Sophia Jowett

Loughborough University | Lough · School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) in a sample of 1344 Brazilian youth and adult athletes. Participants completed the CART-Q and the Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BNSSS). Data analysis was conducted through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Structural Equation Modeli...

Background: The Teacher-Student relationship (TSR) is instrumental for young children and adolescents' socio-emotional development and wellbeing as well as academic engagement and progress. Aims: The primary aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties, including reliability and factorial, convergent, and predictive validity, of the...

Introduction : Physical activity has been shown to have many benefits, including reducing cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and improving psychological and physical recovery from breast cancer. Some authors have shown the benefits of aquatic practice, while others have detailed the benefits of group and supervised practice. We hypothesise that an innova...

Unlabelled: Physical activity has been shown to have many benefits, including reducing cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and improving psychological and physical recovery from breast cancer. Some authors have shown the benefits of aquatic practice, while others have detailed the benefits of group and supervised practice. We hypothesize that an innovati...

The correlates of coach-athlete relationship quality have been the focus of research for over a decade; however, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying these associations. The present study conducted a moderated mediation analysis to examine (a) the mediating role of communication strategies (via COMPASS) on the as...

The purpose of this study was to explore through semistructured interviews (a) the experiences of women coaches in relation to the stereotypical biases they may encounter in their workplace and (b) the strategies women coaches and sport organizations have, or can potentially put in place, to raise awareness and address these stereotypical biases. C...

Women coaches have remained underrepresented within sports coaching at all levels. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to describe the factors surrounding the development, progression, and retention of women coaches within the United Kingdom. The study involved semistructured interviews with 15 women coaches who were coaching female athletes in tea...

The present study investigated the role of quality coach–athlete relationships and coaching efficacy on coaches’ well-being and performance. We examined whether coaches’ direct and meta-perspectives of the coach–athlete relationship quality predicted dimensions of coaches’ efficacy, hedemonic and eudaimonic well-being, and coach-related performance...

The overall quality of coach–athlete relationship has been shown to positively associate with coach leadership effectiveness on athletes’ outcomes. Nonetheless, others also showed no associations when each subdimension of coach–athlete relationship was separately examined. This study used canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to examine the complete...

Introduction Drawing from the crisis leadership conceptualization, this study aims to investigate coaches’ opinion patterns on effective leadership behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used a process view to explore how coaches as leaders act in pre, during, and post-crisis phases. Method Thirty-two fulltime professional coaches (28 m...

In this study, we investigated the notion that giving voice to athletes is an important aspect to creating a psychologically safe environment which can then feed into maintaining good quality coach-athlete relationships where every athlete feels heard, valued, and connected. 379 athletes completed a multi-section questionnaire that assessed their (...

Have you wondered why coaches are often the first people athletes turn to, both when they are performing poorly and when they are winning? It is because the coach-athlete relationship is the most important relationship developed in sport. Athletes spend more time with their coaches than with any other people in their lives generally. They look up t...

Sport coaching faces gender inequality and tackling it may not be simple. There are far too few women coaches in the coach workforce around the world. The aim of this paper is not an exhaustive literature review of this topic but an essay with a scope to describe the problem of underrepresentation of women in coaching, outline reasons for its prese...

This study explored the associations between leadership and relationship constructs, as well as psychological safety in athletes’ perceptions of flourishing and thriving. A total of 166 participants (males = 87; female = 79) from team sports completed a survey measuring athletes’ perceptions of coach transformational leadership behaviours, coach–at...

Background: The first purpose of the study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Automatic Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports (ASTQS) in the Turkish language and the secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between the quality of the coach–athlete relationship and athletes’ self-talk. Methods: 477 athletes (females = 252, mal...

This qualitative study explored how riders perceive and understand the relationship with their horse. Participants included ten elite female riders with a mean age of 40.6 years, five of whom competed in Eventing and five in Dressage with an average of 30.9 years’ competitive experience, and their chosen horses (mean age: 11.8 years). The average d...

Background: The first aim of this study is to achieve validation of the direct and meta-perspective versions of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire in the Arabic language, and the second aim of this study is to determine the quality of the coach-athlete relationship to athlete’ satisfaction with individual performance according to sport pa...

Background: Within the 3Cs (closeness, commitment, and complementarity) theoretical framework of the quality of two-person relationships, a coach–athlete relationship quality questionnaire (CART-Q) was developed and validated to assess the nature of the coach–athlete relationship. In this study, a modified version of the CART-Q for physical educati...

