Siamak Noroozi

• Bournemouth University

The shoulder is one of the most active joints within the human body. Recruited in many daily activities either in active use such as moving or carrying objects or as a source of stability during locomotion. As a result, pain and lack of motion in the shoulder can be debilitating. The replacement of the joint, with improper joint tension, can leave...

The use of an intraoperative load sensor during a Total Knee Replacement (TKR) can greatly improve functional outcomes for patients and reduce the probability of an early revision surgery. This sensor would become a method of non-destructive testing to inform surgeons in real time on the expected functional outcome of the knee postoperatively. The...

Intraoperative load sensors have been developed with the aim of balancing the soft tissue in the knee during Total Knee Replacements (TKRs). Literature has shown success in soft tissue bal-ancing however, concerns regarding the accuracy of these sensors remain. For this reason, pre-vious research has attempted to create robust sensors for intraoper...

Using tibial sensors in total knee replacements (TKRs) can enhance patient outcomes and reduce early revision surgeries, benefitting hospitals, the National Health Services (NHS), stakeholders, biomedical companies, surgeons, and patients. Having a sensor that is accurate, precise (over the whole surface), and includes a wide range of loads is impo...

The knee joint is a complex joint in the body. It is one of the most active joints in the body. It also experiences some of the most extreme loads encountered during walking, running, jumping, etc. Damage due to arthritis or trauma or sports injuries can often result in Total Knee Replacement (TKR) surgery where implants are manufactured by a varie...

Predicting load from sensors for intraoperative joint assessment using artificial neural networks (ANNs) is a relatively new and novel technique which can be useful for various other health monitoring applications. In joint replacement surgeries, balancing the load using ANN predicted load measurements can prove useful in cases where a larger sensi...

Experimental modal analysis (EMA) with oblique excitation (i.e. oblique impact testing) is useful in improving the long test time problem of conventional EMA with normal excitation (i.e. triaxial normal impact testing), in order to extract all the important dynamic characteristics of a 3D complex structure. In this study, a new methodology involvin...

This paper aims to investigate the performance of a hydraulic actuator controlled by the novel system microindependent metering (MIM). This analysis has been performed by comparing the models of two systems which are the traditional independent metering (IM), which depends on poppet valve, and the new hydro‐mechatronics system MIM, which relies on...

Oblique impact excitation has been introduced in Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA), with the great advantage of reducing the conventional EMA’s testing time by a factor of three. One major constraint of this technique is the investigation of the effect of various oblique impact directions towards its accuracy in determining the structural dynamic c...

This paper presents the results of numerical and experimental performance evaluation of the rotary tubular spool valve. The aim of this work is to develop further the novel design of the tubular spool valve by confirming experimentally the validity of the simulation model and its results, thereby proving the valve's potential to represent a feasibl...

The subject of this paper is the review of advanced technology used in hydraulic systems. The technology in question is termed Independent Metering (IM); this is used in hydraulically driven mobile machinery, such as agricultural, construction, municipal, and forestry vehicles. The idea behind the concept is to modify the connection between the act...

This paper investigates the driving techniques for a novel stepped rotary flow control valve which has been developed for a hydraulic Independent Metering (IM) control system. This valve has promising features such as observed controllability and stability. Its main structure is composed of a stepper motor coupled directly to a rotary orifice. The...

Flow-induced vibrations are a major problem in all oil and gas processing industries, so all piping systems which work non-stop for 24/7 require regular condition monitoring and inspection to assess changes in their dynamic characteristics and structural integrity in order to prevent catastrophic failures. A novel method of non-destructive testing...

This paper presents a control algorithm for a novel Mechatronics Electro-hydraulic Driving System, Micro-Independent Metering. The main idea of the independent metering is a separated control of the hydraulic actuator ports which are the meter-in and the meter-out. IM technique configuration relies upon different types of valves, especially on popp...

This paper investigates the driving techniques for a novel stepped rotary flow control valve which has been developed for a hydraulic Independent Metering (IM) control system. This valve has promising features such as observed controllability and stability. Its main structure is composed of a stepper motor coupled directly to a rotary orifice. The...

The hydraulic independent metering is an advanced actuator driving technique that allows the implementation of advanced control algorithms or methods. The main concept of independent metering is to control hydraulic actuators ports, which are the meter-in and meter-out, separately. In this article, a novel stepped rotary type valve has been develop...

This paper aims to create a sensor-less feedback position detection for a flow control orifice actuated by a stepper motor. Nowadays, many applications such as hydraulic and pneumatic systems use a stepper motor as an actuator, instead of traditional mechanical or solenoid. In nonlinear environment such as hydraulic systems, a stepper motor may suf...

