Sophie Duchesne

National Institute of Scientific Research | INRS · Eau Terre Environnement Centre

Questions have been raised about the correctness of water quality models with complete mixing assumptions in cross junctions of water distribution systems. Recent developments in the mixing phenomenon within cross junctions of water distribution networks (WDNs) have heightened the need for evaluating the existing incomplete mixing models under real...

Combined sewer overflow (CSO) control strategies are commonly selected relying on optimization or multicriteria analysis. A methodology is proposed in this paper for selecting and evaluating the solutions to mitigate stormwater problems in combined sewer systems (CSSs) based on the understanding and rigorous diagnosis of the causes of the observed...

Drinking water distribution systems must safely meet the expected demand for water. However, sudden pipe breaks can limit the continuous supply of drinking water. As operating pressure is among the factors affecting the probability of pipe breaks, a methodology was developed in this study to identify the pressure covariates that affect the frequenc...

Most of the existing water quality models for water distribution networks assume complete mixing at junctions. Albeit few models offer the possibility to consider incomplete mixing (IM) at junctions, most of them were developed under laboratory conditions and for equal pipe size junctions. In real-world distribution networks, however, cross junctio...

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/JSWBAY.SWENG-528

Pipe breaks are a recurrent problem in water distribution networks and detecting them quickly is crucial to minimize the economic and environmental costs for municipalities. This study presents a burst detection methodology applying Bayesian dynamic linear models (DLMs) on water flow time series combined with an outlier monitoring tool. The model i...

Urban drainage systems (UDSs) are key infrastructures to control and manage rainfall-induced runoff in urban areas. Stormwater Control Infrastructures (SCI) are considered sustainable solutions which are beneficial in different ways alongside the conventional drainage network. They can reduce runoff volume, peak discharge and improve water quality,...

Conventional urban drainage networks are mainly single-purpose and does not meet water quality goals for urban societies, which leads to polluting the receiving waterbodies. Best Management Practices (BMPs) are considered sustainable solutions which are environmentally beneficial and, alongside the conventional drainage network, cause the enhanceme...

Real-Time Control (RTC) technology is increasingly applied in Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) systems to optimise their performance related to water supply and flood mitigation. However, most studies to date have focussed on testing the benefits at an individual site scale, leaving the potential benefits for downstream stormwater networks largely untest...

Hydraulic behavior and pollutant removal efficiency of three stormwater end-of-pipe control structures were evaluated and compared. Three detention basins (wet, dry, and semi-dry, i.e. dry with a wet central channel) were monitored within three sites of Southern Quebec, Canada. Water samples were collected upstream and downstream of the basins and...

Various studies have shown that mixing at the junction of water distribution networks (WDNs) can be neither complete nor instantaneous. Many studies have also been carried out to find the parameters that have a significant effect on the mixing phenomenon by experimental and numerical investigations. The Reynolds ratio of inlet flows, the Reynold ra...

The impact of integrating large-scale distribution of green infrastructures (GIs) with different real-time control strategies on combined sewer overflows (CSOs) is assessed for the southern area of the City of Montreal's combined sewer system (Canada). An iterative process involving a synthetic design rainfall event and model predictive control (MP...

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of modeling the mixing phenomenon of junctions in water distribution systems (WDSs). Firstly, the basic concepts and governing equations of the mixing phenomenon are presented. The complete mixing simplifying assumption used in the existing tools of WDSs modeling and management (EPANET, WaterCAD) is des...

An innovative optimization‐simulation framework is applied to a case study of the Province of Quebec, Canada, to optimize the spatial distribution of green infrastructure (GI), the capacity and location of gray infrastructure, and the parameters specific to real‐time control (RTC) operating rules of a sewer system for reducing combined sewer overfl...

The performance of stormwater treatment trains and of their individual green infrastructures was evaluated near Montreal, Canada. Three treatment trains were studied: Train 1 – five bioretention cells in series with a wet retention pond; Train 2 – an infiltration trench in series with a dry detention pond; and Train 3 – Train 2 in series with a wet...

