Shigemi Kagawa

Kyushu University | Kyudai · Faculty of Economics

This study aimed to investigate whether global air pollution harms human morals beyond physiological and psychological health. To accomplish this, we conducted an original survey involving over 80,000 individuals across 30 countries, inquiring about their recent perceived unethical behaviors. Through regression analyses, we identified global eviden...

Carbon neutrality is a growing concern for all global economies. We considered the number of new and used cars registered during 2009-2018 in Japan and estimated the total number of private and shared cars, assuming that when owners abandoned their old cars, a certain percentage of the owners chose to use a car-sharing service (i.e., car rental ser...

Cities play a crucial role in regional sustainable development through trade linkages with surrounding economies. This study extends the inclusive wealth (IW) conceptual framework for footprint analysis, offering a comprehensive production–consumption perspective to measure regional sustainability. We empirically analyse the IW footprint for 1880 m...

Biodiesel fuel (BDF) is a potentially carbon-neutral fuel that could play a potentially important role in preventing global warming. However, its high production cost poses a challenge for many BDF producers. To establish an efficient method for BDF production and increase its cost competitiveness, the production efficiencies of 35 BDF plants in Ja...

Although many studies have analyzed the environmental efficiency of coal-fired power plants in China with the aim of reducing CO2 emissions, there has been much less focus on the locations of the plants and their spatial pattern. In this study, we investigate the spatial dependence of environmental efficiency for coal-fired power plants in China fr...

Analyzing the sustainability of a city requires consideration of external impact. Footprint analysis has been widely used to analyze external spatial impact by consumption. We incorporate production-based wealth data and a high-resolution multi-regional nested input-output table (MRNIO) to calculate ecosystem service footprints consistent with phys...

Despite the increase in vehicle electrification in recent years, the transport sector is still a major contributor to the rise in global carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. Using dynamic product lifecycle (LC) models, our study analyzes the relationship between lifecycle CO 2 (LC-CO 2 ) emissions and the proportion of electric vehicle sales in Japan....

This study proposes a novel objective and quantitative evaluation framework for energy-related social equity (ESE) based on data envelopment analysis. Specifically, we integrated five social indicators of 99 countries into a single composite indicator to investigate the international distribution and change of ESE, and the progress in the energy tr...

Footprint indicators are used to evaluate chemical substance management. However, determining the impact of chemical restrictions on manufacturing processes and supply chains without a footprint analysis of the entire lifecycle is difficult. Here, we propose a new framework for estimating chemical toxicity footprints utilizing the risk-screening en...

This study develops an integrated analysis framework, called scenario-based extraction method (SEM) using four different input-output methods—unit structure analysis, cluster analysis, extended global extraction analysis and structural decomposition analysis. For the empirical analysis, we used the latest 2014 World Input–Output Database and modele...

Worldwide exposure to ambient PM2.5 causes over 4 million premature deaths annually. As most of these deaths are in developing countries, without internationally coordinated efforts this polarized situation will continue. As yet, however, no studies have quantified nation-to-nation consumer responsibility for global mortality due to both primary an...

This study applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate the technical efficiency (TE) and CO2 emission reduction potential of 1270 coal-fired power plants in 28 Chinese provinces and municipalities. The large dataset used in the study includes 727 combined heat and power (CHP) plants and 543 thermal power plants. Results show an average TE s...

Hydrogen energy utilization is expected due to its environmental and energy efficiencies. However, many issues remain to be solved in the social implementation of hydrogen energy through water electrolysis. This analyzes and compares the energy consumption and GHG emissions of fossil fuel-derived hydrogen and gasoline energy systems over their enti...

This study proposes a new framework for estimating the effects of changes in the physical lifespan (PHL) of cars and the possession lifespan (POL) of new and used cars on stock, flow, and carbon footprint (CF). Applying this framework to all new and used cars registered in Japan from 1990 to 2016 showed that a 10% extension of the PHL of cars reduc...

The increasing frequency of large-scale natural disasters generates massive energy and resource demand for recovery. We developed an inoperability multiregional input–output model as a quadratic programming model with production and greenhouse gas (GHG) restrictions to develop a low-carbon recovery plan for natural disasters. In a case study of a h...

Air pollution and its health-related effects are a major concern globally, and many people die from air pollution-related diseases each year. This study employed a structural path analysis combined with a health impact inventory database analysis to estimate the number of consumption-based PM 2.5 emission-related deaths attributed to India’s power...

