Sikandar Hayat Khan

Armed Forces Institute of Pathology | AFIP · Department of Chemical Pathology

Objective: To evaluate Apo-A1, Apo-B and Lipoprotein (a) and conventional lipid profile parameters among subjects with high and low insulin resistance groups. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Naval Hospital, Islamabad. Period: 2018 to 2020. Material & Methods: To include 164 subjects after several exclusions. We carried out conventiona...

COVID-19 infection has emerged as an unparalleled pandemic with morbidity and mortality tolls challenging diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions, and raising serious questions for healthcare policy-makers. From the diagnostic perspective, Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction remains the gold standard. However, issues associa...

Background: Metabolic syndrome over the years have structured definitions to classify an individual with the disease. Literature review suggests insulin résistance is hallmark of these metabolic clustering. While measuring insulin resistance directly or indirectly remains technically difficult in general practice, along with multiple stability issu...

he millennial journey from starvation to sudden abundance, though exciting still, will be haunting the mankind; and in specific, the Asian populace for altered metabolic state leading to certain diseases. While explanations may be there, but current data highlights that the ancestors of current day South Asia typically adopted a farmer’s life and s...

Pathology, while diverging into newer dimensions has always remained at the forefront of science in terms of incorporating newer methodologies for emerging technologies and informatics. While we will never know who could be the first person using tangible evidence in terms of data, but we did see laboratories transforming from pipetting methods and...

Evolving through time, mankind adopted various lifestyles to comfort themselves which were completely different from the life lived by our ancestors. Breeding over this evolutionary “comfort zone” are the curses involving extremely processed food with much more controlled local surroundings owing everything to the contemporary technological boom. W...

Mankind during current pandemic has displayed the best possible responses utilizing researched knowledge base, cutting edge biotechnology and most importantly the will to take down tis mammoth menace of our times. Though mixed sorrows and failures progress towards the “war on COVID-19” without doubt outshined against the challenger from the develop...

CRISPR genome editing technologies have been improving by every passing day. The initial CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, though emerged an improved version of genome editing in competition with TALENS and ZFNs, was nevertheless not free from technical and off-target effects. Technological improvements overtime start addressing issues with original CRISPR...

Kisspeptin as a neuropeptide was established initially as regulator GnRH pulse frequency and intensity. Over time it was recognized that the interaction are mediated through a specific receptor GPR54, which has also been found throughout the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Further insights into the mechanisms leading to triggering of kis...

Conventional medicine with direct patient-medic suffers stagnation and may become redundant without any innovative oxygen of ideas. Current healthcare practices will ultimately need newer gateways for evolution, more cost-effective medical businesses and evidence-based healthcare at doorsteps. Though promising, the practice may face additional kick...

Had liver a face to mirror itself, perhaps we could have avoided a lot of dietary abuse. While it’s not so a lot of yummy taste that the tongue relishes are passed down as permanent freckling to the “metabolic factory”. In medicine “Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease (NAFLD)”, and its synonyms like Fatty Liver Disease” and “Metabolic Associated Fatt...

Objective: To compare DHEAS levels among subjects with and without PCOS, evaluating differences between lean-PCOS or obese-PCOS phenotype for insulin resistance, anthropometric indices, glycemic and lipid parameters. Study design: Descriptive study. Study Place and Duration of Study: PNS Hafeez Naval Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from January 2...

Diabetes, undeniably pivots around most of the major killers on our planet, regardless of it's direct impact on atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Though conventional diagnostic & therapeutic approaches are continuously evolving and improving, still these aspects remain handicapped due to limited prognostic nature and being least info...

The pace of human evolution has accelerated at an unprecedented rate in the last couple of decades. Never ever before the mankind could witness a global hostage situation by a tiny invisible RNA creature. While the global community struggles at large finding plausible solutions in the information replete era, there are serious lessons to be learnt....

Global mortality related to cancer has just crossed 10 million, with one in every six death being attributed to this world wide curse. While cancers of lung, breast and colorectal area constitute the major global share of this disease, we do have malignancies emerging from every part of human body. Colorectal tumors, being the third commonest tumor...

Serological markers have remained the mainstay of infectious disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring for last so many decades. The comfort associated with serology testing has emerged from end user understanding, availability of “Rapid Point of Care testing (POCT)” formats and most importantly decreased turnaround times (TAT). In recent times, C...

Objective- To evaluate diabetogenic and lipid profiles among subjects with or without vitamin D deficient male subjects. Design- Cross-sectional analysis Place and duration of study- From Jan- 2018 to Dec- 2018 at PNS HAFEEZ hospital Islamabad Subjects and methods- From a target population of adult male patients selected after several exclusion, we...

