Shyamapada Mandal

University of Gour Banga · Department of Zoology

Wastewater surveillance locally and globally is important for the investigation of the molecular epidemiological features of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment. The current study investigated the genomic diversity and mutation profile of SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater for the period spanning COVID-19 pandemic up to December, 2022. A total of 3618 com...

The current communication states the role of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) bioactive compounds in the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus sortase A protein through bioinformatic approaches. The P. hydropiper-derived phytochemicals’ (kaempferol, winterin, isalpinin, quercetin, quercitrin, and confertifolin) 3D structures in .SDF format were retrieved f...

Background The lactic acid bacteria (LAB), from diverse sources, are of great importance as probiotics, and several authors from around the globe have reported LAB, isolated from various fermented foods, as potential antimicrobial agents. The current study explored the antibacterial activity and probiotic property of idli batter isolates of LAB, fo...

Due to anthropogenic activities, a large number of pollutants are disposed into the environment. The microbial communities in the environment are immensely diverse and critical mediators of various ecosystem processes. But it is not clearly known to what extent xenobiotics effect the composition and functionality of environmental microorganisms, ac...

The antibiotic resistance among gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria is of global health concern. This has prompted the development of new effective drugs. But the discovery and development of new drugs is slow, and the emergence of resistance to such new drugs, on the other hand, is rapid as well as continuous among the bacteria. Th...

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of unlock-3 and unlock-4 measure related to COVID-19 transmission change points in India, for projecting the infected population, to help in prospective planning of suitable measures related to future interventions and lifting of restrictions so that the economic settings are not damaged beyond repair. Methods:...

Probiotics are the live microorganisms that when applied sufficiently the hosts get beneficial effects. The lactic acid bacteria constitute such group of beneficial bacteria, among which lactobacilli have been studied largely in terms of the probiotic authenticity for human consumption around the world. This communication updates, based upon the av...

Introduction: Repurposing existing drugs approved for other conditions is crucial to identifying specific therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) causing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic. Towards this attempt, it is important to understand how this virus hijacks the host system during the course...

Due to non-availability of specific therapeutics against COVID-19, repurposing of approved drugs is a reasonable option. Cytokines imbalance in COVID-19 resembles cancer; exploration of anti-inflammatory agents, might reduce COVID-19 mortality. The current study investigates the effect of ruxolitinib treatment in SARS-CoV-2 infected alveolar cells...

Scrub typhus (ST), caused with the infection of Orientia tsutsugamushi, without eschar, is a febrile illness that mimics malaria (ML), dengue (DG), and other rickettsioses such as murine typhus (MT). Comparative analysis of microarray gene expression profiles of GSE16463 dataset, from O. tsutsugamushi infected monocytes, was performed to identify t...

Street vended fruit juices have been reported worldwide to be contaminated with various bacterial pathogens causing several illnesses to humans. This study determines the bacterial contamination of fruit (pomegranate and sweet orange) and sugarcane juices available from street vendors in Malda town (West Bengal state, India) and explores antibiogra...

Objective: To explore the early pandemic severity of COVID-19 in India in terms of various case fatality rate (CFR) estimates. Methods: Various COVID-19 fatalities: confirmed CFR (cCFR), asymptomatic CFR (aCFR), symptomatic CFR (sCFR), and hospitalized CFR (HFR) were estimated along with relative susceptibility of developing symptoms (RSODS) and re...

Documentation in scientific literature is not available on prospective evaluation of the efficiency of the unlock measure related to COVID-19 transmission change points in India, projecting the infected population, planning suitable measures related to future interventions and lifting of restrictions so that the economic settings are not damaged be...

Parasitic infections, which affect the liver as well as other organs, represent a major public health problem in developing countries. Parasites institute a heterogeneous group of pathogens, from intracellular protozoa to visible helminths. This chapter features key clinical and immunological aspects during parasitic infection, giving an emphasis t...

Introduction: India is experiencing the global COVID-19 pandemic caused with the infection of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). To explore the early epidemic course and the effectiveness of lockdowns on COVID-19 pandemic in some worst-affected Indian states. Methods: Using publicly available real data and model-based pre...