Pressure control is recognized as an efficient measure for reducing leaks from water distribution systems. We have evaluated the effectiveness of various pressure control modes by means of pilot-operated diaphragm type pressure-reducing valves (PRVs), taking into account the sensitivity of the valves to various settings. First, the response of a PR...

Rainfall-runoff modelling is at the core of any hydrological forecasting system. High spatio-temporal variability of precipitation patterns, complexity of the physical processes, and large quantity of parameters to characterize a watershed make the prediction of runoff rates quite difficult. In this study, a hyper-complex Artificial Neural Network...

The application of artificial neural network (ANN) models for short-term (15 min) urban water demand predictions is evaluated. Optimization of the ANN model's hyperparameters with a genetic algorithm (GA) and use of a growing window approach for training the model are also evaluated. The results are compared to those of commonly used time series mo...

This study presents a global real-time control (RTC) approach for sustainable and adaptive management of stormwater. A network of inter-connected devices are assumed to dynamically generate the required set-points for the system actuators at the remote control center where global optimization algorithms calculate real-time operational decision-maki...

Unidirectional flushing is a widely used method to remove sedimented particles from water distribution systems and prevent water discolouration events. However, it shows low efficiency in cases of high pressure losses, usually requires large volumes of water, and does not remove incrustations. Air scouring is known for being very effective in parti...

Particle accumulation and circulation in water distribution systems are significant in the development of good management practices to protect against discoloration events, which are a major cause of water customer complaints. Quantifying the amount of particles deposited in water pipes is usually done by obtaining total suspended solid measurement...

This study aimed to adapt the Water Quality Index of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME WQI) for its application to water quality assessment of drainage water and watercourses downstream of peat harvesting operations. It integrates different parameters that potentially reflect the overall water quality condition of a stream....

Four pressure control modes (CMs) for water distribution systems, which are: 1) fixed control (FC); 2) time-based control (TBC); 3) reactive control (RC); and 4) ideal predictive control (IC), are compared based on their performance in terms of reduction in i) leakage rate and ii) pressure fluctuation intensity. The comparison is performed for thre...

A new method to identify pipes with insufficient hydraulic capacity is proposed. This method can be applied to assess the future evolution of network performance under climate change (CC). It is based on hydrologic/hydraulic simulations using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and single observed rainfall events. The evolution of the hydraulic...

Forecasting the urban water demand (UWD) is a crucial issue to ensure a better design, operation, and management of water distribution systems (WDSs). While long-term forecasting is mainly required for planning and design, short-term forecasting is particularly used for operation and management since, in the most recent applications of real-time co...

An optimization model of a stormwater pond is developed to improve the performance of the system in terms of water quantity and quality. Nowadays, stormwater management systems play an important role in mitigating the impacts of urbanization on the natural hydrological cycle. These systems can be managed in such a way that they meet smart city need...

Combined sewer overflows (CSO) are associated with water quality degradation and health risks, but limited knowledge exists on the optimal solutions applicable to reach maximal overflow frequency targets as specified by some regulatory agencies. This study assesses the potential benefit of integrating source control with real-time control solutions...

Peatlands on which there is vacuum peat harvesting must be drained to allow peat extraction. Peat erosion due to mechanical tilling, vacuum harvest and rain can generate large suspended sediment concentrations that must be reduced before reaching the receiving waters. In this study, six sedimentation basins were monitored over one or two ice-free s...

A smart decision-making framework for stormwater management systems is designed through predictive real-time control (RTC) of the outlet gate of a stormwater basin. The proposed framework offers a cost-effective non-structural solution for dynamically controlling stormwater basins through manipulating the outlet gate and providing optimized outflow...

The infiltration capacity of permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) was characterized on five sites located in the greater Montreal area (Canada). Surface infiltration rates up to more than 20,000 mm/h were observed, even in winter at subzero temperatures (°C). At one of the five monitored sites, rainfall and flow at the outlet were monito...

The performance of predictive real-time control (RTC) of outflow from a detention basin, integrating rainfall forecasts in the definition of the control rules, was assessed in terms of peak flow reduction in the receiving water body, improvement of the level of service of the stormwater network downstream and qualitative treatment of runoff. Evalua...