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), undeniably top any available list of mortality and morbidity statistics charts all over the globe. One in 4 deaths with every death/36 seconds has been attributed to ASCVD in United States. 1 The study of various animal models have already established that the process of atherosclerosis starts from e...

The disease burden associated with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) on a daily basis, which makes it necessary to develop new diagnostic modalities for T2DM. The recently emerging molecular biomarkers have high predictive potential, enhanced diagnostic efficacy, therapeutic efficacy, and ability to assess progression to complications. In recent time...

Objective: To evaluate glycated haemoglobin as a biomarker for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus while keeping the oral glucose tolerance test as the gold standard. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from Januray, 2016, to January, 2018, at PNS Hafeez Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, and comprised pregnant subjects who were first...

Background: Metabolic syndrome over decades has undergone multiple diagnostic criteria announced by National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), WHO, International Diabetic Federation (IDF) and certain regional criteria. Recently, Soldatovic et al. have provided a mathematical model for evaluating metabolic syndrome. We aimed to compare siMS scor...

Background: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) remains a key lipid parameter and focus of clinical prevention targets for cardiovascular diseases. Although measured LDLc values are now available, many clinicians still rely on calculated method. Accordingly, several methods have evolved to overcome the shortcomings of previous models and imp...

COVID-19 has clouded the conscious thought process in such a manner as never before since the Homo sapiens ever lived on this planet, to remain so for a very long time to come. We, being the only self-declared social animal on this planet since the known history of mankind, are now learning newer rules of engagement including social distancing wher...

COVID-19 has recently become a major pandemic with associated socioeconomic dimensions. Mortality statistics suggest that COVID-19 is more lethal in aged patients with comorbid conditions including hypertension. There is ongoing debate about whether the use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (...

Beta cell function Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has always been considered a heterogeneous and broad spectrum disease with many associated complications and variations. Worthwhile in this regard were the findings that different individuals with T2DM label had slightly different set of clinical features and end-organ damage. Evidence is also ther...

Current day laboratory diagnostics relies heavily on glucose load testing as the core behind which the diagnosis revolves. However, the laboratory experience suggest multiple technical issues which need to be over taken before execution of a sound oral glucose tolerance test which question the methodology and need to up gradation for diagnosing dia...

The recent occurrence of “COVID-19”, now been termed a “controllable pandemic” by WHO is one the example of such diseases where the exuberance of varying information has resulted in world wide “Corono Phobia” which by some experts is exaggerated. Ren et al in their review have considered misinformation, discrimination and prejudices against patient...

Artificial intelligence employs machine base algorithmic processes which are now entering into the clinical domain. While the medical doctors and paramedical staff are usually not formally taught the subject in their primaries so a little understanding about various machine learning processes are essential. Apart from staff the requirements, knowle...

Background- Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and fatty liver disease are considered to be off-shoots of insulin resistance and related inactive and unhealthy life patterns. However, the link between the two disorders have recently been found to be variable across regions, races and underlying pathology. We intended to evaluate the risk of having...

Medicine joining hands with bioinformatics: Emerging role of miRNA in medical sciences ABSTRACT Dr. Sikandar Hayat Khan With last few decades changing the paradigm changes in life we are living, medical science loaded with biotechnology and bioinformatics is fortifying clinicians support to fight disease and ailments. Molecular pathology in this re...

Background: Data indicates that Vitamin-D (VD) insufficiency (low level of serum VD) has a close association with many metabolic disorders. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is considered to be a metabolic disorder and VD administration has been attempted to ameliorate PCOS. VD insufficiency has been reported to be present in women with PCOS. Howeve...

Objective: To evaluate reproductive hormonal profile among three groups with varying sexual performance satisfaction (erectile dysfunction) with or without type-2 diabetes (T2DM). Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional analysis. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology, PNS Hafeez Hospital, Islamabad, from January to December, 2018...

Objective: To evaluate abdominal volume index (AVI), body roundness index (BRI), body adiposity index (BAI), a body shape index (ABSI) and conicity index (C-Index) for differences in subjects with or without metabolic syndrome, diabetes, nephropathy, and dyslipidemia; and secondly, to evaluate the diagnostic performance through measuring area under...

Objective: To evaluate abdominal volume index (AVI), body roundness index (BRI), body adiposity index (BAI), a body shape index (ABSI) and conicity index (C-Index) for differences in subjects with or without metabolic syndrome, diabetes, nephropathy, and dyslipidemia; and secondly, to evaluate the diagnostic performance through measuring area unde...