High flow rate control is very important for different applications ranging from constructional, industrial, military and aerospace. Generally, hydraulic control relies on different types of valves. For example, poppet and spool valves have been implemented in Independent Metering (IM) system which is usually installed in mobile hydraulic machines...

Real time-in-service interfacial load measurement and load tracking between prosthetic socket and the residual limb is of paramount importance. Noroozi et al proposed an inverse method approach using ANN to predict the magnitude and location of the interfacial load between prosthetic socket and the residual limb from the structural response of the...

For patients with deficient rotator cuff Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty, in which the centre of rotation of the glenohumeral joint is repositioned, is a popular treatment. However, for optimal restoration of motion after RSA, the correct implant selection and positioning within the bones is critical for a successful surgical outcome. This paper exam...

Background: The current method of prescribing composite running-specific energy-storing-and-returning feet is subjective and is based only on the amputee's static body weight/mass. Objectives: The aim was to investigate their dynamic characteristics and create a relationship between these dynamic data and the prescription of foot. Study design:...

Electrohydraulic servo actuators (EHSAs) are the main element of many hydraulic systems used for variety of applications. They are usually preferred because of their unique and flexible characteristics. However, to optimise their performance, these systems are usually accompanied with sophisticated control systems. Generally, there are different ty...

In recent years, the study of human body dynamics has been attracting a significant amount of attention. Currently there are many camera or active sensor based motion analysis systems available on the market. They have been extensively adopted and used by the film and animation or entertainment industries such as film and video game producers. More...

Traditional shoulder range of movement (ROM) measurement tools suffer from inaccuracy or from long experimental setup times. Recently, it has been demonstrated that relatively low-cost wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors can overcome many of the limitations of traditional motion tracking systems. The aim of this study is to develop and...

Purpose: To gain an insight into the manufacturing and fitting of artificial eyes in children and potential improvements to the process. Method: An online qualitative survey was distributed to 39 ocularists/prosthetists in Europe and Canada. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling, specifically maximum variation sampling from the...

In this paper, a novel design of a rotary hydraulic flow control valve has been presented for high flow rate fluid power systems. High flow rates in these systems account for substantial flow forces acting on the throttling elements of the valves and cause the application of mechanically sophisticated multi-staged servo valves for flow regulation....

Suitable lower-limb prosthetic sockets must provide an adequate distribution of the pressures created from standing and ambulation. A systematic search for articles reporting socket pressure changes in response to device alignment perturbation was carried out, identifying 11 studies. These were then evaluated using the American Academy of Orthotist...

Vibration behavior of any solid structure reveals certain dynamic characteristics and property parameters of that structure. Inverse problems dealing with vibration response utilize the response signals to find out input factors and/or certain structural properties. Due to certain drawbacks of traditional solutions to inverse problems, ANNs have ga...

Flow in piping generates random excitation which is non-periodic and that means resonance will not be the key factor to pipe failure. One of the main causes of pipe failure is weak supports. Due to their dissimilar stiffness in the piping system, it leads to low frequency and high amplitude flow induced vibration that causes high cyclic stress resu...

Ensemble neural networks are a commonly used as a method to boost performance of artificial intelligence applications. By collating the response of multiple networks with differences in composition or training and hence a range of estimation error, an overall improvement in the appraisal of new problem data can be made. In this work, artificial neu...

Efficient walking or running requires symmetrical gait. Gait symmetry is one of the key factors in efficient human dynamics, kinematics and kinetics. The desire of individuals with a lower-limb amputation to participate in sports has resulted in the development of energy-storing-and-returning (ESR) feet. This paper analyses a case study to show the...

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), in which anatomic concavities of glenohumeral (GH) joint are inverted, is a popular treatment of arthritic shoulders with deficient rotator cuff. The correct positioning of the glenohumeral center of rotation and initial setting of the deltoid length (Deltoid Tension) plays an important role in the outcome of th...

Reliable production plants are vital in today's economy as they have a direct impact on the productivity, profitability and overall prosperity of industrial nations, the income of which depends on their industries and the products they create and export. Reliability depends on regular condition monitoring and plant maintenance and, more importantly...

It has been recognized that that the design and prescription of Energy Storing and Returning prosthetic running feet are not well understood and that further information on their performance would be beneficial to increase this understanding. Dynamic analysis of an amputee wearing a prosthetic foot is typically performed using reflective markers an...

This paper analyses the performances of lower-limb amputees in the 100, 200 and 400 m running events from the 2004, 2008 and 2012 Paralympic Games. In this paper, four hypotheses are pursued. In the first, it investigates whether the running performance of lower-limb amputees over three consecutive Paralympic Games has changed. In the second, it as...