Les aménagements opérés sur le territoire d’un bassin versant, notamment les processus rapides d’urbanisation et d’industrialisation, ont souvent un impact important sur les ressources en eau, tant en quantité qu’en qualité. La gestion intégrée des ressources en eau par bassin versant (GIEBV) est une méthode reconnue pour évaluer et contrôler l’imp...

La gestion de l’eau pour l’irrigation des rizières fait appel à des processus complexes. Le modèle Hydrotel est un outil qui permet de simuler les processus hydrologiques à l’échelle des bassins versants. Toutefois, ce modèle ne permet pas de prendre en compte le comportement hydrologique particulier des rizières. La présente étude vise à développe...

L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’évaluer l’influence de différentes sources de pollution sur la qualité de l’eau du bassin versant de la rivière Cau au Vietnam. L’outil utilisé pour cette évaluation est GIBSI (Gestion Intégrée par Bassin versant à l’aide d’un Système Informatisé). Pour cette évaluation, les sous-modèles PO, pour simuler le...

Afin de suivre l’évolution de l’occupation du sol du bassin versant de la rivière Cau (nord du Vietnam), des images HRVIR 2 du satellite SPOT-4 ont été acquises fin novembre 2007 et début janvier 2008. Dans un premier temps, l’approche de classification hiérarchique avec le mode de classification « avec caractéristiques liées aux classes ( class-re...

Depuis plusieurs années, le Vietnam est reconnu en Asie comme un des plus gros exportateurs de riz au monde. Ce résultat a été rendu possible grâce à différents programmes du gouvernement vietnamien. Un de ces programmes a permis d’investir dans des ouvrages hydrauliques d’irrigation pour développer la production du riz. Aujourd’hui, plusieurs ouvr...

A methodology is proposed for the calibration of river water quality models on large watersheds, in the absence of intensive measurements for water quality and quantity. This methodology is based on: 1) the use of the results from a hydrological model to provide the required hydrological variables to the water quality model; 2) five assumptions for...

In this study, we made a verification of water quality between forecasted and monitoring data in 2015 to find out the differences for Cau River water quality, BOD 5 concentration (5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand). Then, an analysis on main development factors which may cause these differences was made. The results showed that in general, BOD 5 moni...

La dégradation de la qualité de l’eau des bassins versants est principalement due au développement socio-économique, dont découlent la croissance démographique, l’urbanisation, l’industrialisation et l’intensification de l’agriculture. La gestion intégrée des ressources en eau par bassin versant (GIEBV) peut être appliquée pour limiter cet impact n...

Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) cause environmental problems and health risks, but poor guidance exists on the use of rainfall data for sizing optimal CSO control solutions. This study first reviews available types of rainfall information as input for CSO modelling and, secondly, assesses the impacts of three rainfall data selection methods (contin...

This study evaluates the interest of integrating short-term prediction modules in pressure control algorithms in terms of reduction of: i) leakage rates and ii) occurrence of transient events. A hydraulic model for a real water distribution network was provided by a city in the province of Quebec, Canada. Four control modes (CM) were developed and...

Statistical models that predict the deterioration of sewer pipes are useful for planning financial resources required for sewer renewal. Usually, data that are available to calibrate these models solely concern pipes that are still in place, leading to underestimated deterioration rates. A new method is proposed to consider possible past replacemen...

Stormwater management essentially aims at controlling the surface runoff to reduce water pollution and restore ecosystem integrity. This paper reviews and discusses several optimization problems associated with this field. Different features of such problems were identified to provide a classified investigation of the literature in terms of control...

Pressure control is effective to reduce water losses in water distribution systems. It can be achieved by installing pressure reduction valves controlled in real time. An experimental campaign was carried out to compare Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controllers for these valves. The Proportional controller presents the best results closely...

When transporting gas and liquid in the same pipe, waves might become unstable and grow until they bridge the entire pipe cross-section. This flow pattern is called slug flow, and consists of alternating pockets of gas and liquid plugs propagating at high speed through the pipeline. Simulation of slug flow is a topic widely investigated in the oil...

Existing methods used to identify the important factors that can improve predicting structural deterioration of sewer pipes rarely take into account the interactions and correlations among them. Here we present a standardized method that combines use of the Cox model and likelihood ratio test, and overcomes these limitations of previously employed...