Objective: To evaluate reproductive hormonal profile among three groups with varying sexual performance satisfaction (erectile dysfunction) with or without type-2 diabetes (T2DM). Study design: Comparative cross-sectional analysis. Place and duration of study: Department of Pathology, PNS Hafeez Hospital, Islamabad, from January to December, 2...

The recent times had seen a technological outburst in all domains of life. Healthcare, biotechnology and bioinformatics is no exception to the rule, where we now in real-time anticipate the evolution from conventional medicine to molecular medicine. It has been established that molecular medicine and related diagnostic pathology is already changing...

Background- The objective of this review is to unify the various genetic defects along with elaborating metabolic pathways in Familial combined hyperlipidemia and also to differentiate the phenotype of FCHL from metabolic syndrome. Methods- PubMed and Cochrane’s library was searched for keyword “Familial combined hyperlipidemia” and latter with “F...

Critical care setting is one central place in hospital whose services remain undeniable, have to timely and with micro precision and accuracy to the level of “Bull’s eye”. Errors in any format whether clinical or diagnostic is usually irreversible and expensive in terms of human life and health economy. More often than not litigation and complaints...

Background- The objective of this review is to unify the various genetic defects along with elaborating metabolic pathways in Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia(FCHL) and also to differentiate the phenotype of FCHL from metabolic syndrome. Methods- PubMed and Cochrane’s library was searched for keyword “Familial combined hyperlipidemia” and latter w...

Gene therapy has entered a new era with the dawn of CRISPR/Cas9 technology which though were always available in nature but rediscovered to tame into a real-tlife genome editing tool. With the modernization upsurge and changes in ways the "homo sapiens" survived on this planet from hunger to current era of exuberance has led to multiple metabolic i...

Background- Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is increasingly being diagnosed and treated with sometimes variable lifestyle advice and pharmacological interventions. Obesity is considered as the sole culprit and variable definitions in clinics compound the understanding of pathogenic heterogeneity of this syndrome. We evaluated the differences bet...

Background- Insulin resistance is core cause of metabolic syndrome. Determining insulin resistance is one of the foremost requirements imperative to understanding the pathophysiology of disease. The gold standard “Euglycaemic clamp test” is cumbersome, long and non-feasible in routine clinical setups to diagnose metabolic syndrome. Various continuo...

Lipidology as super-specialty is evolving both in terms of risk prediction but also to uncover the hidden mysteries within humans suffering from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) associated complication with apparently similar LDL concentration and particle size. Over decades since LDL discovery in 1950, the science has covered miles t...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate glucose tolerance patterns in pregnant ladies undergoing 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for comparing fasting, 1-hour, 2-hour post-glucose load results, HbA1c, sum of all glucose readings with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group...

Traditional healthcare system is at the doorstep for entering into the arena of molecular medicine. The enormous knowledge and ongoing research has now been able to demonstrate methodologies which can alter the DNA coding. The techniques used to edit or change genome evolved from the earlier attempts like nuclease technologies, homing endonucleases...

Sub-clinical hypothyroidism is a considered once TSH levels are mildly raised in subjects after excluding various confounding entities. This conference paper attempts to highlight an algorithmic approach to dealing with sub-clinical hypothyroidism.

Beta cell function Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has always been considered a heterogeneous and broad-spectrum diseases with so many associated complications and variations. Worthwhile in this regard were the findings that different individuals with T2DM label had slightly different set of clinical features and end-organ damage. Evidence is also...

Lipidology as super-specialty is evolving both in terms of risk prediction but also to uncover the hidden mysteries within humans suffering from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) associated complication with apparently similar LDL concentration and particle size. Over decades since LDL discovery in 1950, the science has covered miles t...

Objectives To measure correlation and concordance between measured LDL cholesterol (mLDLc) and Friedewald’s calculated LDL cholesterol (cLDLc). To compare the mLDLc and cLDLc values for various anthropometric measures and biochemical indices including insulin resistance, nephropathy, glycated hemoglobin and triglycerides. Methods Two hundred thirt...

Sub clinical-hypothyroidism is identified as sub-optimal thyroid hormonal production associated with mild TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) elevation. Though several non-thyroidal illness in the later stages, medications and dietary supplements may resemble SCH (sub clinical-hypothyroidism), but mild persistent subnormal thyroidal pathologies are u...

Subclinical-hypothyroidism is identified as suboptimal thyroid hormonal production associated with mild TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) elevation. Though several non-thyroidal illness in the later stages, medications and dietary supplements may resemble SCH (subclinical-hypothyroidism), but mild persistent subnormal thyroidal pathologies are usua...