Retinoblastoma is a rare but significant cause of childhood eye cancer world-wide. The prognosis depends upon early diagnosis and treatment but also upon accurate classification of the tumours. Unilateral incidence is normally non-hereditary compared with bilateral incidence where secondary tumours are more common. Survivorship is much better for u...

Identification of material properties is one of the key issues in composite materials research. The mechanical properties of composite materials depend on diverse factors such as configuration of the laminates, constituent materials used and production method adopted. Conventional testing approach tends to be time-consuming, expensive and destructi...

Failure of the duplex stainless steel piping system in oil and gas industry can have disastrous effects. In this study, a novel method of failure analysis of flow-induced vibration problem of in-serviced duplex stainless steel piping system is proposed. The proposed non-destructive technique is able to determine a suitable operating condition for c...

Technological developments have led to the increased use of carbon fiber and prosthetic lower-limbs in running events at the Paralympic Games. This study aims to exploit a series of statistical techniques in order to prepare a response to the vital question of whether utilizing prosthetic feet can affect an athletes ability when running competitive...

In this study, the effectiveness of selecting a suitable analysis frequency range in impact force identification is highlighted. A methodology that utilizesOperating Deflection Shape (ODS) analysis, Modal Analysis (MA) and Modal Transformation Method (MTM) to evaluate the dynamic force in three cases of analysis frequency ranges was presented. Thes...

Aircraft wing structures are subjected to different types of loads such as static and dynamic loads throughout their life span. A methodology was developed to predict the static load applied on a wing rib without load cells using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). In conjunction with the finite element modelling of the rib, a classic two layer feed-f...

A new method, namely Impact-synchronous Modal Analysis (ISMA), utilizing the modal extraction technique commonly used in Experimental Modal Analysis performed in the presence of the ambient forces, is proposed. In ISMA, the extraction is performed while the machine is running, utilized Impact-synchronous Time Averaging prior to performing the Fast...

Single link robotic manipulators are extensively used in industry and research operations. The main design requirement of such manipulators is to minimize link dynamic deflection and its active end vibrations, and obtain high position accuracy during its high-speed motion. To achieve these requirements, accurate mathematical modeling and simulation...

Previous impact force identification has focused on collocated cases because non-collocated cases tend to be ill-posed. Considering the impact location is inaccessible, impact force identification using remote responses away from the impact location must be developed. This study initiates an effort to examine impact force identification for non-col...

Two energy return prosthesis are subjected to three different statically applied loading methods. This initial study proposes that statically applied loading to a sport prosthesis using several controlled methods were statistically robust enough to derive a mechanical stiffness value. However, any predicted stiffness is drawn into question when all...

This article presents the results of an investigation into the failure of bolted joints in thin composite panels. The experimental investigations and comparisons of two different bolt group configurations (single row and staggered row) subjected to uniaxial loading are presented. Finite element analysis (FEA) is utilized to find the optimum bolt an...

Background: T44 sprinting with an amputation is still in a state of relative infancy. Future scope for athletic training and prosthetic limb development may be assisted with a better understanding of information derived from T44 athletes when under race-based conditions. Objectives: To investigate the behaviour of step count and step frequency w...

This paper presents the outcome of an industrial case study that involved condition monitoring of piping system that showed signs of excess fatigue due to flow-induced vibration. Due to operational requirements, a novel non-destructive assessment stratagem was adopted using different vibration analysis techniques – such as experimental modal analys...

In this research, it is proven that perfect synchronisation between the input impulse (human effort) and the ground reaction impulse/impact can result in a phenomenon called the dynamic elastic response to impulse synchronisation with favourable consequences to the behaviour of the energy storing and returning foot. An energy storing and returning...

A proposed field test method was investigated to ascertain the differences in aerodynamic rotational drag between nine contemporary bicycle wheels and its robustness as an assessment method. The investigated test method achieved a very high level of intra-test repeatability of both power and speed data. However, the method did not obtain satisfacto...

Historically the measurement of vertical displacement (pistoning) of residual limb bones has been performed with markers placed on the surface of the socket and skin. This attempts to infer positional changes externally or within a simulated gait cycle, using static positions utilising static x-rays to visualise the movement of the bone itself. In...

In the automobile industry, impact force is the main cause for material fatigue in lightweight vehicles. Bump-excited impact force is the most common case, which causes damage to vehicles and reduces the quality of the ride. Force identification is important to reflect the structure's health so that action such as structure modification can be take...