The Japanese government will adopt the CAFE standard after 2020. By using a “modified” slacks‐based measure (SBM) model, this study analyzed the technical efficiency of 113 gasoline vehicle models (GVs) and 54 hybrid vehicle models (HVs) sold by Japanese manufacturers in 2016. We also estimated attainable fuel efficiency of specific vehicle models...

Determining the structural positions and characteristics of multi-role sectors is critical for understanding supply chain networks. Thus, in this study, we developed an attribution analysis framework to assess the structure of sectors with multiple roles in a supply chain. Subsequently, we applied the framework in a case study, where the top-rankin...

Two frameworks, hypothetical extraction and betweenness centrality analysis, can be used to identify environmentally important sectors in complex supply chains. This study derives an analytic expression for the relationship between hypothetical extraction and betweenness centrality analysis. Second, using the Eora and WIOD, this study analyzes the...

This study examined the effects of product price increases on metal consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and product sales via changes in the product replacement decisions of consumers. A dynamic discrete choice model was applied to air conditioners (ACs) in Japan to determine these effects when product price is increased by from 5% to 30%...

We estimated the CO2 emissions produced by more than 40 000 international flights associated with Japan's two major airlines (Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways), and identified the drivers for these CO2 emissions using an index decomposition analysis conducted between 2005 and 2015. The results showed that introducing the more fuel-efficient Bo...

Disasters often cause exogenous flow damage (i.e., the [hypothetical] difference in economic scale with and without a disaster in a certain period) to production (“supply constraint”). However, input‐output (IO) analysis (IOA) cannot usually consider it, because the Leontief quantity model (LQM) assumes that production is endogenous; the Ghosh quan...

This research sets out to quantify the mortality and economic loss in individual Asian countries caused by the PM2.5 emissions induced by the consumption of the world's five highest-consuming countries (US, China, Japan, Germany, UK). In 2010 alone, the economic impact of these five countries' consumption caused a loss of almost 45 billion US dolla...

This study investigates, at the country level, the adverse effects of changes in metal inputs on the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). It also highlights the relationships between metals use and various socioeconomic consequences that urgently require decoupling in order to achieve the SDGs. We performed panel data analysis to ev...

By focusing on a distributed energy system that has been widely diffused for efficient utilization of renewable energy generation in recent years, this paper investigates the relationship between productivity growth and information and communications technology capital in the energy sector. Information and communications technology is a key factor...

This study combined a dynamic discrete choice model for air conditioner replacement decisions with an inter-industry model in order to evaluate the economic impact of Japan’s Home Appliance Eco-Point Program, an appliance replacement program that was in effect from May 2009 to March 2011. Focusing on air conditioners produced from 1995 to 1999 and...

This study focuses on the effects of changes in material and energy input structure on the consumption-based CO2 emissions. Previous studies demonstrated the connection between domestic structural changes including the shift toward a service economy and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions embodied in consumptions of a specific country. This st...

Technology improvement related to energy conservation and energy mix low-carbonization is a critical approach for tackling global warming in China. Therefore, we attempt to identify the technology factors of China’s energy consumption change between 2007 and 2012, when China’s economy started slowing. This study proposes a new refined structural de...

Product replacement programs promote the replacement of durable goods such as automobiles, home appliances and houses with new energy-efficient products using financial incentives such as subsidies. Many countries have implemented such programs to reduce environmental loads. These programs affect the point in time at which the decision to replace a...

This paper spatially extended the vehicle life-cycle analysis of a single country and developed a new method for vehicle life-cycle analysis by combining a 15-country automotive stock-flow model based on the 15-country automotive lifetime distribution with global multi-regional input-output analysis. From the results, considering that ten of the 15...

In 2015, in response to the Paris Agreement for mitigating an increase in global temperatures, the Japanese government committed itself to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26% below 2013 levels by 2030. In the same year, the government also committed itself to overcoming the barriers to economic growth imposed by an aging society with a l...

To successfully reduce environmental emissions, companies need to expand the scope of their emissions accounting to include entire supply chains. A clustering approach has been used to find emission-intensive industry clusters. However, this approach did not include entire direct and indirect supply chains when forming high emission industry cluste...

Finding environmentally significant clusters in global supply-chain networks of goods and services has been investigated by Kagawa et al. (Soc Netw 35(3):423–438, 2013a; Econ Syst Res 25(3):265–286, 2013b; Glob Environ Chang, 2015), using the popular clustering method of nonnegative matrix factorization, which actually yields sensitive cluster assi...

