Sonu Gandhi

National Institute of Animal Biotechnology · Department of Animal Science

Personalized point-of-care testing (POCT) devices, such as wearable sensors, enable quick access to health monitoring without the use of complex instruments. Wearable sensors are gaining popularity owing to their ability to offer regular and continuous monitoring of physiological data by dynamic, non-invasive assessments of biomarkers in biofluids...

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with chemical and structural diversity have piqued the interest of the scientific community due to their superior photonic, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic capabilities that distinguish them from their bulk counterparts. Among these 2D materials, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carb...

Endosulfan (ES) is an extensively utilized agricultural pesticide in developing countries, despite its life-threatening toxic effects. In this study, we propose a sensitive detection method against endosulfan using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Herein, we have conjugated endosulfan with bovine serum albumin (BSA) via zero-length conjugation...

One of the greatest challenges faced during surgical procedures is closing and healing of wounds, which are essential in the field of orthopaedics, trauma, intensive care and general surgery. One of the main causes of death has been linked to chronic wounds, especially in immunosuppressant or diabetic patients. Due to increasing chronic wound fatal...

COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the need for the development of a rapid diagnostic device for the effective treatment of COVID-19 for its mitigation. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) belongs to a class of diagnostic devices, which has the benefit of providing quick results, easy to handle, low cost, and on-site detection. So far, several LFIA has b...

β-Secretase1 (BACE1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the generation of amyloid-β peptides, that is, the principal component involved in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent research studies show correlation between blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of BACE1 with the pathophysiology of AD. In this study, we report one-step...

The recent COVID-19 infection outbreak has raised the demand for rapid, highly sensitive POC biosensing technology for intelligent health and wellness. In this direction, efforts are being made to explore high-performance nano-systems for developing novel sensing technologies capable of functioning at point-of-care (POC) applications for quick diag...

Peptide drug discovery over the past decade has gained momentum, with the pharmaceutical industry focusing on innovative drug development for an increasing number of therapeutic treatments. Peptide-based drugs can complement biological therapeutics, thus widely opening up the scope of their use. The global peptide drug market is expected to surpass...

Advanced biosensor technology research is imperative for the management of infectious disease outbreaks such as Japanese Encephalitis (JE), a zoonotic disease caused by the flavivirus JE virus (JEV) which is transmitted to humans (dead-end hosts) from the amplification host, pigs, via mosquitoes. To avoid future pandemic scenarios, proactive resear...

The unregulated usage of Cephalexin (CFX) in animal source food products lead to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans. Graphene quantum dots (GQD) are zero-dimensional nanomaterials possessing both unique optical and electrical properties based on their tuneable size that serves as an excellent sensor. The fluorescence quenching and conductive...

The impact of uncontrolled antibiotic use in animals subsequently led to emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among humans due to consumption of animal products and its by-products. Hence, to investigate antibiotic contamination in animal origin food products, we have developed a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) based immunosensor using Fluorine-...

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that has posed a global health challenge caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Early management and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 are crucial for the timely treatment, traceability, and reduction of viral spread. We have developed a rapid method using a Graphene-based Field-Effect Transistor (Gr-FET) for...

Advanced diagnostic technologies for early-stage detection of cancer are essential for proper management and guided therapeutics to increase chances of survival for patients. Presently, most forms of cancer get diagnosed post metastasis throughout the body resulting in late-stage treatment leading to fatality which may have otherwise been avoided....

Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), a zoonotic infectious disease is a major concern in East-Asian and Western Pacific regions with no available therapy or fool-proof vaccines. Hence it is imperative to develop diagnostic assays for rapid mass screening for JEV biomarkers in human as well as pigs for better management of this recurring epidemic and...

Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection, a foodborne disease, caused by Salmonella that enters the body through the ingestion of contaminated food. In this study, a novel electrochemical biosensor integrated with gold nanorods (GNRs) was used to explore the interaction between in-house generated antibodies with Salmonella serovars. Under optimal c...

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has shown the need for early diagnosis to manage infectious disease outbreaks. Here, we report a label free electrochemical Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) Immunosensor coupled with gold nanorods (GNRs) as an electron carrier for ultrasensitive detection of the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS CoV-2...

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the predominant mycotoxins that contaminate a wide range of food commodities. In the present study, a 36-mer aptamer was used as a molecular recognition element coupled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for colorimetric detection of OTA in a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPADs). The μPADs consisted of three...

Compared to other nanomaterial, surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have gained attraction for cancer therapy applications due to its low toxicity, and long retention time. An innocuous targeting strategy was developed by generation of Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled peptide (Growth factor domain (GFD) and somatomedin B doma...

Early and rapid diagnosis of cancer is very important for the successful treatment and survival of the patients. Advance biosensors are emerging as an inexpensive and portable device for the detection of cancer biomarkers. It can be a promising alternative tool against the time-consuming conventional techniques. Biosensors are the device that is ba...