Die zwischenmenschliche Beziehung zwischen Trainer und Sportler ist ein zentraler Faktor für deren erfolgreiche Zusammenarbeit. Sie kann nicht nur zu einer positiven sportlichen Entwicklung, sondern auch zum individuellen Wohlbefinden und persönlichen Wachstum beider Personen beitragen. Nichtsdestotrotz durchläuft auch diese Beziehung Schwierigkeit...

The purpose of this multistudy paper was to explore (a) the coaching behaviors of male coaches when coaching either male or female teams through a systematic observation (Study 1) and (b) male and female coaches’ reasons for employing certain behaviors and practices when coaching female athletes through semistructured interviews (Study 2). Collecti...

This multistudy aimed to examine the complementarity dimension of the coach–athlete relationship in relation to individual and group outcomes, specifically well-being and cohesion. Self-report data were collected from athletes in the United Kingdom (n = 304). In Study 1 (n = 106), mediation analysis demonstrated significant indirect effects between...

Relationships are an essential part of life; they are extremely valuable and enriching, and have the capacity to make people feel good, wanted, needed, and appreciated. In sport, the coachh--athlete relationship is a purposeful type of relationship at the heart of coaching (Jowett, 2017) whereby both members are required to work together, investing...

The relationship athletes develop with their coaches is instrumental for improved sport performances and wellbeing (Jowett & Shanmugam, 2016). Sport psychologists have been encouraged to facilitate the development of effective coach-athlete relationships and may also play a vital part in dealing with disruptions, such as interpersonal conflict. Wit...

The mediating role of goal orientations in the association between coach-athlete relationship (CAR) and collective efficacy (CE) was investigated. Participants were 185 Brazilian young volleyball players participants of a State championship. Data were obtained using the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Que...

The present two-study paper examined the role of communication strategies that athletes use to develop their coach-athlete relationship. Study 1 examined the mediating role of motivation, support, and conflict management strategies between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and athletes’ perceptions of sport satisfaction. Study 2 examine...

The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Coach–AthleteRelationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) for coaches. Subjects were 173 coaches (20–65 years old) from both sexes,from individual and team sports, ranging from amateur to national level; the instruments were the Coach version ofCART-Q translated...

This study investigated coach−athlete conflict and focused on conflict management approaches used to minimize dysfunctional and maximize functional outcomes of interpersonal conflict. A qualitative approach to data collection enabled the researchers to explore various conflict management strategies used by the participants. Within the scope of the...

Conflict is a part of coach-athlete relationships and should be carefully considered as it can have effects on the quality of coaching and the level of performance. Despite its practical relevance, there is a dearth of research around coach-athlete conflict. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the characteristics and topics of conflict, a...

The study examined whether the quality of the coach-athlete relationship associates with a range of behaviours coaches manifest in training and competitions. The Coach Behaviour Scale for Sport (CBS-S) and the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) measured coaching behaviours and relationships respectively. As neither of these scales wa...

The current study aimed to examine whether (a) mean differences and changes in athletes’ attachment style predicted psychological need satisfaction within two diverse relational contexts (coach and parent) and well-being, and (b) mean differences and changes in need satisfaction within the two relational contexts predicted well-being. One hundred a...

Objective : There is no research examining alcohol-related aggression and anti-social behaviour in UK or European sportspeople (athletes), and no research has examined relationships between masculinity, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related aggression and antisocial behaviour in sportspeople (athletes). This study addresses this gap. Design Cro...

The capacity of coaches to enable or disable athletes' engagement and ability to reach their potential through the quality of the relationship they develop with them has received substantial research attention, yet the equivalent dyad in dance contexts-the teacher-dancer relationship-has remained relatively unexplored. Thus, the purpose of this pap...

Objective Grounded in self-determination theory, the present study examined the cultural invariance of a model that hypothesized sport performers' well-being will be predicted by both their perceptions of motivation and the quality of the relationship held with their coach. Method Participants (N = 756), originating from five countries (British, Ch...

Coaching has been often viewed as a context within which coaches operate to largely bring about changes in athlete’s performance and wellbeing. One key factor to successful outcomes in coaching is the quality of the relationship between coaches and athletes. In this article, I propose that the coach-athlete relationship is at the heart of coaching....

This brief report proposes that the relationship binds coaches and athletes together making them both accountable and responsible while producing ‘out of the box’ performance plans that are necessary for extraordinary sport successes. In performance-orientated environments, good quality relationships are the best form of effective leadership in the...

Although social and personal relationships are vital for productivity, health and wellbeing, conflict is inevitable and is likely to cause upset and hurt feelings as well as anxiety and distrust. Despite the potentially central role of interpersonal conflict in sport, researchers have yet to pay concerted attention to exploring the nature of confli...

