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January 2002 - December 2012
January 2001 - present
Publications
Publications (217)
The Bølling-Allerød interstadial (14.7-12.9 kyr BP), during the last deglaciation, was characterized by rapid retreat of ice sheets and significant sea level rise (Meltwater Pulse 1A, MWP-1A; 14.7-14.3 kyr BP). Yet, the response of the terrestrial cryosphere during this period of abrupt climate change remains elusive. Here we present a multi-proxy...
Comparison of Type II photosensitized oxidation of lipids (the photodynamic effect) and photodegradation of chlorophyll (sensitizer photobleaching) in samples of particulate matter collected previously from locations representing a diverse range of latitudes reveals an enhancement of the photooxidation of lipids at the expense of chlorophyll photod...
In a few recent studies, the action of a bacterial dioxygenase (10S-DOX) on palmitoleic acid was observed within some polar and estuarine settings. To add further mechanistic information regarding the action of this enzyme in marine settings, we measured a range of lipids (sterols, fatty acids and the chlorophyll phytyl side chain) and their biotic...
We investigated diets of 24 Barents Sea zooplankton taxa to understand pelagic food-web processes during late summer, including the importance of sea ice algae-produced carbon. This was achieved by combining insights derived from multiple and complementary trophic marker approaches to construct individual aspects of feeding. Specifically, we determ...
Alkenones are biomarkers produced solely by algae in the order Isochrysidales that have been used to reconstruct sea surface temperature (SST) since the 1980s. However, alkenone-based SST reconstructions in the northern high latitude oceans show significant bias towards warmer temperatures in core-tops, diverge from other SST proxies in down core r...
Radiocarbon dates and marine tephra suggest that the upper 10 m of core MD99-2274 off North Iceland extends from ∼0 to ∼65 ka BP. A multi-proxy sediment and biomarker study at a ∼0.5 ky resolution is used to derive a paleoclimate scenario for this area of the southwestern Nordic Seas, which during the Holocene had intermittent excursions of iceberg...
On glacial-interglacial and millennial timescales, sea ice is an important player in the circulation and primary productivity of high latitude oceans, affecting regional and global biogeochemical cycling. In the modern North Pacific, brine rejection during sea-ice freezing in the Sea of Okhotsk drives the formation of North Pacific Intermediate Wat...
Quantifying the contribution of poleward oceanic heat transport to the Arctic Ocean is important for making future sea ice and climate predictions. To highlight its potential importance in a warmer world, we present a new record of water-mass exchange between the Atlantic and the Arctic Oceans using the authigenic neodymium isotopic composition of...
Marine fronts delineate the boundary between distinct water masses and, through the advection of nutrients, are important facilitators of regional productivity and biodiversity. As the modern climate continues to change the migration frontal zones is evident, but a lack of information about their status prior to instrumental records hinders future...
Time-series analyses of satellite images reveal that sea ice extent in the Ross Sea has experienced significant changes over the last 40 years, likely triggered by large-scale atmospheric anomalies. However, resolving how sea ice in the Ross Sea has changed over longer timeframes has until now remained more elusive. Here we used a laminated sedimen...
A novel tri-unsaturated C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkene has been identified in a laboratory culture of the diatom Navicula salinicola and its structure determined using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). This represents the first report of a C25 HBI in a marine diatom from the Navicula ge...
Rationale
Some highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes are commonly used as proxies for palaeoceanographic reconstructions. However, there is a need to identify compounds that are sufficiently stable and abundant to be used as tracers of HBI oxidation in sediments. 2,6,10,14‐Tetramethyl‐7‐(3‐methylpent‐4‐enyl)‐pentadec‐5(Z/E)‐en‐4‐ols resulting fr...
In this study, we aimed to reconstruct spring (April–June) sea ice changes in the western Arctic Ocean over recent centuries (ca. the last 250 years) by measuring biomarker distributions in a multicore (ARA01B-03MUC) retrieved from the Chukchi Shelf region and to evaluate outcomes against known or modelled estimates of sea ice conditions. Specifica...