Cancer still remains undetected and is only detected when it has metastasized in the body; early detection of cancer is still one of the major challenges being faced for cancer diagnosis. Rapid and effective detection methods are required for clinically determining cancer; hence, biosensors are currently being devised for early detection so that it...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, also referred to as 2019-nCov or COVID-19) outbreak has become a huge public health issue due to its rapid transmission, making it a global pandemic. To manage the outbreak, it is the need of the hour to develop biosensing techniques for rapid, sensitive and efficient detection of the vir...

Advancement in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and microfluidics technologies has led to the development of microscale cell culture platforms leading to physiological organ biomimetic systems built on microfluidic chips known as organ-on-chip (OOC). This integration of both electronic and fluidic components onto a single chip using a combination of bioengineer...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which started out as an outbreak of pneumonia, has now turned into a pandemic due to its rapid transmission. Besides developing a vaccine, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnosis is essential for monitoring and combating the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its rel...

It has been proven that rapid bioinformatics analysis according to patient health profiles, in addition to biomarker detection at a low level, is emerging as essential to design an analytical diagnostics system to manage health intelligently in a personalized manner. Such objectives need an optimized combination of a nano-enabled sensing prototype,...

Citation: Chouhan, R.S.; Horvat, M.; Ahmed, J.; Alhokbany, N.; Alshehri, S.M.; Gandhi, S. Magnetic Nanoparticles-A Multifunctional Potential Agent for Diagnosis and Therapy. Cancers 2021, 13, 2213.

Increased use of pesticides globally has led to harmful consequences on the environment, livestock, animals, as well as humans. Hence, its detection in animal feed, vegetables, agricultural crops, milk, eggs, and meat has become a pre-requisite. Conventional techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography (GC),...

Antibodies play a vital role in a variety of applications from diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutics. The stability of antibodies is one of the most important key attributes for its prolonged activity and functionality. Here, we demonstrate a detailed comparative study of the molecular stability of the rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) and chicken egg...

Targeting cell surface receptors for specific drug delivery in cancer has garnered lot of attention. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a surface biomarker, is overexpressed on many tumours including breast, colorectal, prostate, and ovarian cancers. Binding of growth factor domain (GFD) of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) with u...

Today, tris‐s‐triazine based graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) is a new research hot topic. It has a unique electronic band structure, high physicochemical stability, large surface area, and is “earth‐abundant.” These and other properties have made it a highly researched material especially for visible light photocatalysis and photodegradation appl...

Hollow particles have been extensively used in bioanalytical and biomedical applications for almost two decades due to their unique and tunable optoelectronic properties as well as their significantly high loading capacities. These intrinsic properties led them to be used in various bioimaging applications as contrast agents, controlled delivery (i...

Genomics-led researches are engaged in tracing virus expression pattern, and induced immune responses in human to develop effective vaccine against COVID-19. In this study, targeted expression profiling and differential gene expression analysis of major histocompatibility complexes and innate immune system genes were performed through SARS-CoV-2 in...

Following the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, we are now again facing a global highly pathogenic novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic. Although the lungs are one of the most critically affected organs, several other organs, inc...

Graphene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial, has gained immense interest in biosensing applications due to its large surface-to-volume ratio, and excellent electrical properties. Herein, a compact and user-friendly graphene field effect transistor (GraFET) based ultrasensitive biosensor has been developed for detecting Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV...

SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus that has caused more than 0.29 million deaths worldwide as of May 2020, and influence of COVID-19 pandemic is increasing continuously in the absence of approved vaccine and drug. Moreover, very limited information is available about SARS-CoV-2 expressed regions and immune responses. In this paper an effort...

This is the first report of exploiting the "quasi-spherical" shape of water molecules for recapitulating a true human extracellular matrix (ECM). Herein, water behaved as a quasi-spherical porogen, for engineering polysaccharide-rich and chemically defined 3D-microarchitecture, with semi-interpenetrating networks (S-IPNs). Furthermore, their viscoe...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a type of lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus), causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This pathophysiologic state destroys the immune system allowing opportunistic infections, cancer and other life-threatening diseases to thrive. Although many analytic tools including enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA...

Contamination of milk by mycotoxins is a serious problem worldwide. Herein, we focused on the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AflB1) using a paper microfluidic device fabricated with specific aptamers as biorecognition elements. The fabrication process resulted in the generation of a leak proof microfluidic device where two zones were designed: control...

This study describes the colorimetric detection of aflatoxin M1 (Afl M1) in milk samples using a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD). Fabrication of µPADs was done using a simple and quick approach. Each μPAD contained a detection zone and a sample zone interconnected by microchannels. The colorimetric assay was developed using unmodi...

In this research, we successfully synthesized a reduced graphene oxide/tin oxide (rGO/SnO 2) composite for the electrochemical detection of fungal contaminant, patulin (PAT) that does not require a biological or chemical receptor or specific antibodies. The resulting rGO/SnO 2 composite exhibited promising electrochemical properties and demonstrate...

The conventional therapies and modalities have paved the way for the progress and advancement of comparatively finer technologies in the field of theranostics. The advents of nanotechnology have presented a much better alternative as they provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This chapter describes the types of nanosystems available...

