Shree Raj Shakya

Tribhuvan University · Institute of Engineering

Network Reconfiguration with Distributed Generation (DG) integration can significantly minimize the power loss and enhance the voltage profile. This paper presents power loss minimization and voltage profile enhancement measures in radial distribution systems through optimal network reconfiguration and DG integration. Initially, the approach was te...

Nepal is 100% dependent on imported petroleum products as it has no as yet viable proven reserve. The import of petroleum is increasing at an alarming rate (15.2% annually) which is creating not only a burden on the national economy but also raising the issue of energy supply security and environmental degradation. In this study, eleven distinct si...

There is a growing number of national, subnational and even company targets for net-zero emissions of CO 2 in support of the Paris Climate Agreement goals of limiting the global average temperature increase within 1.5 • C by 2100. The challenges faced by developing countries in achieving net-zero emissions targets are, however, very prominent due t...

Energy efficiency is promoted worldwide as an important measure to address growing energy demand and reduce energy intensity of the gross domestic product and emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. We analyzed aggregate and sectoral energy intensities in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka during 2000–2017 and decomposed th...

Nepal has substantial potential to generate electricity through hydropower projects. Most of the hydropower projects in Nepal are Run-off-River (ROR) types. Significant seasonal variation can be pronounced on its river basins resulting in higher streamflow & higher hydropower generation during the wet/summer season and just reverse scenario in case...

The grid power supply in many developing countries is insufficient and irregular resulting in many commercial users relying on inefficient and air pollution intensive off-grid captive diesel generators (DGs) as a backup power supply. This study investigates the fuel consumption and emission level of such DGs and explores the possibility of reducing...

The chapter defines environmental sustainability and creates a linkage between energy and the environment. It highlights the impact of both renewable energy technologies and nonrenewable energy usages on the environment. The complementarities and conflict of energy security and environmental securities are discussed along with some case studies.

The chapter begins with the conceptualization of energy security. Then it explains the core components that are required for any country to be energy secure. Energy systems are complicated with its interlinkage with other aspects of economy, and hence there exist trade-off among the core indicators and the perspective for different economies differ...

This chapter introduces nature and the source of climate change and its effects on human society and natural systems. It discusses the role of sustainable energy in climate change mitigation and adaptation. It also highlights the global initiatives to move toward net-zero emission by mid-century.

This study analyzes the wind speed characteristics, compares the six different methods (graphical, method of moment, wind energy pattern factor, empirical method of Justus and Lysen, and maximum likelihood method) of estimating Weibull parameters and calculates wind power density using daily mean wind speed data collected, at a height of 2 m, over...

Most of the nation demand is from the residential sector. Thus, the objective of this paper is to supply the required energy from the same demand point from the solar PV installed in the residential sector that is technically feasible for the given sector. The survey is conveyed on Star Homes(Residential Sector) situated at Sitapaila, Kathmandu. Th...

A pilot testing of a Gravitational Water Vortex Hydropower Plant (GWVHP) has been done to evaluate the applicability in a real-world scenario and validate the results from the lab-scale model. A scaled-up model of a capacity of 1 kW was constructed for the evaluation purpose. The test provided data in good agreement with a lab-scale model and a pro...

A pilot testing of a Gravitational Water Vortex Hydropower Plant (GWVHP) has been done to evaluate the applicability in a real-world scenario and validate the results from the lab-scale model. A scaled-up model of a capacity of 1 kW was constructed for the evaluation purpose. The test provided data in good agreement with a lab-scale model and a pro...

This study analyzes the energy situation of Bhanu Municipality, Tanahun, Nepal and deals for future energy projection and sustainable energy planning. Municipality occupies an area of 184 sq. km. This research is mainly based on primary data and supported by secondary data from various sources. For collection of primary data, 152 random household s...

This paper deals with evaluation and analysis of carbon footprint of an airline operator, Nepal Airlines Corporation (NAC) by using its actual flight and maintenance data from 2016 to 2019. NAC is a multi-fleet operator, of both turboprop and turbofan aircrafts. Carbon footprint in terms of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission has been calculated for NAC’...

The tourism sector is one of the most vital sectors for economic development. Hotels consumed a bulk amount of energy to satisfy the guest needs. This study to development of energy mix concept in the hotels sector to minimize the crisis of energy in the future determine electrical and thermal energy consumption patterns of a hotel. The low Emissio...

Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP) is an appropriate means to convert kinetic energy of water to rotational mechanical energy at the very low head site. This study aims to establish a basic reference for the design of the runner for the Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine (GWVT) with a conical basin. Seven different geometrical parameter...

Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP) is a power generation system that suits for ultralow head streams of water with low flow rate. Due to the simple design, compact structure, and the possibility of local fabrication, it can benefit rural areas for off-grid supply. The purpose of this research is to study the potential of booster based G...

This paper presents the current energy security status of the Province One of Federal Democratic Republic Nepal using numerous indicators. In addition to that, with the development of five economic growth scenarios i.e. Normal growth (NOR) (5.80%), Low growth (LOW) (4.20%), High growth (HIG) (6.80%), Accelerated growth (ACC) (8.50%), and Interventi...

To meet the subscribers ever increasing traffic demand, micro and macro base stations are being deployed excessively. As the traffic pattern varies according to the user's behavior, the deployment of micro and macro base stations plays a vital role in saving energy while maintaining the traffic demand of the subscribers. A macro base station consum...

Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP) is an appropriate means to convert kinetic energy of water to rotational mechanical energy at the very low head site. This study aims to establish a basic reference for the design of runner for Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine (GWVT) with conical basin. Seven different geometrical parameters have bee...

Being new and not well developed technology, Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP) needs optimization either in its structure or runner for enhancing power extraction from low pressure head. The study is focused on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of basin and existing runner for GWVPP. The tapered ratios of the basin were varie...

Renewable energy can contribute to adaptation to climate change, mitigation and development and may play an important role in resilient development ambition of Nepal. It has been emphasized in Nepal's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and climate change policy but its potential impact on SDGs era has not been fully explored and implemented....

The role of vehicle suspension system is important in influencing the overall performance of a vehicle. All of the physical systems are inherently non-linear in nature but for simplicity in mathematical modelling linearity is considered. Suspension systems can be better understood through non-linear analysis. Performance of the suspension system is...

The electricity sector is facing a major challenge of energy deficit as well as energy surplus problem in different period of the day. Power deficit in evening and morning time and surplus in the midnight and day is the general trend of the residential energy consumption. To cope with this challenges, Demand side management plays the vital role. Th...

This paper presents the current energy security status of the province No.1 of Nepal using numerous indicators. In addition to that, with the development of six economic growth scenarios i.e. Business As Usual (BAU), Low growth (LOW), High growth (HIG), Accelerated growth (ACC), Normal growth (NOR) and Intervention scenario (INT), the future energy...

Decision making in the energy sector has to be based on accurate forecasts of the load demand. Short-term forecasting, which forms the focus of this paper, gives a day ahead hourly forecast of electric load. This forecast can help to make important decisions in the field of scheduling, contingency analysis, load flow analysis, preventing imbalance...

About 80 % of total energy consumption in Nepal is being consumed in the residential sector and about 60 % of total residential energy application includes cooking application. At present, in urban area, there is heavy dependence on liquefied petroleum gas for cooking purpose whereas in rural area, there is heavy dependence on biomass. Clearly, the...

Due to the increasing demand of wireless communication, the number of radio base stations has been growing excessively. The wireless network is designed for maximum traffic load, but the traffic load is unevenly distributed resulting in wastage of energy consumption most of the time during low traffic. Traditional energy saving techniques like swit...

Energy is vital for the economic prosperity andsocial development of any country. Future energy demandprojection is the basis for sustainable energy planning.The study presents the possible long term energy demandscenarios of Nepal using Model for Analysis of EnergyDemand (MAED). The base year for the analysis has beentaken as 2017 while the low (B...

Kathmandu valley is the center of energy consumption. Among all those energy types electricity has been a primary source of fuel. Most of research shows total electricity demand, and the load dispatch center of Nepal Electricity Authority can give load curve of all sectors. Thus, this research was conducted to find out the demand characteristics of...

Power consumption of cellular communication is growing at a very high rate due to the mass deployment of Base Stations (BSs). When traffic increases, the power consumption also increases, however, this scenario differs in micro and macro BSs. Therefore intelligent energy management system as per traffic generated is very essential. The available mo...

The gravitational water vortex power plant (GWVPP) is a new type of low head turbine system in which a channel and basin structure is used to form a vortex, where the rotational energy from the water can be extracted through a runner. This study is focused on the optimization of the runner to improve the efficiency of the GWVPP. Computational fluid...