In recent years, certain mono- and di-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkene biomarkers (i.e., IP25 and HBI IIa) have emerged as useful proxies for sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic, respectively. Despite the relatively large number of sea ice reconstructions based on IP25 and HBI IIa, considerably fewer studies have addressed HBI va...
This paper provides an overview of results obtained in the course of recent studies dealing with abiotic degradation of algal lipids in the marine realm. In the first part, the photooxidation of the main lipid components (chlorophyll phytyl chain, carotenoids, Δ⁵-sterols, unsaturated fatty acids, alkenones and unsaturated alkenes) in senescent phyt...
Advanced knowledge of spatio-temporal constraints on the Barents Sea Ice Sheet during the late Weichselian glaciation overshadows relatively limited understanding of seasonal sea ice (experiencing an annual advance-retreat cycle) and primary productivity trends accompanying massive, abrupt climate changes during glacial-deglacial cycles. Such paleo...
The spring phytoplankton bloom is a characteristic feature of mid-high latitudes in modern times, but can be challenging to identify in palaeo records. In the current study, we investigated the absolute and relative distributions of two diatom-derived tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipids, at least one of which has previously been...
Holocene paleoceanographic reconstructions along the North Iceland Shelf have employed a variety of sea surface temperature and sea ice proxies. However, these surface proxies tend to have a seasonal bias toward spring/summer and thus only provide a discrete snapshot of surface conditions during one season. Furthermore, sea surface temperature prox...
Over the last decade or so, the mono- and di-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipids IP 25 (Ice Proxy with 25 carbon atoms) and IPSO 25 (Ice Proxy for the Southern Ocean with 25 carbon atoms) have emerged as useful proxies for sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic, respectively. A more complete understanding of their respective proxy sign...
In some previous studies, the ratio between a di-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid termed IPSO 25 and a structurally related tri-unsaturated counterpart (HBI III) (viz. IPSO 25 /HBI III) has been used as a proxy measure of variable sea ice cover in the Antarctic owing to their production by certain sea ice algae and open water diat...
Significant changes to Arctic and Antarctic sea ice in recent decades has prompted the development and application of novel approaches to the reconstruction of past sea ice conditions over much longer timeframes. One such approach is based on the variable distribution of certain source-specific highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid biomarkers in w...
Over the last decade or so, certain source-specific C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid biomarkers have emerged as useful proxies for Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. Thus, IP25 (Ice proxy with 25 carbon atoms) and IPSO25 (Ice proxy for the Southern Ocean with 25 carbon atoms) represent binary measures of past seasonal sea ice in the Arctic and...
Arctic and Antarctic polynyas are crucial sites for deep-water formation, which helps sustain global ocean circulation. During glacial times, the occurrence of polynyas proximal to expansive ice sheets in both hemispheres has been proposed to explain limited ocean ventilation and a habitat requirement for marine and higher-trophic terrestrial fauna...
The development of various combinative methods for Arctic sea ice reconstruction using the sympagic highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) IP25 in conjunction with pelagic biomarkers has often facilitated more detailed descriptions of sea ice conditions than using IP25 alone. Here, we investigated the application of the Phytoplankton-IP25 index (PIP25) a...
Degradation of palmitoleic acid (C16:1ω7), the main fatty acid component of sea ice-associated (sympagic) diatoms, was monitored in Arctic sea ice at the beginning of ice melting and in the underlying sinking particles and superficial bottom sediments. In sea ice, degradation of sympagic algae involved biotic oxidation induced by 10S-DOX-like lipox...
Sea ice affects primary production in polar regions in multiple ways. It can dampen water column productivity by reducing light or nutrient supply, provide a habitat for ice algae and condition the marginal ice zone (MIZ) for phytoplankton blooms on its seasonal retreat. The relative importance of three different carbon sources (sea ice derived, se...
A number of common sterols were identified in sea ice diatoms from the Arctic and the Antarctic. The main sterols in floating sea ice algal aggregates collected from Resolute Passage (Canadian Arctic) and Nansen Basin (North Svalbard) in 2012 were 22E-dehydrocholesterol, cholesterol, epi-brassicasterol, 24-methylenecholesterol and 24-ethylcholester...