Soil and water are the ultimate natural sink for the engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). One of the most significant factors which control the mobility and stability of colloidal suspension in soil along with the absorption, ag-gregation, and deposition depends on the surface properties of particular ENPs. The size and shape of the ENPs ultimately det...

New neurons were shown to born throughout adulthood, a process known as neurogenesis. Last year, the human hippocampal neurogenesis field was flipped on its head by a paper in Nature from Sorrells et al. questioning the presence of human hippocampal neurogenesis during adulthood (Sorrells, S.F. et al. 2018 Nature, 555, 377-381). Now, a new study by...

Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) electrochemical immunosensor has been developed for rapid detection of urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) - a biomarker for cancer. uPAR is a GPI-anchored cell membrane receptor that shows increased expression in many types of human cancers which include breast, prostate, colorectal, and non-small ce...

Neurogenesis in the human brain has been validated to occur throughout adulthood. Recently, the human hippocampal neurogenesis field has been shaken by two significant reports that have been published with opposite reports, and these path-breaking studies have flipped the bandwagon of the neurogenesis field upside down, by questioning the existence...

Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used pesticides that acts on the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Prolonged use of chlorpyrifos causes severe neurological, autoimmune, and persistent developmental disorders in humans. Therefore, in this study, a highly sensitive and robust biosensor platform was devised by fabricating graph...

Delivery of imaging reagents and drugs to tumors is essential for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In addition to therapeutic and diagnostic functionalities, peptides have potential benefits such as biocompatibility, ease to synthesize, smaller size, by-passing off-target side effects, and achieving the beneficial effects with lower-administered dosag...

Heroin use and addiction pose serious risks and side effects due to overdose. Quantification of heroin in biological samples is challenging due to rapid deacetylation of heroin to its active metabolites. In this study, we report the quantification of metabolic degradation of heroin by-products in biological urine samples. The presence of the drug w...

Chlorpyrifos (chl) is an organophosphate pesticide extensively used in agriculture and highly toxic for human health. Fluorine doped tin-oxide (FTO) based electrochemical nanosensor was developed for chlorpyrifos detection with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and anti-chlorpyrifos antibodies (chl-Ab). AuNPs provides high electrical conductivity and spec...

Gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based optical assays are of significant interest since the molecular phenomenon can be examined easily with change in the color of AuNPs. Herein, we report the development of a dipstick using a AuNP-labeled single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody for the detection of morphine. The scFv antibodies for morphine were de...

Introduction: Continuous use of opiates causes drug-related illnesses, which poses an alarming situation to develop sensitive detection platform. In this study, a highly sensitive and reliable chemiluminescence immunoassay (CI) has been developed for the detection of heroin and its major metabolites in spiked urine samples. Methods: To develop robu...

The online version of this article (doi: 10.15171/bi.2018.07) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Preeclampsia is a vascular multisystem disorder that accounts for varying degree of morbidity and mortality of mother and the fetus. This can be significantly averted if diagnosed at an early (18-20 weeks) stage of gestation, as there is no known way to prevent preeclampsia. In spite of extensive work on biomarker discovery, the existing method for...

Protease expression is closely linked to malignant phenotypes of different solid tumors; as such, their detection is promising for diagnosis and treatment of cancers, Alzheimer and vascular diseases. Here, we describe a new method for detecting proteases by sensitively monitoring the magnetic relaxation of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles (ION...

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a new real-time imaging modality, which promises high tracer mass sensitivity and spatial resolution directly generated from iron oxide nanoparticles. In this study, monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles with median core diameters ranging from 14 to 26 nm were synthesized and their surface was conjugated with lact...

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR or CD87) is a glycolipid-anchored membrane protein often expressed in the microenvironment of invasive solid cancers and high levels are generally associated with poor patient prognosis [1]. uPAR is organized as a dynamic modular protein structure composed of three homologous Ly6/uPAR domains...

MPI is a real time imaging modality that promises micromolar sensitivity together with sub-mm spatial resolution using iron oxide nanoparticle tracers [1]. Here, the potential of lactoferrin conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles (Lf-IONPs) in oncology as contrast agents [2] for targeted magnetic particle imaging [3] was explored in glioma cells in vi...

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a multidomain glycolipid-anchored membrane protein, which facilitates extracellular matrix remodeling by focalizing plasminogen activation to cell surfaces via its high-affinity interaction with uPA. The modular assembly of its three LU domains is inherently flexible and binding of uPA dri...

Introduction: Immunosensor for illicit drugs have gained immense interest and have found several applications for drug abuse monitoring. This technology has offered a low cost detection of narcotics; thereby, providing a confirmatory platform to compliment the existing analytical methods. Methods: In this minireview, we define the basic concept of...

Quantification of atrazine in a sample was performed using a post-reactive column consisting rabbit anti-immunoglobulin G for trapping atrazine specific antibodies bound to antigen and tracer. The assay is based on a competitive enzyme immunoassay where the analyte and known amount of tracer (peroxidase labeled hapten) bind competitively to availab...