Purpose: Despite its significant role in everyday coaching, the underlying processes and correlates of conflict in coach-athlete relations are largely under-researched. The current study aimed to investigate experiences of conflict between coaches and athletes. Design: Considering the novelty of the research inquiry, a qualitative approach was util...

This brief report proposes that the relationship binds coaches and athletes together making them both accountable and responsible while producing " out of the box " performance plans that are necessary for extraordinary sport successes. In performance-orientated environments, good quality relationships are the best form of effective leadership in t...

Areas to consider when reading the chapter: 1. The complex and multidimensional factors that contribute to successful and effective interpersonal relationships with significant others within your sporting environment (coaches, managers, directors, sport science support personnel, athletes, teammates). 2. The strengths and weaknesses of your communi...

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2015v17n6p635 The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) - Athlete Version. For this, three studies were performed. In the first, four translators and five experts in Sport Psychology adapted the CART-Q cont...

To be a technically good coach is one thing, but what gives the coach the “edge” (i.e., the extra effectiveness) in this unforgiving and relentless competitive sport environment, is the connection developed between the coach and athlete (see Figure 1). It is this connection that makes a difference to technical coaching because it supplies coaches w...

The present study examined the influence of personality traits on the quality of the Chinese coach–athlete relationship and satisfaction through a dyadic research design. A total of 350 coach–athlete dyads completed a self-report instrument that assessed personality traits, as well as perceptions of relationship quality and satisfaction with traini...

Research examining the mediating role of basic psychology need thwarting on the associations between athlete attachment styles and well-being. Presented at the 14th European Congress of Sport Psychology, 2015.

This paper presents a study that aimed to explore the rules of the coach–athlete relationship. Using semi-structured interviews, data were obtained from a sample of British athletes (n = 15) and an independent sample of British coaches (n = 15). Content analysis was employed to analyse the data. Results indicated that athletes’ and coaches’ percept...

In the current study, we had two aims. First, we investigated the associations between eating psychopathology, situational interpersonal diffculties, and dis-positional interpersonal diffculties among athletes and nonathletes. Second, we examined the mediating role of self-critical perfectionism, self-esteem, and depression in these associations. A...

Abstract Within the clinical literature it is accepted that there is a strong connection between eating disorders and depression; however the nature of the casual relationship is somewhat unclear. Therefore the aim of the present study was to determine the prospective relationship between eating psychopathology and depressive symptoms among competi...

This study assessed the 5 factor structure of the Compulsive Exercise Test and explored the relationship between compulsive exercise and eating psychopathology in athletes. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses of the Compulsive Exercise Test were conducted with 689 competitive athletes (aged 18 to 35 years). Convergent validity with the Eat...

AimTo examine whether receipt of alcohol industry sponsorship is associated with problematic drinking in UK university students who play sport.Methods University students (n=2450) participating in sports were invited to complete a pen-and-paper questionnaire by research staff approaching them at sporting facilities and in university settings. Respo...

Abstract This study examined whether athletes' attachment styles with the coach were linked to aspects of the coach-athlete relationship quality and, in turn, whether relationship quality was linked to athletes' well-being. One hundred and ninety-two athletes completed a questionnaire measuring their attachment styles and relationship quality with...

Grounded in attachment theory and basic psychological needs theory, the current study aimed to examine the mediating role of basic psychological need thwarting between perceptions of athlete attachment to the coach and indexes of athlete well/ill-being. A sample of athletes (N = 241) participating in various organized sports completed a multisectio...

Gambling among athletes has increasingly attracted the interest of policymakers and key stakeholders over recent years. This has been fuelled by high-profile cases of elite sports people disclosing extreme gambling behaviour. For example, John Daly, a leading American golfer, claims to have lost over $50m in his autobiography (Daly & Waggoner, 2006...

The Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire was developed to effectively measure affective, cognitive, and behavioral aspects, represented by the interpersonal constructs of closeness, commitment, and complementarity, of the quality of the relationship within the context of sport coaching. The current study sought to determine the internal reliabi...

The present study sought to determine the predictive role of interpersonal difficulties on eating psychopathology among competitive British athletes (ranging from university to international competition level). A total of 122 athletes (36 males and 86 females) with a mean age of 21.22 years (SD = 4.02), completed a multisection questionnaire that m...

The present preliminary study aimed to develop and examine the psychometric properties of a new sport-specific self-report instrument designed to assess ath-letes' and coaches' attachment styles. The development and initial validation comprised three main phases. In Phase 1, a pool of items was generated based on pre-existing self-report attachment...