In this study, a multi-criteria methodology is proposed to identify and prioritize interventions for water quality improvement with the aid of computer simulation models. The methodology can be used to elaborate and compare future socio-economic development scenarios to select the best interventions based on three criteria: (1) ideas of experts and...

Présentation au symposium sur la gestion de l’eau de Laval 2016 d’un test de rinçage avec injection d’air. Comparaison de la méthode avec le rinçage unidirectionnel.

The strong temporal backscatter signature of rice growing above the water's surface allows for the use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for paddy rice crop mapping in Southern Vietnam (Mekong Delta). In Northern Vietnam (Red River Delta), rice mapping using SAR is a challenge and is rarely performed because of the complex land-use/land-cover. Neve...

In this study, three models for the simulation of the number of breaks in a water main network are presented and compared: linear regression, the Weibull-Exponential-Exponential (WEE), and the Weibull-Exponential-Exponential-Exponential (WEEE) models. These models were calibrated using a database of recorded breaks in a real water main network of a...

When transporting gas and liquid in the same pipe, waves might become unstable and grow until they bridge the entire pipe cross-section. This flow pattern is called slug flow, and consists of alternating pockets of gas and liquid plugs propagating at high speed through the pipeline. Simulation of slug flow is a topic widely investigated in the oil...

Water quality remains a major issue in Canada. This paper reviews recent research on the impacts of urbanization, agriculture and forestry on water quality in Canada. Specific water quality issues such as mining, sewage treatment and waste treatment are not included in this paper. For each land use, a brief summary of the dominant processes linking...

A three-step method for the identification of the main sources of fecal coliforms (FC) in urban waters and for the analysis of remedial actions is proposed. The method is based on (1) The statistical analysis of the relationship between rainfall and FC concentrations in urban rivers; (2) The simulation of hydrology and hydraulics; and (3) Scenario...

The first objective of this paper is to demonstrate how mathematical models simulating the structural state of sewer pipes can help to assess the financial resources required for the preservation of sewer networks. The second objective is to assess and compare the annual replacement rate that should be applied to four different Canadian sewer netwo...

Due to the strong temporal backscatter signature when the rice grows above the water surface, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for paddy rice crop mapping is operational in Southern Vietnam (Mekong Delta). In Northern Vietnam, the rice mapping using SAR is a challenge and is rarely performed because of the complex land-use/land-cover. Nevertheless, t...

To model water-pipe breaks a generalization is proposed of an approach where a Weibull exponential model was used for simulation. In this study, a generalization of this approach was performed by developing a general model using three or more probability distributions to describe the time of occurrence of a pipe's failure. The previous two-distribu...

Due to the random nature of the corrosion process, stochastic approaches are more appropriate to mathematically represent the corrosion depths on metallic objects. Based on data from 202 pipes, a model was developed to compute the probability of finding maximal corrosion depth in a given interval of values for 150-mm cast iron water distribution pi...

This paper presents two classification schemes to identify rice fields in a complex land-use watershed in northern Vietnam: Thresholding and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm. The data used are C-band dual-polarization (HH, HV) and polarimetric (quad-pol) data from RADARSAT-2. Two questions are posed: firstly, what is the useful...

The structural state of sewer systems is often quantified using condition classes. The classes are based on the severity of structural defects observed on individual pipes within the system. Here, a survival analysis model was developed to predict the overall structural state of a sewer network based on camera inspection data from a sample of pipes...

Intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves are used extensively in engineering to assess the return periods of rainfall events and often steer decisions in urban water structures such as sewers, pipes and retention basins. In the province of Québec, precipitation time series are often short, leading to a considerable uncertainty on the parameters of...

Remote Field Eddy Current (RFEC) technology allows the in situ inspection of metallic water distribution pipes. RFEC tools provide the location and magnitude of corrosion defects on the inspected pipes. The capacity of an RFEC tool to detect corrosion defects is evaluated in this paper by comparing its results with those obtained from the analysis...