This research focuses on the development and use of applied experimental methods to analyze participant responses to color contrast, and color combinations, in order to describe the signs of simple and complex designs. This article presents the methodology and analysis results of the primary data collected from the research. The results of Study I...

In recent years, significant efforts have been devoted to developing non-destructive techniques for damage identification in structures. This study investigated the effects of cracks and damages on the integrity of structures, with a view to detect, quantify, and determine their extents and locations. Previous works have used parameters, such as, c...

Current methods of estimating the behaviour of marine composite structures under pressure due to slamming as a result of high waves are based on trial and error or oversimplification. Normally under these conditions the non-linearities of these structures are often neglected and, in order to compensate, an overestimated safety factor is employed. T...

Current methods of evaluating the performance of a runner using an energy return prosthesis often rely on a physiological methodology, making the differentiation between the contributions from the biological and the prosthetic elements of the below-knee amputee athlete difficult. In this paper a series of mass and composite foot systems were used t...

The use of high performance composites is becoming increasingly common in safety critical components. The key driver behind this research is the need to develop a better understanding of through thickness stresses where fibres and matrix are not uniformly distributed throughout the thickness. Classical distribution of composite is not always possib...

The desire of individuals with a lower-limb amputation to participate in sports, coupled with the high demands of athletics, has resulted in the development of energy-storing-and-returning feet, capable of storing energy during stance and returning it to the individual in late stance to assist in forward propulsion. However, little attention has be...

A semi-analytical approach for analysis of laminated plates with general boundary conditions under a general distribution of loads is developed. The non-linear equations are solved by the Newton-Kantorovich-Quadrature (NKQ) method which is a combination of well-known Newton-Kantorovich method and the Quadrature method. This method attempts to solve...

Despite recent controversy, it is not yet formally recognised how lower-limb prosthesis should be assessed for their performance. To assist in this process, experiments are undertaken to investigate the linearity, stiffness and assessment of feet based energy return prosthesis technology typically used for elite level high speed running. Through in...

Modal frequencies, modal shapes and modal damping comprehensively define the dynamic characteristics of a structure. Prior to developing a mathematical model of the dynamic behaviour of any structure, these parameters need to be firstly determined. Currently, the two techniques used to extract these parameters are the classical Experimental Modal A...

Current methods to estimate the behaviour of composite structures are based on trial and error or oversimplification. Normally the nonlinearities in these structures are neglected and in order to cover this inadequacy in design of composite structures, an overestimate safety factor is used. These methods are often conservative and leading to the he...

Current practices to estimate the pressure loads on the hull of small high-speed craft in a seaway are based on determination of the wave loads by applying rules and standards which itself relies either on often conservative methods, leading to a craft that is heavier and slower than it could be otherwise. There are rather large uncertainties in th...

Considering the non-linearity, complexity and anisotropy of constitutive equations in composite materials, numerical methods are essential to evaluate the behaviour of this material. The finite element method (FEM) is a powerful computational technique for the solution of differential and integral equations that arise in various fields of engineeri...

Ribbed cylindrical Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) tanks are currently designed using simplified theory the results of which are then verified by extensive destructive testing. This approach is expensive and can only generate non-optimal design solutions. In addition, there is often a high degree of discrepancy between theoretical and experimental r...

A semi-analytical approach for analysis of laminated plates with general boundary conditions under a general distribution of loads is developed. The non-linear equations are solved by the Newton-Kantorovich-Quadrature (NKQ) method which is a combination of well-known Newton-Kantorovich method and the Quadrature method. This method attempts to solve...

Previous studies have shown that composite fibre orientations can be optimised for specific load cases such as longitudinal or in-plane loading. However, the methodologies utilised in these studies cannot be used for general analysis of such problems. In this research, an extra term is added to the optimisation penalty function in order to consider...

Unique to sport with a disability such as those performed at the Paralympics, the need to improve the performance of lower limb prostheses can conflict with the need to provide an equal opportunity to win whilst still needing to encourage and maximise participation. This paper extends previous research by attempting to propose a method suitable for...

In this paper the modelling of a slider-crank mechanism with an extensible flexible link is presented and its dynamical behaviour analyzed. The link flexibility is modelled using extensible rigid links and rotational springs. The equations of motion with and without slider clearance are written. Accurate simulation of the extensible mechanism is pe...

This study investigates and reviews approaches to modelling laminated composite plates. It explores theories that have been proposed and developed and assesses their suitability and functionality. The particular focus in this study has been on normal stresses and the through-thickness distributions of transverse shear. These are important for compo...

Current methods of evaluating the performance of a runner using Energy Storing and Returning (ESR) prosthesis rely heavily on metabolic and biological factors. This makes it difficult to differentiate between the contributions made by the athlete and the prosthesis to the act of walking or running. Static tests show these feet to have non-linear st...