The Passion Scale, based on the dualistic model of passion, measures 2 distinct types of passion: Harmonious and obsessive passions are predictive of adaptive and less adaptive outcomes, respectively. In a substantive-methodological synergy, we evaluate the construct validity (factor structure, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity) of...

The aim of the current study was to examine actor and partner effects of (a) athletes' and coaches' attachment styles (avoidant and anxious) on the quality of the coach-athlete relationship, and (b) athletes' and coaches' quality of the coach-athlete relationship on relationship satisfaction employing the actor-partner interdependence model (Kenny,...

The aims of this study were twofold. First, it aimed to determine the association between the quality of significant interpersonal relationships and eating psychopathology amongst a sample of athletes. Second, it examined the mediating role of self-esteem, clinical perfectionism and depression in such an association. Four hundred and eleven British...

Grounded in self-determination theory, this study aimed to examine the links of the social environment, as defined by coach interpersonal behaviors and coach-athlete relationships, with athletes' psychological need satisfaction and indexes of well-being. Athletes (N = 300) completed a multi-section questionnaire assessing the study variables. Boots...

Abstract The present study aimed to explore the mediating role of social factors on the associations between attachment styles and basic psychological needs satisfaction within two relational contexts. Athletes (N = 215) completed a multi-section questionnaire pertaining to attachment styles, basic needs satisfied within the coaching and the parent...

The study examined the independent and combined effects of coach leadership and coaching relationships on team efficacy. A total of 150 sport performers from football teams across a range of competitive levels completed a multisection self-report instrument to assess their individual perceptions of the level of collective efficacy, the type of coac...

Executive coaching is an intervention that organizations often use to enhance managers' opportunities, develop skills, promote knowledge and reflectivity, as well as improve overall performance. An effective working relationship has been considered a necessary condition for the success of executive coaching. Thus, the present study aimed to explore...

The dualistic model of passion (Vallerand (2010) On passion for life activities: The dualistic model of passion. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 42, pp. 97–193). New York, NY: Academic Press) regards passion as a strong inclination toward a self-defining activity that one loves, values, and in which one invest...

This study developed and gained initial evidence for the reliability and validity of a measure of the use of maintenance strategies within the coach-athlete relationship (coach-athlete relationship maintenance questionnaire: CARM-Q). In study one, 50 items were generated based on Rhind and Jowett’s COMPASS model, which suggests that conflict manage...

Athletes’ perceptions of coaches’ communicative acts of interaction in two key interpersonal situations were examined, and their impact on the athletes: (a) when athletes lose competitions; and, (b) when athletes make mistakes in training. Athletes (N¼324, M age¼20.11) completed an open-ended survey. Data were deductively and inductively analyzed....

The purpose of this study was to examine whether collective efficacy can mediate the association between (a) coach-athlete relationship and athlete satisfaction and (b) team cohesion and athlete satisfaction. The sample consisted of 135 Greek-Cypriot athletes who participated in interactive sports and responded to four questionnaires including the...

Objectives In the sport context, the coach–athlete relationship has been viewed and studied as a universal phenomenon. It is thus important to assess the universality of the psychometric scale that is used to measure the quality of coach–athlete relationships. The present study examined the cultural equivalence or measurement invariance of the Coac...

The aims of the study were two-fold; first to determine the associations between current attachment styles, and eating psychopathology amongst athletes, and second to simultaneously assess the mediating effects of self-esteem, perfectionism, and depression in this association. Four hundred and eleven British athletes completed self-report instrumen...

Can success be achieved by talent alone? Maybe it can. Though what is clear is that even the most talented and successful athletes have coaches to help and support them. While Tiger Woods, Lee Westwood and Phil Mickelson are among the most talented and skilled golfers in the world, they still need coaches. It begs the question, what do coaches do t...

This study examined whether elite and non-elite adolescent football players differ in goal orientation and perceptions of the motivational climate created by their parents. A total of 69 players recruited from a football academy (elite) and 49 players participating in recreational football (non-elite) completed measures assessing goal orientation a...

he purpose of this study was twofold: to explore the utility of components related to the transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral model of eating disorders within an athletic population and to investigate the extent to which the model can be applied across gender, sport type, and performance standard to explain eating psychopa­thology. Five hundred an...

The study investigated the association between coach–athlete relationship inter-dependence and satisfaction level as a function of competition level, relationship length, and gender composition. A series of multilevel modelling analyses found that the associations between relationship interdependence and sport-related satisfaction were weaker for l...