Rationale:
3,9,13-trimethyl-6-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)-tetradecan-1,2-diol and 2,8,12-trimethyl-5-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)-tridecanoic acid appear to be produced during the bacterial metabolism of IP25, a highly branched isoprenoid lipid often employed for past Arctic sea ice reconstruction. Characterization and quantification of these metabolites in sedime...
Sea ice and associated feedback mechanisms play an important role for both long- and short-term climate change. Our ability to predict future sea ice extent, however, hinges on a greater understanding of past sea ice dynamics. Here we investigate sea ice changes in the eastern Bering Sea prior to, across, and after the Mid-Pleistocene transition (M...
Recent reduction in high-latitude sea ice extent demonstrates that sea ice is highly sensitive to external and internal radiative forcings. In order to better understand sea ice system responses to external orbital forcing and internal oscillations on orbital timescales, here we reconstruct changes in sea ice extent and summer sea surface temperatu...
The organic geochemical IP25 (Ice Proxy with 25 carbon atoms) has been used as a proxy for Arctic sea ice in recent years. To date, however, the role of degradation of IP25 in Arctic marine sediments and the impact that this may have on palaeo sea ice reconstruction based on this biomarker have not been investigated in any detail. Here, we show tha...
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) rely upon Arctic sea ice as a physical habitat. Consequently, conservation assessments of polar bears identify the ongoing reduction in sea ice to represent a significant threat to their survival. However, the additional role of sea ice as a potential, indirect, source of energy to bears has been overlooked. Here we us...
Data for individual polar bears.
(XLSX)
Jetsam ambergris, found washed ashore on beaches, is an environmentally modified form of a natural product of Sperm whales which sometimes develops a pleasant odour. Odorous samples have proved valuable in perfumery. Identification of jetsam ambergris by analysis of organic-soluble extracts by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and of...
Sea ice affects primary production in polar regions in multiple ways. It can dampen water column productivity by reducing light or nutrient supply, it provides a habitat for ice algae and on its seasonal retreat can condition the marginal ice zone (MIZ) for phytoplankton blooms. The relative importance of three different carbon sources (ice-derived...
A suite of cores from the North-West Iceland and East Greenland shelves sampled fossiliferous or unfossiliferous basal glacial diamictons. Radiocarbon dates above the diamictons are similar on both shelves, but the value of the ocean reservoir correction, ΔR, is unknown. Deglaciation occurred either ∼16 or 14 cal ka BP depending on the choice of ΔR...
The dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet and drift of sea ice from the Arctic Ocean reaching Denmark Strait are poorly constrained. We present data on the provenance of Fe oxide detrital grains from two cores in the Denmark Strait area and compare the Fe grain source data with other environmental proxies in order to document the variations and poten...
The discovery of IP25 as a qualitative biomarker proxy for Arctic sea ice and subsequent introduction of the so-called PIP25 index for semi-quantitative descriptions of sea ice conditions has significantly advanced our understanding of long-term paleo Arctic sea ice conditions over the past decade. We investigated the potential for classification t...
Sea ice is a key component of the Earth's climate system. It affects the exchange of heat, gases and water between the polar oceans and the atmosphere. Even though changes in sea ice extent and thickness in recent decades are well documented, understanding processes that control climate in the polar regions back in time and over longer time scales...
Three radiocarbon dated sediment cores from trough mouth fans on the central west Greenland continental slope were studied to determine the timing and processes of Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) retreat from the shelf edge during the last deglaciation and to test the role of ocean forcing (i.e. warm ocean water) thereon. Analyses of lithofacies, quantit...
Sympagic (ice-associated) amphipods channel carbon into the marine ecosystem. With Arctic sea ice extent in decline, it is becoming increasingly important to quantify this transfer of sympagic energy. Recently, a method for quantifying sympagic particulate organic carbon (iPOC) in filtered water samples was proposed based on the abundances of the A...