One of the first steps in marine structural design is to calculate the wave-induced loads and load combinations. In contrast with both the hydrostatic loads and the self-weight loads which can be evaluated with a high degree of confidence, it is more difficult to measure the in-service hydrodynamic loads generated by sea waves. Direct pressure load...

Complex rotating machinery requires regular condition monitoring inspections to assess their running conditions and their structural integrity to prevent catastrophic failures. Machine failures can be divided into two categories. First is the wear and tear during operation, they range from bearing defects, gear damage, misalignment, imbalance or me...

Current methods of evaluating the performance of Energy Storing and Returning (ESR) prosthesis are subjective and rely on VO2 consumption. Current prosthetic feet are designed for specific applications and the majority are designed for walking and moderate running. These mechanical feet have fixed mechanical and dynamic characteristics. They have t...

Accurate fitting of a lower-limb prosthetic socket is the most important factor affecting amputee satisfaction and rehabilitation. The technology is now available to allow real-time monitoring of in-service pressure distribution of prosthetic limbs. This paper proposes a remote interfacial pressure monitoring system necessary for the assessment of...

It has been recognised in a review of the developments of lower-limb prosthetic socket fitting processes that the future demands new tools to aid in socket fitting. This paper presents the results of research to design and clinically test an artificial intelligence approach, specifically inverse problem analysis, for the determination of the pressu...

This paper presents the results from a study of the in-plane (interlamina) shear characteristics of specific CFRP with a particular balanced lay-up of 12 ply cured laminates. This study involved a detailed experimental program to determine the material properties. The material properties were used for the failure analysis of a new type of fastener...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of lower-limb running prostheses and stakeholders' perceptions of fairness in relation to their use in competitive disability sport. A Delphi study was conducted over three rounds to solicit expert opinion in a developing area of knowledge. High levels of consensus were obtained. The findings sug...

The monitoring of in-service loads on many components has become a routine operation for simple and well-understood cases in engineering. However, as the complexity of the structure increases so does the difficulty in obtaining an acceptable understanding of the real loading. It has been shown that it is possible to solve these problems by interfac...

Within lower‐limb disability running, the design of the prosthesis has shifted from being a tool for restoring function to one of enabling athletes to perform to near non‐disabled standards. This paper examines the background to this development. The authors argue that the impact of technology on the design of prostheses is likely to affect athlete...

Previous studies have shown that composite fibre orientation angles can be optimised for specific load cases such as longitudinal or in-plane loading. However, the methodologies utilised in these studies cannot be used for general analysis of such problems. This research presents a methodology whereby the thickness of laminated composite plates is...

The evolution of patient monitoring on general hospital wards is discussed. Patients on general wards are monitored according to the severity of their conditions, which can be subjective at best. A report by the Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection in 2008 indicated dissatisfaction with patient monitoring. Commitment to providing quality...

A good-fitting prosthetic socket requires the pressure between the stump and socket to be distributed to ensure the load is carried by pressure tolerant regions of the limb. Transducers and Finite Element Analysis have been utilised to measure and monitor these pressures. However, it has been recognised that both techniques have limitations, making...

This paper demonstrates the application of combined analytical/FEA coupled aero-structure simulation in design of bend-twist adaptive blades. A genetic algorithm based design tool, in which the power curve is predicted through a combined coupled aero-structure simulation, has been developed. A bend-twist adaptive blade has been designed to be used...

An investigation has been carried out by the authors to assess two novel techniques in the field of prosthetics (photoelasticity and electrical resistance strain gauges) for use as alternative tools for the qualitative and quantitative monitoring of the amputee gait cycle together with the distribution of pressures at the residual limb/socket inter...

This paper presents a method for decoupled design of bend-twist adaptive blades (BTABs) in which the aerodynamic and structural designs take place separately. In this approach the induced twist is considered as an aerodynamic design parameter, whilst its dependency on the structural characteristics of the blade is taken into account by imposing a p...

The simulation of wind turbines with bend–twist adaptive blades is a coupled aero-structure (CAS) procedure. The blade twist due to elastic coupling is a required parameter for wind turbine performance evaluation and can be predicted through a finite element (FE) structural analyser. FEA-based codes are far too slow to be useful in the aerodynamic...

This paper describes mesh sizing functions for discretization of a wind turbine blade as a shell structure. Two different functions, one along the blade span and the other chord-wise, are presented. The effect of the magnitude of the aerodynamic force has been considered in a span-wise mesh sizing function to obtain a force-adaptive mesh generator,...