Many sanitary and storm sewer networks are old and deteriorating rapidly. Water and sanitation managers are becoming more and more aware of the negative impact of poorly maintained sewer networks, especially since they are asked to comply with stricter environmental standards under already challenging budget constraints. The best way to improve the...

In the studied watershed, the land-use is complex, the cloud cover is frequent, and the medium resolution of optical images (LANDSAT, SPOT) make rice detection a challenge. To solve these problems, polarimetric radar data was used from RADARSAT-2 (C-Band). This paper addresses a classification scheme to extract rice fields based on the analysis of...

Actual projections provided by climate models suggest that the probability of occurrence of intense rainfall will increase in a future climate due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. Considering that the design of urban drainage systems is based on statistical analysis of past events, an increase in the intensity and frequency of extr...

Chemometrics and deterministic modelling is proposed to extract useful information from data sets obtained in environmental monitoring studies. Contamination from organic compounds in the Llobregat River basin (Catalunya, NE Spain) was investigated for the period 2003–2006. From the application of Multivariate Curve Resolution using Alternating Lea...

Contemporary hydrology, as currently practiced, is essentially based on mathematical modelling. Over the past 40 years, with the emergence of information technology, more and more complex models have been developed. More recently, water quality models have been integrated into these hydrological models. Elementary tools for the analysis and decisio...

Intensity–duration–frequency curves are used extensively in engineering to assess the return periods of rainfall events. The estimation and use of IDF curves rely on the hypothesis of rainfall series stationarity, namely that intensities and frequencies of extreme hydrological events remain unchanged over time. It is however expected that global wa...

A global predictive real time control strategy minimizing overflow volumes from combined sewers during rainfall was applied to control flows entering the Marigot interceptor (Laval, Canada) for 23 rain events that occurred in this urban area during the summer of 1989. Different surcharge intensities were allowed in the sewer. The duration of the co...

Résumé Une gamme de coûts probables pour l’eau potable distribuée par la ville de Québec, Canada, est déterminée en sommant les coûts annualisés des investissements nécessaires à la reconstruction à l’état neuf des infrastructures d’eau de la ville (conduites d’aqueduc et d’égout, stations de production d’eau potable et stations de traitement des e...

ABSTRACT

Introduction Il n’est nul besoin d’insister sur le role crucial que l’eau joue dans nos societes de meme que sur le role fondamental qu’elle a pu jouer historiquement dans l’evolution des civilisations passees. Au fil du temps, la mise en place d’infrastructures d’eau potable a permis d’assurer un acces de plus en plus aise a une eau de bonne quali...

Although aquatic mosses are widely used as metal biomonitors in rivers, there are few effective models to describe metal uptake and loss by these plants. To fill this gap, we exposed the aquatic moss Fontinalis dalecarlica for 28 d to three Cd concentrations (approximately 5-50 nM) in a flow-through laboratory system. Cadmium accumulation by F. dal...

A global predictive real-time control strategy minimizing overflow volumes from combined sewers during rainfalls is presented. For an optimal use of controlled sewer transport and storage capacities, the proposed strategy allows surcharged flows. Flows and piezometric heads in the sewer are computed according to flow inputs by a hydraulic simulatio...

Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis were conducted on a stretch of the Rhone River (France) with CASTEAUR, a model computing radionuclides transfers to abiotic and biotic components of fluvial ecosystems. The sensitivity of accumulation in omnivorous fish was analysed by constructing linear models between this output variable and some input parame...

The efficiency of real time control (RTC) to decrease storm overflows from combined sewers to receiving waters was demonstrated in several case studies. Global predictive control (GPC), an effective strategy to perform real time management of sewers, requires simulation models to anticipate the future state of the system (flow rates and water level...

We proposed in this paper a RTC strategy allowing surcharged flows in combined interceptors in order to minimize volumes of untreated water discharged to receiving waters during rain events. The strategy uses a newly developed hydraulic model to compute the impact of the controlled variables' values on flows and water depths in the sewer. The selec...

Monte Carlo simulations taking uncertainty in model parameters into account were performed on a river water quality model. The simulation results were used to rank wastewater treatment plant control strategies according to their impacts on river water quality. This impact is estimated by the maximum ammonium concentration and by the duration of dis...