As we write about T2DM we had in our hindsight the growing nature of this metabolic plague with current prevalence racing to 451 million sufferers worldwide with next milestone peaking around 693 million by the year 2045. There could be some discrepancies in exactness of the statistical calculations from Zhang et al., still the suggested yearly spe...

Objective: To correlate estimated average glucose (eAG) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among patients referred from medical and surgical OPDs. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2016 to July 2017 at the Department of Pathology and Medicine, PNS HAFEEZ Hospital, in collaboration with Department of Chemical Path...

Objective: To correlate estimated average glucose (eAG) with glycated hemo¬globin (HbA1c) among patients referred from medical and surgical OPDs. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2016 to July 2017 at the Department of Pathology and Medicine, PNS HAFEEZ Hospital, in collaboration with Department of Chemical Pa...

Traditional healthcare system is at the doorstep for entering into the arena of molecular medicine. The enormous knowledge and ongoing research has now been able to demonstrate methodologies which can alter the DNA coding. The techniques used to edit or change genome evolved from the earlier attempts like nuclease technologies, homing endonucleases...

Molecular pathology techniques are rapidly evolving over the last three decades with multiple versatile and novel investigative procedures now mushrooming up in the market. From the time Mulllis developed PCR to today’s innovative concept of next generation sequencing (NGS), there have been multiple other small scale projects which managed to enter...

Background Metabolic syndrome over the years have structured definitions to classify an individual with the disease. Literature review suggests insulin résistance is hallmark of these metabolic clustering. While measuring insulin resistance directly or indirectly remains technically difficult in general practice, along with multiple stability issue...

ENTERING THE ERA OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE: ARE WE PREPARED?

Objective To compare lipid parameters, HbA1c, uric acid and albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) among subjects having euthyroidism, Sub-Clinical Hypothyroidism (SCH) and overt hypothyroidism. Methods This comparative cross-sectional analysis was carried out from Dec-2015 to Oct-2016 in collaboration between PNS HAFEEZ hospital and department of chemic...

Objective: To to compare non-high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among subjects with or without metabolic syndrome, glycation status and nephropathic changes. Methods: The comparative cross-sectional study was carried out from Dec 21, 2015, to Nov 15, 2016, at the department of pathology and medicine PNS HAFEEZ and d...

Background Recent literature in lipidology has identified LDL-fractions to be more atherogenic. In this regard, small density LDL-cholesterol (sdLDLc) has been considered to possess more atherogenicity than other LDL-fractions like large buoyant LDL-cholesterol (lbLDLc). Recently, Srisawasdi et al. have developed a method for calculating sdLDLc and...

Objective: To compare insulin resistance and glycemic indicators among subjects with euthyroidism and subclinicalhypothyroidism. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology and Medicine, PNS Hafeez, Islamabad, in collaboration with the Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology at th...

Background- The primary health care physician is usually perplexed with regards to selection of initial therapy for patients presenting with fever. Some degrees of hematological changes do exist in most patients with malaria. How often these changes do exist with malaria in our set up? And whether these changes are due to associated fever or actual...

Background-Fatty liver disease has been a very common finding in asymptomatic subjects undergoing ultrasonography of the abdomen. This finding not only creates concerns for the patients, but also leads to non-relevant investigations. Objective- To evaluate the biochemical markers including serum triglycerides, ALT, and fasting plasma glucose in de...

Objective: To measure the differences of lipids including total cholesterol and triglycerides among subjects with or without GDM. Study Design: Cross sectional comparative study. Place and duration of study: This study was carried out between Dec 2010 to Jun 2012 at the department of gynecology & obstetrics Pakistan Naval Ship (PNS) Shifa and depar...

The screening measures to identify various cardiovascular risks relatedto hyperglycemia, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are involves both anatomicassessments like anthropometric measures or body’s physiological evaluation by performingbiochemical parameters. In this regard “lipid accumulation product” (LAP) has surfaced as amarker to incorpo...

ABSTRACT: The screening measures to identify various cardiovascular risks related to hyperglycemia, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are involves both anatomic assessments like anthropometric measures or body’s physiological evaluation by performing biochemical parameters. In this regard “lipid accumulation product” (LAP) has surfaced as a ma...

Lipid disorders are the focal source of cardiovascular mortality across the whole globe. The major sources of mortality and morbidity comes from heart disease, strikes, peripheral heart diseases and other athero-thrombotic disorders. Early intervention in this regard to address dyslipiemia is therefore desirable.This presentation discusses the vari...