Semi-quantitative estimates of early to late Holocene spring sea ice concentration (SpSIC) and occurrence of summer sea ice for the northern Barents Sea have been obtained by analysing the biomarkers IP25, brassicasterol and a tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid lipid in a Holocene marine sediment core. Sub-surface water mass variations were...
We report the identification of a range of C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes and certain sterols in filtered phytoplankton samples obtained from western Svalbard (Arctic) and near South Georgia (South Atlantic, sub-Antarctic) in 2016 and 2014, respectively. The C25 HBIs contained 3–5 double bonds and had structures identified previously...
We determined, and compared, the abiotic stress state of algae and their attached bacterial communities following their release into the water column during the Arctic sea ice melt season using specific lipid markers that are characteristic of type II photo-oxidation processes, together with those associated with cis-trans isomerase and 10S-DOX-lik...
Autoxidation products of specific lipid components of angiosperms (betulin, α- and β-amyrin) and gymnosperms (dehydroabietic acid) and their parent compound in surface sediments from different regions of the Canadian Arctic were quantified. The high proportions of these autoxidation products in all the sediments (mean 60.1 ± 14.0%, 91.8 ± 1.1, 98.7...
Sub-Arctic habitats are being exposed to increasingly long periods of open water as sea ice continues to decline in thickness and extent. Some hypothesize that this will result in a reduction, and maybe total loss of sea ice derived (sympagic) carbon supply; however, the impact of such change on ecosystems requires further investigation. Here, we u...
Quantifying the importance of sea ice microalgae as a food source in Arctic ecosystems is becoming an increasingly important research objective as sea ice extent and thickness continue to reduce. Recently, the analysis of certain diatom-derived highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid biomarkers has provided a means of qualitatively distinguishing be...
The concentrations of the sea ice biomarker proxy IP25 (Ice Proxy with 25 carbon atoms) and two phytoplankton biomarkers (a tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid (HBI III) and epi-brassicasterol) have been measured in surface sediments from West Svalbard. IP25 concentration exhibited a positive relationship with that of HBI III and...
The production of high-salinity brines during sea-ice freezing in circum-arctic coastal polynyas is thought to be part of northern deep water formation as it supplies additional dense waters to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation system. To better predict the effect of possible future summer ice-free conditions in the Arctic Ocean on gl...
The presence of a di-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid biomarker (diene II) in Southern Ocean sediments has previously been proposed as a proxy measure of palaeo Antarctic sea ice. Here we show that a source of diene II is the sympagic diatom Berkeleya adeliensis Medlin. Furthermore, the propensity for B. adeliensis to flourish in...
Supplementary Figure 1 and Supplementary Table 1
We present a high-resolution (ca. 50 years) biomarker-based reconstruction of seasonal sea ice conditions for the West Svalbard continental margin covering the last ca. 2k years. Our reconstruction is based on the distributions of sea ice algal (IP25) and phytoplankton (brassicasterol and HBI III) lipids in marine sediment core MSM5/5-712-1 retriev...
Two sediment cores from the Chukchi Sea margin were investigated for the Arctic sea-ice biomarker IP25, along with marine and terrestrial sterols and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). This is the first paleoclimatic application of IP25 in the Chukchi-Alaskan region of the Arctic, which is key for understanding Arctic–Pacific interactio...
The abiotic degradation state of sea ice algae released during a late spring ice melt process was determined by sampling the underlying waters and measuring certain well-known algal lipids and their oxidation products, including those derived from epi-brassicasterol, 24-methylenecholesterol, palmitoleic acid and the phytyl side-chain of chlorophyll...
In Press, Available as early on-line document at Organic Geochemistry website. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638016000498
ABSTRACT:The occurrence and variable abundance of certain di- and tri-unsaturated C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) biomarkers in Antarctic marine sediments has previously been proposed as a possible...
Although changes in sea-ice cover contribute to global climatic variations, they are poorly constrained for periods earlier than the last decades. More records are especially required around Antarctica, where the formation of Antarctic Bottom Waters participates to global thermohaline circulation. However, this region provided only a few marine sed...
