivity and rap...

Nutrition can modulate host immune responses as well as promote anticancer effects. In this study, two nutritional supplements, namely gamma-tocotrienol (γT3) and Spirulina, were evaluated for their immune-enhancing and anticancer effects in a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer (BC). Five-week-old female BALB/c mice were fed Spirulina, γT3, or...

Tumors in the posterior fossa can be situated either dorsal and lateral, ventral and medial, or occupying both regions in relation to the cranial nerves, with the latter position being especially challenging. In an effort to organize neurovascular complexes contained within, anatomically based triangles have been proposed to serve as guiding landma...

The minimally invasive port-based trans-sulcal parafascicular surgical corridor (TPSC) has incrementally evolved to provide a safe, feasible, and effective alternative to access subcortical and intraventricular pathologies. A detailed anatomical foundation is important in mitigating cortical and white matter tract injury with this corridor. Thus, t...

The present study was intended to review antibiotic use in dental infections or diseases and its implications. This study was based on literature from Google Scholar, Google, Scihub, PubMed, and a link provided by AIMST and MAHSA Universities, Malaysia. Antimicrobials are extensively applied as therapeutic and prophylactic agents in dental infectio...

Transdermal drug delivery is used to deliver a drug by eliminating the first-pass metabolism , which increases the bioavailability of the drug. The present study aims to formulate the chi-tosan-tamarind seed polysaccharide composite films and evaluate for the delivery of protein/pep-tide molecules. Nine formulations were prepared and evaluated by u...

Transdermal drug delivery is used to deliver a drug by eliminating the first-pass metabolism , which increases the bio availability of the drug. The present study aims to formulate the chitosan-tamarind seed polysaccharide composite films and evaluate for the delivery of protein/pep-tide molecules. Nine formulations were prepared and evaluated by u...

Obesity has been linked with increased morbidity and mortality although the causes of obesity are not well understood. Its' obvious involvement in the respiratory system causing obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), obstructive sleep apnoea(OSA) and abnormal pulmonary function is well known, but how the presence of excess fat in the body is invol...

Adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) is a mature T cell malignancy that is peculiar in its pathogenesis due to its association with the human T-cell lymphotropic virus, HTLV-I infection. The common manifestation of ATL is as leukaemia in 75% of cases and as pure lymphoma in the rest. The disease outcome of ATL is poor since treatment response is generally...

Diabetes mellitus or type-2 diabetes, commonly referred as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder that results in high blood sugar level. Despite the availability of several antidiabetic drugs in the market, they still do not adequately regulate blood sugar levels. Thus, in general people prefer to use herbal supplements/medicines along with antidiabeti...

Objective: To study the aphrodisiac potential of Polyalthia (P.) bullata in fowl. Methods: In this study, testosterone, as an indicator of the aphrodisiac potential of P. bullata, was investigated for its release from TM3 Leydig cells grown in vitro and in 4 fowls given capsules containing P. bullata at a dose of 10 mg in each capsule twice a day,...

One of the global burdens of health care is an alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and liver-related death which is caused due to acute or chronic consumption of alcohol. Chronic consumption of alcohol damage the normal defense mechanism of the liver and likely to disturb the gut barrier system, mucosal immune cells, which leads to decreased nut...

Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 have reached to a centre stage across globe attributed to the Covid 19 pandemic. As treatment options for Covid-19 are yet to be explored, so the onus is on vaccines to stimulate humoral and cellular immunity in fight against present pandemic. In vaccinology the prior research against similar coronaviruses suc...

Dissection of Sylvian fissure was first described by Prof. Yasargil, with its main application in vascular pathologies. The Sylvian fissure is a natural and practical corridor, as CSF can be effectively released from the Sylvian cistern, thereby allowing an easier method for brain relaxation, while avoiding the overuse of retractors and subsequent...

Due to regional complexity and intimacy of osseous, vascular, and neural structures, access to the skull base has evolved to include numerous corridors and surgical approaches. The objective of the chapter is to create and organize a more simplified, generalizable, and reproducible surgical algorithm for accessing the skull base with the implementa...