Abstract Objective: To compare platelet indices among patients with low and highlevels of cholesterolemia and triglyceridemiaMethodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2011to May 2012 at the departments of pathology, PNS Rahat and Baqai medicaland dental university , Karachi. A total of 867 subjects presenting for estimati...

The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus by the available criteria is controversial and relies heavily on fasting glucose results. This cross-sectional study in 2010-2011 aimed to measure the frequency of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus in 127 subjects having fasting blood glucose < 7.0 mmol/L and to measure the agreement between differe...

S.H. Khan,1 A. Ijaz,2 S.A. Raza Bokhari,1 M.S. Hanif 1 and N. Azam 1 تواتر خلل تحمل الغلوكوز والسكّري لدى من يقل غلوكوز الدم على الريق لديهم عن 6.1 ميلي مول/لتر (110 ميلي غرام/ديسي لتر) إسكندر حياة خان، عامر إعجاز، سيد عون رضا شاه يبخار، محمد شِهزاد حنيف، نائلة أعظم الخلاصـة: لا يوجد اتفاق على تشخيص السكّري وفق المعايير المتاحة، ويعتمد إلى حدّ ك...

ASSOCIATION OF BLOOD LIPID AND GLUCOSE LEVELS WITH CAROTID INTIMA MEDIA THICKNESS Syed Aown Raza Bokhari, Sikandar Hayat Khan, Muhammad Shahzad Hanif, Mariam Hassan, Naila Azam Abstract Objective: To measure the differences in CIMT across groups based upon normal and higher levels offasting glucose and lipids. Methodology: This cross sectional...

Objective: To measure the differences in CIMT across groups based upon normal and higher levels offasting glucose and lipids. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out between January to June 2011 at department ofradiology and pathology, PNS Rahat hospital Karachi. From a target population of patients presenting forfasting blood gluco...

ABSTRACT… Background: The rapid change in lifestyles and dietary has led to a pandemic of diabetes mellitus. The diagnosis ofdiabetes mellitus sometimes requires 2 hr OGTT sampling. Recent evidence has shown that there are lipid related abnormalitiesassociated with diabetes mellitus, so a consideration comes in for their utilization as a marker to...

Abstract Objective: To describe patient satisfaction with hospital services and staff dealing. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out between January to April-2011 at out-patient departments of PNS Rahat. Randomly selected 96 patients entitled to free medical treatment were offered to voluntarily fill the pretested struct...

Objectives To correlate age with fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol and to compare fasting blood glucose levels among different quartiles of age and to compare the effect of gender on lipids and fasting blood glucose. Subjects and Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out from May 2010 to April 2011 at the Departme...

Objective:To evaluate the association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD)inadequacyand hyperglycaemia in a Pakistani adult population. Study Design:Case control study Place & Period of Study:Department of Pathology, PNS SHIFA Hospital, Karachi; Aug 2011 to Nov 2011. Method and Material:Plasma Glucose levels were measured in 86 patients divided on the b...

To compare different cut-off values of fasting and random plasma glucose as a screening test for diagnosis of gestational diabetes in comparison to the 50 grams Glucose Challenge Test (GCT). Comparative, cross-sectional study. This study was carried out between July 2006 to September 2007 at Departments of Pathology, Obstetrics/Gynaecology and Medi...

Insulin resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome is one of the major metabolic threats our recently urbanized society is going to face in near future. The management of this syndrome requires a very effective biochemical marker for screening. The objective of this cross sectional study were to compare various lipid and lipoprotein indices in human...

Objective: To describe filling patterns and associated transcriptional aspects in phlebotomy tubes received at PNS Rahat laboratory. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out from November 2006 to August 2007 at Department of Pathology, PNS Rahat, Karachi. Phlebotomy related data was collected from various blood collection tubes...

Objective: To compare insulin resistance between hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects. Methodology: It is a comparative cross-sectional study which was carried out between April 2004 to March 2006 at department of chemical pathology and endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi. A total of sixty-three subjects with metabo...

To determine insulin resistance in human subjects having impaired glucose regulation (IGR) by Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Comparative cross-sectional study. DURATION OF THE STUDY: This study was carried out between September 2004 to September 2005, at the Department of Chemical Pathology and Clinical Endocrinology...

Karamat Ahmed Karamat, Karamat Ahmed Karamat, Sikandar Hayat, Tariq Butt, Shahid Abbasi. Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Pak Armed Forces Med J Dec 2000;50(2):114-6. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi MDR in mycobacteriology is defined as simultaneous resistance to atleast RIF and INH, either with or without the resistance of othe...