The stability of various highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipids in sediments and sediment extracts stored under different conditions has been investigated over a period of about two years. Our data reveal an increased tendency for tri-unsaturated HBIs to undergo degradation compared to mono- and di-unsaturated counterparts, with sediments stored i...
Sea ice-derived particulate organic carbon (iPOC) represents an important contribution of carbon to Arctic ecosystems, yet our ability to obtain realistic quantitative estimates of iPOC outside the sea ice matrix is currently somewhat limited. To address this challenge, we applied a novel approach to quantifying iPOC within the water column under m...
The use of problem-based learning (PBL) within undergraduate chemistry courses is increasing in popularity. Despite several previous reports describing the impacts of PBL in terms of students' motivation and interest in chemistry, evaluations of its impact with respect to student learning are virtually absent. Here, an evaluation of PBL case studie...
We have produced six problem solving case studies which have been designed inorder to teach analytical and applied chemistry within a ‘real’ life context bydeveloping problem solving and professional skills. The case studies use the contexts of forensic science, pharmaceuticals, environmental science, and industrial chemistry. They present students...
This article presents and discusses the results of a project that focussed on identifying new work-based learning opportunities for chemistry students. Firstly, we investigated whether typical chemistry employers, who traditionally host sandwich or year-long placements, are able to offer short-term (e.g. summer) placements as an alternative work-ba...
C25 and C30 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes are lipid biomarkers produced exclusively by certain diatoms and found in sediments worldwide. Here, for the first time, it is shown that the marine planktonic diatom Pseudosolenia calcar-avis (Schultze) (Sundström, B.G., 1986. The Marine Diatom Genus Rhizosolenia (A New Approach to the Taxonomy)...
The presence of a di-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid biomarker (diene II) in Southern Ocean sediments has previously been proposed as a proxy measure of palaeo Antarctic sea ice. Here we show that a source of diene II is the sympagic diatom Berkeleya adeliensis Medlin. Furthermore, the propensity for B. adeliensis to flourish in...
Analysis of 〉100 surface sediments from across the Barents Sea has shown that the relative abundances of the mono-unsaturated sea ice diatom-derived biomarker IP25 and a tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid (HBI III) are characteristic of the overlying surface oceanographic conditions, most notably, the location of the seasonal se...
Previously reported concentration data for highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes and the sterol 24-methylcholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol (brassicasterol or epi-brassicasterol) obtained from 45 Barents Sea surface sediments reflecting contrasting sea ice conditions have been combined together in the form of the PIP25 index, with outcomes compared with...
Two previously uncharacterised C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes have been identified in a laboratory culture of the diatom Pleurosigma intermedium and their structures determined using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These new tri- and tetra-unsaturated HBI alkenes are stereoisomers of...
EI mass fragmentation pathways of TMS derivatives οf 7α/β-hydroxy-dehydroabietic acids resulting from NaBH4-reduction of oxidation products of dehydroabietic acid (a component of conifers) were investigated and deduced by a combination of (1) low energy CID-GC-MS/MS, (2) deuterium labeling, (3) different derivatization methods, and (4) GC-QTOF accu...
We report the structures and analytical data for several highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) mono- and di-unsaturated alkenes (monoenes and dienes). This has been achieved by isolating several well characterised HBI dienes from diatom cultures and sediments, and transforming these to structurally related monoenes and other dienes using partial hydroge...
The occurrence of a novel C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) mono-unsaturated hydrocarbon in Arctic marine sediments from the Fram Strait is described. The structure .was determined following synthesis from a closely related diene and NMR spectroscopic analysis. The position of the double bond was confirmed further by oxidation (RuO4) and compari...
Arctic sea ice coverage is shrinking in response to global climate change, and summer ice-free conditions in the Arctic Ocean are predicted by the end of the century. The validity of this prediction could potentially be tested through the reconstruction of the climate of the Pliocene epoch (5.33-2.58 million years ago), an analogue of a future warm...