Since the beginning of modern neurosurgery, technological advancements have paved the way for a more thorough and enhanced understanding of cerebral form and function to more effectively treat complex pathologies affecting patients. Through the power of optical modalities, functional neurosurgery and instrumentation, neurosurgery, and neuro-oncolog...

The orbit represents one of the most complex anatomical structures in the body, tightly packed with critical neurovascular elements and surrounded by a well-organized system of muscles, bone, fat, and connective tissue. The orbit, and more specifically the optic nerve and central retinal artery, can serve as a central gateway or landmark to guide s...

The skull base represents one of most complex anatomical structures in the human body; as such, it has been the subject of significant anatomical and clinical research and discussion for centuries. The skull base consists of both an intracranial surface, which is related to the brain, and an extracranial or craniofacial surface, which is related to...

Meckel’s diverticulum, or the quadrangular space, is one of the most anatomically complex regions in the skull base and one of the most difficult regions to access surgically from a ventral endoscopic endonasal perspective. Much of this is due to the tight anatomical confines of this space, which is hidden with critical neurovascular elements. One...

Anterior skull base lesions are a group of heterogenous tumors located near critical neurovascular structures. Traditionally, these lesions have been approached through several classical transcranial or craniofacial approaches. During the last two decades, the endonasal endoscopic approaches (EEA) have gained popularity and acceptance as a valid te...

Brain metastases remain a substantial contributor to overall cancer mortality in patients with advanced-stage cancer and represent an unmet need in current oncologic care. Prognosis is poor, with median survival ranging from 3 to 27 months despite multimodal treatment therapies, which include surgical resection, whole brain radiotherapy, stereotact...

White matter tracts (WMTs) are located in the subcortical region and are the primary drivers of connectivity of vital functions of the human cerebrum. In order to better conceptualize WMT anatomy, we have previously organized this system into a surgical scaffolding or framework, referred to as the “Chassis”, in order to develop a tool to create WMT...

The incorporation of DTI and 3D tractography into the surgical planning workflow has increased awareness of the impact of resection of subcortical pathology as well as extra-axial anterior skull base lesions on the neural network. The 3D perspective that tractography affords in understanding neural anatomy, preoperative planning, and intraoperative...

Functional MRI (fMRI) and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) are now considered mainstays of preoperative neurosurgical assessment. The strength of clinical fMRI as a noninvasive brain mapping technique lies in its ability to localize key regions of cortical/subcortical neurovascular activity subserving functions pertinent to patient-specific surgical/...

The brainstem is located in the posterior fossa and is a critical center that regulates vital autonomic functions and relays motor and sensory information between the brain and spinal cord. The midbrain is located between the diencephalon and the pons. In an axial view of the midbrain, three structures can be visualized, from anterior to posterior:...

Neuro-Oncology is defined as the study of primary and metastatic tumors of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The field of neuro-oncology can be divided into three general areas, based on location: (1) Brain (intra-axial tumors), (2) Skull base (extra-axial tumors), and (3) Spine tumors. From imaging modalities to radio- and chemo-therapeu...

Malignant neoplasms of the anterior skull base and paranasal sinus are a heterogeneous group of tumors, which are relatively rare and represent less than 3% of all head and neck cancers. The most frequent tumors are: metastases, squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, multiple myeloma, esthesioneuroblastoma, rhabdomyos...

The surgical treatment of the intra-axial tumors has progressively evolved from the development of the transsulcal corridor by Prof. Yasargil, which utilized natural anatomic corridors, to the more recent development of the transsulcal parafascicular surgical corridor (TPSC), which focuses more on the relative position of white matter tract fibers...

Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of nanocoated orthodontic archwires. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the available electronic data bases which analysed the microbial adhesion after nano coating of orthodontic archwires against uncoated archwires. Due to the paucity of in vivo studies, invitro studies also we...