This communication aims to validate the probiotic attributes of the Lactobacillus fermentum LMEM22 strain, safety profiling, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and bacteriocin characterization. The bacteriocin of 13.1 kDa (based on the glycine-SDS-PAGE analysis) was isolated from L. fermentum LMEM22 curd strain (NCBI GenBank with accession No. MH3801...

Repurposing existing drugs approved for other conditions is crucial to identifying specific therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) pandemic. Towards this attempt, it is important to understand how this virus hijacks the host system during the course of infection and determine potential virus- and host-targeted i...

Repurposing existing drugs approved for other conditions is crucial to identifying specific therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) pandemic. Towards this attempt, it is important to understand how this virus hijacks the host system during the course of infection and determine potential virus- and host-targeted i...

There is a huge loss of lives worldwide in relation to COVID-19 pandemic, the primary epicentre of which is China, where the causative agent of the disease called SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) was first emerged in December 2019. In view of this the severity, in terms of case fatality rate (CFR), is essential to explor...

The case fatality rate (CFR) represents one of the most vital factors in demonstrating the severity of novel infectious disease, COVID-19. Various estimates of COVID-19 fatalities (based on the publicly and published information and data in Indian context of COVID-19): confirmed CFR, asymptomatic CFR, symptomatic CFR, and hospitalized CFR were 2.32...

The spread of COVID-19 epidemic in some highly-impacted Indian states displayed a characteristic sub-exponential growth projected up to 3 May 2020, as a consequence of lockdown strategies, in addition to improvement of reproduction number (R), serial interval, and daily growth rate, but not case fatality rate (CFR). The effect of COVID-19 containme...

The potential biomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) were analyzed from GSE53867 dataset. Differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs)-genes and protein-protein interaction networks were constructed, and hub genes selected using Cytoscape. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed for GO and Reactome-pathway. Seven DEMs were upregulated i...

The potential biomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) were analyzed from GSE53867 dataset. Differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs)-genes and protein-protein interaction networks were constructed, and hub genes selected using Cytoscape. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed for GO and Reactome-pathway. Seven DEMs were upregulated i...

The COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading respiratory illness caused with the infection of SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 data from India was compared with China and rest of the world. The average values of daily growth rate (DGR), case recovery rate (CRR), case fatality rate (CFR), serial interval (SI) of COVID-19 in India was 17%, 8.25%, and 1.87%, and 5.76...

This paper unravels the occurrence of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in association with tolerance to heavy metals among clinically relevant bacteria isolated from sewage wastewater. The bacteria isolated were identified following conventional phenotypic and/or molecular methods, and were subjected to multiple-antibiotic resistance (MAR) pr...

Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the color intensity and antioxidative capacity of mango honey available from local niches, in and around Malda, West Bengal, India. Methods: Four mango honey samples: LMH1, LMH2, LMH3, and LMH4, were collected from bee hives, in and around Malda, India, and were subjected to determine the color i...

The antibiotic resistances of bacterial isolates from various sources have been reported worldwide. The present study stands for the isolation and characterization of the bacteria isolated from the toys and clothes of children collected from children’s day care centre of Tarakeswar, Hooghly (WestBengal, India). Seven bacterial isolates (strain code...

This communication characterizes the curd isolate of lactic acid bacteria having the capacity to antagonize human pathogenic bacteria. The commercially available curd, in sealed form in a plastic cup, was procured from Malda town market (West Bengal state, India) and processed microbiologically, using de Man Rogosa Sharpe medium, for the isolation...

The serum LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) levels have been reported to be increased in DF, and studies showed that LDH levels are higher in DHF and DSS cases [7], while an early elevation of LDH was recorded as an independent predictor of DHF [8]. As per the report of Perveen., et al. [9], at the time of hospital stay, patients having DHF had higher le...

The olive fruits are famous for medicinal property possessing an array of bioactive phytochemicals. The current study ascertains the antioxidative capacity and antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Indian olive, Elaeocarpus floribundus fruit extracts. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic olive seed (OSE) and mesocarp-epicar...

Objective: To explore the antibacterial activity of Elaeocarpus floribundus fruits aqueous extracts against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates. Methods: The fresh olive fruits were collected, dried and milled in order to prepare aqueous extracts of olive seed and olive mesocarp-epicarp. The extracts were tested aga...