This study investigated the changes in the toxicity of chemical emissions from the US industrial sector over the 1998–2009 period. Specifically, we employed a multiregional input–output analysis framework and integrated a supply-side index decomposition analysis (IDA) with a demand-side structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to clarify the main dr...

In this article, we develop an economic network analysis to find environmentally critical transmission sectors, transactions and paths in global supply chain networks. The edge betweenness centrality in the global supply chain networks is newly formulated and a relationship between edge betweenness centrality and vertex betweenness centrality is fu...

Against the scene of the Paris Agreement and recent arguments of consumption-based accounting, this chapter provides a review of previous studies related to carbon footprints of Japanese consumption using input-output analysis. Through the review, we confirm an importance of Japanese climate policy considering carbon footprints with respect to dete...

This study seeks to understand the role of primary processing, i.e. the first post-mining stage, in supply risk, by means of a case study on three critical metals (neodymium, cobalt, and platinum) in the context of Japan. Applying the ‘footprint’ concept with a multiregional input–output model, we have quantified the direct and indirect vulnerabili...

Total mortality attributable to PM2.5 is highest in the Asian domain, estimated as 2.3 million deaths annually. We apply consumption-based accounting to identify the key sectors responsible for primary carbonaceous PM2.5 mortality. The study combines an input–output model with an atmospheric transport model and fully links consumer demand to final...

The first edited collection to examine how we can transition to a future of low carbon methods of travel and mobility.

In recent decades, platinum-group metals have become increasingly important to the development and diffusion of cleaner technologies being developed to achieve a “low carbon” society. Countries engaged in the development and diffusion of new energy technologies are concerned about steadily importing scarce rare metals. Nevertheless, the question of...

This study simultaneously analyzed the carbon and material footprints for three critical metals (neodymium, cobalt, and platinum) in Japanese households with different income levels. These metals are critical for new energy technologies, such as electric vehicles and rechargeable batteries, and are thus central to carbon footprint reductions. The p...

Metropolitan regions, which are typically planned without considering aspects related to sustainability, tend to depend on neighboring regions for their waste treatment, particularly for the disposal of solid waste in landfills. The repercussion effects of consumption in metropolitan regions may bring about economic benefits. However, quantitative...

This study adopts the concept of material footprint (MF), an indicator for consumption-based material extraction via international trade, and identifies the relationship between the MFs of critical metals for low-carbon technologies – neodymium, cobalt, and platinum – and Japanese household consumption through a multiregional input–output approach...

In line with recent trends toward decentralization, prefectural and municipal governments in Japan are becoming increasingly involved with managing global warming in their regions. As a result, there is a new need to estimate the environmental effects of regional economic activities, which can be used to establish effective energy policies at the r...

Production and consumption of goods and services are interlinked through complex global supply-chain networks; so are the greenhouse gas emissions associated with them. Using a model that represents global supply-chain networks, we identified supply-chain clusters with high CO2 emissions within more than 300 million individual supply chains. We dis...

This paper evaluates the environmental and economic performance of a biodiesel plant by using the data envelopment analysis framework considering two outputs (biodiesel and glycerin as a by-product of the biodiesel) and five inputs (waste cooking oil, methanol (MeOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), power consumption used for operating the biodiesel pla...

Meeting the 2-degree global warming target requires wide adoption of low-carbon energy technologies. Many such technologies rely on the use of precious metals, however, increasing the dependence of national economies on these resources. Among such metals, those with supply security concerns are referred to as critical metals. Using the Policy Poten...

The aim of this article is to propose a method for forecasting future secondary material flows by combining a product lifetime distribution analysis with a waste input-output analysis and present a simple case study of automobiles. The case study demonstrates that the proposed method enables us to estimate replacement demand of new vehicles, number...

IntroductionAccording to the latest report (2014) of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise unabated and trends in emissions under a variety of future scenarios all indicate that it will be difficult to affect a turnaround to reduce emissions. Given this situation, the ro...

Even for metals, open-loop recycling is more common than closed-loop recycling due, among other factors, to the degradation of quality in the end-of-life (EoL) phase. Open-loop recycling is subject to loss of original materials functionality, dissipation in forms that are difficult to recovery, and recovered metals might need dilution with primary...

This study, encompassing 231 countries and regions, quantifies the global transfer of three critical metals (neodymium, cobalt and platinum) considered vital for low-carbon technologies by means of material flow analysis (MFA), using trade data (BACI) and the metal contents of trade commodities, resolving the optimization problem to ensure the mate...