Renewable energy sources are fast emerging as more reliable supplement of conventional energy sources. Among the various renewable sources, solar energy is most sought after in today’s world. Solar PV modules when installed in outdoor environments suffer from various factors which are generally unaccounted in laboratory testing. Energy generation f...

The rural electrification projects in Nepal are not only concerned about electrification alone, but are consciously promoted to touch the various dimensions of sustainability goals and foster overall contextual development of the community through one project. Though electricity access has significantly increased in current years, yet many rural en...

This study analyses the housing sector of the proposed Panchkhal smart city, on the basis of energy efficiency and cost effectiveness. Firstly, the user's perspective towards energy efficient house is analysed through questionnaire survey. Secondly, it studies energy efficient housing for the proposed Panchkhal smart city through exploratory resear...

Cooking is one of the important human activities. As of 2012, residential energy consumption in Nepal is 80% of the total energy consumption, out of which 60% energy is used for cooking applications. In urban residential sector cooking is dominated by LPG and in rural residential sector cooking is dominated by biomass. Over dependence on LPG and bi...

Gravitational water vortex power plant is an ultra-low head hydropower technology, in which a free formed – free surface water vortex rotates a prime mover thereby generating electricity. Previous researchers concluded that gravitational water vortex power plant with conical basin is superior to conventional cylindrical type basin with regards to p...

Tourism is one of the major industries in Nepal and rural tourism is an emerging dimension in the country. This paper explores the energy consumption and emission pattern up to 2030 in the commercial sector (Hotel and Lodge) of rural tourism and conservation area. Trekking route of Mount Annapurna base camp (4130 meter) was considered for study. Fr...

The future of the world lies with renewable energy resources and solar energy is one such type of clean and sustainable energy resource. Solar PV modules are exposed to outdoor environments where dust accumulation is a prime degrading factor. Soiling and its effect on performance of solar modules are generally of high concern for regions with a hig...

Kathmandu is one of the fastest growing cities in South Asia facing various challenges related to climate change, local pollutants emissions and energy security of supply. This study analysed the greenhouse gas mitigation potential in different economic sectors of the city by using Long-range Energy Planning (LEAP) frame work. It shows that the eff...

Nepal is a developing country with huge potential of investment in agriculture, cement and hydropower sector. Industrial development in Nepal is at a pre-mature state and requires lot of technical and financial investment. Cement industry is one of the potential industries to grow in the future, mainly because of the reserved limestone and increasi...

With the advent and rapid development of mobile and wireless technology, the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become so lucrative and expanding at an alarming rate. Correspondingly energy consumption is also growing at a staggering rate. With this note, mobile operators are already among the top energy consumer. As the ma...

Energy is a vital input for social and economic development of any nation. With increasing agricultural and industrial activities in the country, the demand for energy is also increasing. Formulation of an energy system planning model will help in the proper allocation of widely available indigenous energy resources such as solar, wind, bioenergy a...

With the advent and rapid development of mobile and wireless technology, the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become so lucrative and expanding at an alarming rate. Correspondingly energy consumption is also growing at a staggering rate. With this note, mobile operators are already among the top energy consumer. As the ma...

Improved Water Mill (IWM) runner is an impulse type, vertical shaft, mechanical device used for converting hydrological power into the useful mechanical output. The traditional water mills have low output with primarily use of grinding. The upgradation and improvement of these water mills is an effective and sustainable way of improving the efficie...

Telecom towers, technically known as BTS (Base Transceiver Stations) are the most energy intensive part of cellular network architecture and contribute up to 60 to 80% of total cellular power consumption and varies in response to the real traffic demand throughout the day and night. But, the lack of grid availability highlights a potential barrier...

Energy is the crucial element for sustainable development of country. Unless the energy sector is geared up for efficient, secure and indigenous sustainable resources, the economy cannot move forward on a higher growth path. Access to reliable and affordable energy services is fundamental to reducing poverty, increasing productivity, enhancing comp...

Nepal, being a least developed nation, faces the multitude of challenges related to energy poverty, access to modern energy and energy security. The country is continuously facing dire energy crises - whether it is the power-cuts of 12 hours a day or frequent supply crisis of gasoline, diesel and LPG. Development and implementation of energy effici...

Nepal has approximately 5,222 telecom towers which form the backbone of its telecom market. These towers require millions of kWh of electrical energy and contribute up to 60% of the total network operating cost in rural areas. This expenditure on energy as a result of the lack of grid availability highlights a potential barrier to telecom industry...