Keywords: Ocimum sanctum; Broad Spectrum Antibacterial Activity; Zone Diameter of Inhibition; Phytocomponents; High Performance Liquid Chromatography Medicinal plants are the promising source of bioactive compounds which are well known for their several biological activities including antibacterial property. The current study assesses the antibacte...

Tulsi plant, Ocimum sanctum L., is famous for its therapeutic potentiality. The present study investigates the antibacterial activity of O. sanctum leaf extracts, and the bioactive components present in the extracts. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of O. sanctum: dark variety; Krishna tulsi (DOSE) and bright variety; Rama tulsi...

The current study explores the antibacterial activity and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) profiles of olive (Elaeocarpus floribundus) fruits. The ethanolic extract of olive fruit parts: seed (OSE) and mesocarp-epicarp (OME), were prepared, and tested for their antibacterial activity, by agar-well diffusion method using 1.875 – 6.25 mg...

Background: Medicinal plants possess several active components having antimicrobial activity. This study was undertaken to explore the antibacterial activity of Indian olive, Elaeocarpus floribundus, fruit extracts against potential food-borne bacterial isolates.Methods: The ethanolic extracts of olive seed (OSE) and mesocarp-epicarp (OMeE), and th...

This study assesses the olive, Elaeocarpus floribundus, fruit mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) having antibacterial activity and determines the HPLC chromatogram of the extracts. The SNPs were synthesized with aqueous extract of olive fruit parts, seed (AqOS) and mesocarp-epicarp (AqOME) and were subjected to antibacterial activity...

Background: Indigenous lactic acid bacteria are well known probiotics having antibacterial activity against potentially pathogenic bacteria. This study aims to characterize the curd lactobacilli for their probiotic potentiality and antagonistic activity against clinical bacteria. Methods: Four curd samples were processed microbiologically for th...

Cumin, Cuminum cyminum L. (family Apiaceae), is a thin, aromatic herbaceous, subglabrous dicotyledonous annual plant. The plant is indigenous to south-west Asia and the eastern Mediterranean region, with 90% of the world's production from India. Cumin is widely used as a spice for its strong characteristic flavor in various ethnic cuisines around t...

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a plant in the family Fabaceae, and its oils and extracts have been known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antitumorigenic activities. The plant is commonly cultivated in India, Egypt, the Middle East, and North Africa and has been widely used as an ingredient in traditional medici...

Citrus reticulata L., which is known as Kamala lebu in Bengali, belongs to the Rutaceae family. It is an important citrus fruit-bearing plant and an excellent source of essential oil (EO). Limonene, the major constituents of the C. reticulata EO (CREO), contributes to its aromatic odor; hence, the plant belongs to the limonene chemotype. Possessing...

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is a well-known spice plant possessing excellent medicinal properties. Thymus vulgaris oil and extract contain thymol, p-cymene, carvacrol, and γ-terpipene as the major components, which show very strong antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities; thus, T. vulgaris essential...

Aims: To assess the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of two locally available natural honey samples, and determine the total phenolic content (TPC) of the honeys. Methods: Antibacterial activity of two local natural honey samples (citrus honey: LNH1 and mango honey: LNH2) was determined against the clinical bacterial isolates of Staphylococ...

Background and objective: Lactobacilli are excellent antibacterial agents; however, scientific study on their combined action against human pathogenic bacteria is skimpy. The current study determines the antibacterial activity of commercially available probiotic lactobacilli and the curd lactobacilli, alone and in combination, against clinical bact...

Abstract Aims: The current study determines the antibacterial activity of ‘Bakul’ (Mimusops elengi) leaf, seed and bark extracts against gram-negative clinical bacterial isolates as well as the standard bacterial strains. Methods: The disc diffusion method was followed to determine the antibacterial activity of M. elengi leaf, seed and bark extract...

Aims: The current investigation stands for the determination of MAR (multiple antibiotic resistances) indices of antibiotic resistant and heavy metal (HM) tolerant bacterial isolates from Mahananda river water near Malda (West Bengal state, India) and profiling of R-plasmids of the isolated bacteria. Methods: The water samples (n = 5), collected fr...

The current communication, based upon the previous published papers in various scientific web-based journals, states the scenario of over-the-counter sales of antibiotics, including many other factors, that enhance people practice antibiotic self-medication world-wide, which in the developed countries the situation is little different having some r...