The primary motivation for the vehicle replacement schemes that were implemented in many countries was to encourage the purchase of new cars. The basic assumption of these schemes was that these acquisitions would benefit both the economy and the environment as older and less fuel-efficient cars were scrapped and replaced with more fuel-efficient m...

In this paper, we develop a new approach that combines the spectral clustering method and input–output analysis to detect environmentally important supply chain clusters. The newly developed method was applied to automobile manufacturing in Japan, and major clusters with high energy intensities in the automobile supply chain were identified. This p...

This paper proposes an optimal combinatorial method for finding groups of industries with relatively large CO2 emissions through industrial relations. Using an economic input–output table, we estimated a non-symmetric matrix describing how much CO2 is emitted in producing the commodity of industry i, which was purchased to produce commodity of indu...

This paper presents an assessment of the productive efficiency of an advanced biodiesel plant in Japan using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The empirical analysis uses monthly input data (waste cooking oil, methanol, potassium hydroxide, power consumption, and the truck diesel fuel used for the procurement of waste cooking oil) and output data (b...

This paper analyzes gasoline consumption in Japan for the period 2000–2007 using the index decomposition analysis (IDA). The changes in gasoline consumption in Japan were attributed to five factors: (1) change in the annual average driving distance of new and vintage cars, (2) change in the market share of new passenger cars, (3) change in the tota...

To build a life cycle assessment (LCA) database of Japanese products embracing their global supply chains in a manner requiring lower time and labor burdens, this study estimates the intensity of embodied global environmental burden for commodities produced in Japan. The intensity of embodied global environmental burden is a measure of the environm...

Objective. The objective of this study is to clarify the effect of consumers’ final demand in a metropolitan region on other regions by performing an interregional waste input–output analysis. We investigated the effect of consumption activities in Tokyo as a case study. We constructed the interregional waste input–output table for Tokyo for the ye...

In recent years, greenhouse gas emission controls that incorporate the supply chains of products and services, thereby emphasizing the role of consumers rather than producers, have been drawing increasing attention. A country's consumption-based emissions, including those due to global supply chains, reflect the total emissions on which the nationa...

This study proposes a method of combining a waste input–output material flow analysis (WIO-MFA) model with trade statistical data to identify the flows of substances embedded in trade commodities. We focused on the case of Japan as a typical processing and trading country, and we estimated each mass of iron and aluminum embedded in the imports and...

Vehicle replacement schemes such as the "cash for clunkers" program in the U.S. and the "scrappage scheme" in the UK have featured prominently in the economic stimulation packages initiated by many governments to cope with the global economic crisis. While these schemes were designed as economic instruments to support the vehicle production industr...

This paper is concerned with the main activities of Japan's 'Disclosure of CO2 emissions' programme, aimed at illustrating the CO2 emissions associated with consumer products as a 'carbon footprint' (CF). Although the current, provisional guidelines for calculating product carbon footprints specify that only the bottom-up approach is to be used for...

As the services industry has grown and diversified, there has been a rapid rise in the share of energy and material costs in provision of services. As a result, services, which have traditionally been considered immaterial by their nature, are now absorbing substantial amounts of energy and material goods. By decomposing the CO2 emissions embodied...

The present paper contributes to modeling a simple social accounting method with cumulative product lifetime distributions and argues how product lifetime extension affects income flow throughout the entire economic system. Empirical analysis focusing on automobile use (ordinary passenger vehicle, small passenger vehicle, and light passenger vehicl...

The evolution of crude oil use structure and its impacts on commodity prices are examined for Japanese economy between 1990 and 2000. We found that the out-degree of the production network, indicating the extent of the pressure on prices of downstream industries in response to higher crude oil prices, decreased in several sectors between 1990 and 2...

The System of National Accounts (United Nations 1968, 1993) is a useful tool for measuring not only the effects of technological changes, input composition changes, product-mix changes, and consumption shifts as fundamental structural elements (e.g., Afrasiabi and Casler 1991; Rose and Casler 1996; Dietzenbacher and Los 1998, 2000 for the expositio...

It has been only a few hundred years since human society escaped from a constant cycle of ebb and flow of population changes. Famines and epidemics were mingled with preindustrial European and Asian history, repeatedly setting the human population of the region several decades to hundreds years back (Braudel 1979). It was industrialization, togethe...

The present paper empirically investigates whether competitive pressures and Japanese compliance with the Kyoto Protocol will turn China into a pollution haven. We also analyze how the bilateral division of commodity production stimulates eco-efficiencies (i.e. environmental productivities) in Japan and China and how eco-efficiencies in the respect...