We measured the concentrations of selected lipids and some of their degradation products in a time series of sea ice samples from Resolute Bay in the Canadian Arctic in 2012. The identification of specific tracers of photo- and autoxidation reactions provided evidence of both abiotic processes acting on organic matter, although none of the lipids a...
A strikingly fast decrease of Arctic sea-ice cover has been recorded for the instrumental period and attributed to anthropogenic climate change, but little is known about natural sea-ice variability. Hence, there is a need for longer sea-ice time series to establish a baseline for natural Arctic sea-ice variability. We compiled 119 proxy-based sea-...
Arctic sea ice coverage is shrinking in response to global climate change and summer ice-free conditions in the Arctic Ocean are predicted by the end of the century. The validity of this prediction could potentially be tested through the reconstruction of the climate of the Pliocene epoch (5.33-2.58 million years ago), an analogue of a future warme...
Rationale:
C25 tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes are produced by a number of marine diatoms around the world yet are very easily oxidized during senescence to yield several isomeric allylic 9-hydroperoxides. Elucidation of the electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS) fragmentation pathways of the trimethylsilyl (TMS) der...
The unambiguous identification of discrete sources of organic matter is critical for understanding the processes that affect ecosystem structure. Here, we demonstrate how changes in the relative proportions of highly branched isoprenoid lipids can provide a straightforward analytical method to distinguish between organic matter derived from sea ice...
Highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs) are known to be biosynthesised by diatoms and are a common component of many marine and freshwater environments. However, the ability to produce these unusual hydrocarbons appears to be restricted to a few diatom species that are represented by just four genera (Haslea, Pleurosigma, Rhizosolenia and Navicula). Des...
We analyzed liver samples from 322 ringed seals (Pusa hispida) collected from Cumberland Sound (southeast Baffin Island) to test our ability to differentiate between carbon sources in near apex predators. Highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs) were present in all samples, and their distributions were consistent with recognized seal habitat use. HBI dis...
Analysis of the organic geochemical biomarker IP25 in marine sediments is an established method for carrying out palaeo sea ice reconstructions for the Arctic. Such reconstructions cover timescales from decades back to the early Pleistocene, and are critical for understanding past climate conditions on Earth and for informing climate prediction mod...
Autoxidation of several mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes was induced in organic solvents using a radical initiator and enhancer, and their degradation rates were compared to those of classical phytoplanktonic lipids (mono-unsaturated fatty acids, sterols and chlorophyll phytyl side-chain). Autoxidation...
A marine sediment core (JM09-KA11-GC) from the Kveithola Trough at the
western Barents Sea margin has been investigated in order to reconstruct
sub-surface temperatures and sea ice distribution at a sub-centennial
resolution throughout the Holocene. The relationship between past
variability of Atlantic water inflow and sea ice distribution has been...
We describe the results of an inter-laboratory investigation into the identification and quantification of the Arctic sea ice biomarker proxy IP25 in marine sediments. 7 laboratories took part in the study, which consisted of the analysis of IP25 in a series of sediment samples from different regions of the Arctic, sub-Arctic and Antarctic, additio...
Three short (20-cm) giant gravity cores were recovered (AD 1990) from ~ 300 m water depth in outer Kangerdlugssuaq Trough (East Greenland) with the aim of studying recent oceanographic changes and compare the proxy-based data with historical and instrumental data for a better understanding of the ice sheet-ocean interactions in the area of Denmark...
An analysis of the sea ice proxy IP25 and the open water
phytoplankton indicator brassicasterol has been carried out for 93
surface sediments collected from the Barents Sea and some additional
data from previous studies have been included to augment the analysis
further. Consistent with a specific and selective sea ice diatom origin
for IP25, this...
A palaeo sea ice reconstruction for northern Norway for the interval ca
13.8-7.2 cal ka BP has been performed using a combined
organic geochemical proxy-based study of a marine sediment core
(JM99-1200) obtained from Andfjorden (69° 15.95‧ N, 16°
25.09‧ E) and the outcomes compared with a series of other
palaeoclimate studies carried out previously...