Background and Objectives: Lactobacilli are used as probiotics, but scientific investigation of such strains is scanty. The current study aims to isolate and identify Lactobacillus strains from curd samples for probiotic characterization and antibiotic resistance determination. Methods and Findings: Ten curd samples (homemade and commercially avail...

Coriandrum sativum L. (C. sativum) is one of the most useful essential oil bearing spices as well as medicinal plants, belonging to the family Umbelliferae/Apiaceae. The leaves and seeds of the plant are widely used in folk medicine in addition to its use as a seasoning in food preparation. The C. sativum essential oil and extracts possess promisin...

Can Bacteria Subsist on Antibiotics? The rampant and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in different systems for therapy as well as their industrial and agricultural application have resulted into the accumulation of high concentration of such agents in various environmental systems, which again have caused disruption of the normal microbial balance...

Malaria, a mosquito-borne disease, is caused by the infection of apicomplexan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium, five species of which [Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi] account for all forms of human malaria. P. falciparum is responsible for the highest...

Parasitic infections are endemic and represent a major public health problem in developing countries. The protozoan pathogens have become a major threat to human health; the helminthic infestation is exceedingly common on a global scale, and the liver is frequently the primary organ involved.

Objective To evaluate the applicability of nalidixic acid (Nx) resistance in determining reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (Cp) among Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) clinical isolates.Methods The correlation between Cp MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values and that Nx, and between Cp MICs and zone diameter of inhibition (...

This review represents an updated scenario on the transmission cycle, epidemiology, clinical features and pathogenicity, diagnosis and treatment, and prevention and control measures of a cestode parasite Echincoccus granulosus (E. granulosus) infection causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans. Human CE is a serious life-threatening neglected zo...

To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) leaf extract, alone, and in combination with chloramphenicol (C) and trimethoprim (Tm) against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi). The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of tulsi, O. sanctum, leaf (TLE; 500 μg) for 23 S. typhi isolates was determined following...

Objective To develop an approach for making a selective and differential media specific for Lactobacillus rhamnosus Goldin and Gorbach (LGG) in order to distinguish it from other bacterial flora in fecal samples.Methods The current media referred as LGGM has been prepared by using MRS media ingredients (replacing dextrose with 2% sorbitol), and inc...

This communication states the changing patterns of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) isolates causing enteric fever in and around Kolkata, India. Among the isolates resistance to ampicillin (A), chloramphenicol (C), cotrimoxazole (Co) and tetracycline (T) were plasmid mediated; the plasmid was unstable in S. Typhi, and the other enteric...

This chapter examines the nutritional content of neem tree seeds. In recent years, interest in neem has focused on its repellent, anti-feedant, and growth-disrupting effects on insects, as well as its ability to provide a cheap natural pesticide. Neem oil, produced from the seed kernels of neem fruit, is the most commonly used neem product. It is g...

Objective To determine the incidence of leptospiral jaundice and find the correlation among human leptospiral cases with or without jaundice.Methods Patients suspected for leptospirosis, attending Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India during 2002 to 2008 were evaluated as per modified Faine's criterion.ResultsOut of 404 suspected cas...

To investigate the prevalence of leptospirosis among patients from within and outside Kolkata, India, attending the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, for treatment during August 2002 to August 2008. The leptospirosis cases were determined on the basis of clinical, epidemiological, and biochemical factors, and were tested for leptospiral antibod...

The present study is an investigation on the kinetics of dimethoate biodegradation and an estimation of residual dimethoate in bacterial culture by spectrophotometry. The methylene chloride extract of the culture medium was used for determination of dimethoate through its reaction with 1 chloro-2, 4 dinitrobenzene to produce methylamine whose absor...

Objective To evaluate the repellent activity of Eucalyptus and Azadirachta indica (A. indica) seed oil against filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus) from Purulia district of the West Bengal state, India.Methods The repellent activity of Eucalyptus and A. indica seed oils (using coconut oil base) against Cx. quinquefasciatu...

Cholera, caused by the infection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) to humans, is a life threatening diarrheal disease with epidemic and pandemic potential. The V. cholerae, both O1 and O139 serogroups, produce a potent enterotoxin (cholera toxin) responsible for the lethal symptoms of the disease. The O1 serogroup has two biotypes (phenoty...

Indeed, medicinal importance of honey has been documented in the world's oldest medical literatures, and since the ancient times, it has been known to