In this present study, various empirical regression based models used across various parts of the world to determine global solar radiation on horizontal surface are generalized into seven different models. The common dependent parameter is sunshine duration and others are maximum and minimum temperature along with relative humidity. The regression...

Hydropower projects promoted by government agencies and multilateral donor agencies in Nepal such as World Bank, Asian Development Bank etc. take decision to develop the projects on the basis of economic indices which includes the quantified socioeconomic cost and benefits. However, by virtue being the nature of private company, the projects being...

In this present study, various empirical regression based models used across various parts of the world to determine global solar radiation on horizontal surface are generalized into seven different models. The common dependent parameter is sunshine duration and others are maximum and minimum temperature along with relative humidity. The regression...

Nepal has approximately 5,222 telecom towers which form the backbone of its telecom market. These towers require millions of kWh of electrical energy and contribute up to 60% of the total network operating cost in rural areas. This expenditure on energy as a result of the lack of grid availability highlights a potential barrier to telecom industry...

Despite having only 0.025% of total GHG emissions in the world, Nepal is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world from the context of climate change. Nepal has experienced an average maximum annual temperature increase of 0.060C. It has been found that renewable energy technologies (RETs) provide socio-economic and environmental benefits t...

Development of low carbon electricity based mass transport is considered as one of the promising options for perusing the low carbon development (LCD) path in 21st century by the global communities. But long term economy-wide implications of such policy is very much country specifics citing their variations in the availability and tapping potential...

In the context of Nepal, cement industry has shown a continuous growth from 1990 to 2010. Present production capacity of cement being 2.0 million metric ton is expected to reach 5.8 million metric ton, with a cumulative cement demand of 73.5 million metric ton, from 2011 to 2030. In this study, benchmarking of different energy consumption pattern i...

Energy dependency on traditional sources and fossil fuel in commercial sector of rural tourist destination is the matter of discourse to maintain eco-tourism and protect environment of conservation area. This paper summarizes change in the energy consumption pattern and CO2 emission before and after implementation of renewable energy technologies (...

This paper analyzes the direct and indirect benefits of reducing CO2 emission during 2005 to 2100 in the case of Nepal, a low income developing country rich in hydropower resource. It discusses the effects on energy supply mix, local pollutant emissions, energy security and energy system costs of CO2 emission reduction targets in the country by usi...

This paper analyzes the co-benefits of introducing a time variant carbon (C) tax scheme in Nepal, a hydropower resourceful country, by using a bottom up integrated energy system model based on the MARKet ALlocation (MARKAL) framework with time horizon of 2005–2050. It discusses the effects of C tax on energy mix, environmental emissions, energy sup...

This paper analyzes the co-benefits of transport sector electrification in terms of reductions of greenhouse gas and local environmental emissions, improvement in energy security and employment generation during 2015–2050 in the case of Nepal—a developing country with large hydropower potential. A bottom up energy system model of Nepal based on the...

Although Nepal has been endowed with vast natural energy resources, such as solar, hydro, wind etc. it remains far behind in their fruitful utilization, with a per capita energy consumption of about 15 GJ only. At least 60% of her population is still deprived of access to electricity, which is a basic necessity in modern society, and has to depend...

Nepal is encountering various negative effects of climate change as a result of global warming from increasing green house gas emission. The major source of the emission in the context of Nepal is through the expensive uses of the petroleum fuel and unsustainable use of the fuel wood for rural household and industrial energy applications. Renewable...

The paper contains a brief account of the natural resources along with the present Renewable Energy (RET) scenario of Nepal. It focuses on the trend of RET applications consisting of biogas technology, biomass technology, micro and pico-hydro technology, wind technology, solar thermal technology, solar PV technology, geothermal energy observed unti...

Solar Hot Water System is one of the most potential solar thermal technology applications in Nepal. More than 30,000 sets of solar hot water systems have been already installed through out the country. Although it is very popular in the country, the technology used for the fabrication of the same is of late 70’s. There is a need of update and devel...

Solar Water Heater (SWH) is one of the most successful solar thermal technology applications in Nepal. About 30,000 sets of SWHs have already been installed throughout the country. In a study conducted in 1998, it was estimated that more than 10,000 m2 of SWHs had been installed with a capacity of around 200,000 liters/day. However, until now, loca...