Sheryl Bishop

• PhD in Social Psychology
• Professor Emeritus at The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston

The social, psychological and spatial significance of living in an extraterrestrial environment places unique demands on the living spaces to support human habitation in such environments. One of the critical requirements for successfully living and working in such environments-and thus mission success-is to fully address the dependency on the habi...

One cannot claim the importance of the lived experience in ICEs and then write an entire book without exploring the perspective of those who have been there. Thus, we intended to incorporate historical quotes and reflections from a broad gamut of those who have experienced ICE environments. Yet, we felt most of those reflections were incidental and...

This chapter focuses on a selection of major overarching habitability issues which have been identified by experience and research to date. Each factor is discussed and commonalities and differences identified to enable both synergy and effective distinctions where needed. For each, we explain the underlying socio-spatial relationship (the context)...

This chapter continues the detailing of important milestones of the journey that lead to increasing the fidelity of habitability studies to eventually allow us to design the best-fit extraterrestrial habitats. Whereas Chap. 4 covered Mockups and Simulated Environments, this chapter gives an overview of exemplar in-situ (located in actual extreme en...

This chapter and Chap. 5 introduce and outline important milestones of the journey that lead to increasing the fidelity of habitability studies intended to eventually allow us to design the best-fit extraterrestrial habitats. Beginning with the utilization of mockups and simulated environments in this chapter and in-situ environments in Chap. 5, an...

This chapter summarizes the evolution of the concept of ‘Habitability’ as it has been envisioned, approached and addressed within the context of extraterrestrial human habitation. It outlines the initial defining characteristics identified from research in terrestrial ICEs (Isolated, Confined and Extreme Environments), traces the evolution of conce...

This chapter describes an Integrated Habitability Model of psychological, physiological, sociocultural and spatial habitability considerations. The meaning of the term ‘habitability’ is fraught with differences in usage, focus, application and definition. Historically, it has evolved from ‘habitability as location’ (In astronomy and astrobiology th...

This book explores creative solutions to the unique challenges inherent in crafting livable spaces in extra-terrestrial environments. The goal is to foster a constructive dialogue between the researchers and planners of future (space) habitats. The authors explore the diverse concepts of the term Habitability from the perspectives of the inhabitant...

25-year follow-up of treated and not-treated adolescents after the Spitak earthquake: course and predictors of PTSD and depression—ERRATUM - Armen K. Goenjian, Alan M. Steinberg, David Walling, Sheryl Bishop, Ida Karayan, Robert Pynoos

Background There is a paucity of long-term prospective disaster studies of the psychological sequelae among survivors. Methods At 1½ and 25 years after the Spitak earthquake, 142 early adolescents from two cities were assessed: Gumri (moderate–severe exposure) and Spitak (very severe exposure). The Gumri group included treated and not-treated subj...

The variety of stressors inherent to space missions and other extreme environments can cause crewmembers to experience complex psychological difficulties. Such conditions will likely become more severe during long-duration space flights, exposing crewmembers to situations of extreme sensory deprivation and loneliness. Means to integrate novelty and...

Study Objectives This study proposed to test the postulate that the anxiety and insomnia symptom cluster (A/I) is a predictor of dementia. Methods A retrospective data analysis was conducted on the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS) dataset in order to determine whether A/I symptoms or treatment were associated with subsequent dementia...

Possible psychological complications of a long space flight beyond the Earth low orbit have been under discussion since such missions were first proposed. Those complications are related to the confined environment of a spacecraft during the flight and habitats on the moon or Mars surface, crewmembers’ personalities, cultural and social differences...

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Life in isolated and confined environments (ICEs) is subject to important constraints which can generate psychosociologically impaired outcomes. This study investigated psychological, social, occupational, and cultural variables which are among the most important determinants in adaptation to a one-year wintering in Antarcti...

In the context of biomedical risk reduction and mitigation in future deep space missions, the need for effective behavioural and performance inflight support has been recognised as critical by psychologists, designers and mission planners alike. Growing evidence strongly suggests that habitat interiors might be expressly designed to assist the emot...

Objective: The objectives of this study were to assess incidence of verbal and physical abuse of neurology nurses, identify their coping strategies, and explore relationships between demographic characteristics, incidence, and coping strategies. Background: A 2011 U.S. Department of Justice survey found that average annual rates of nonfatal viol...

Purpose: Determine content validity of global statements and operational definitions and choose scenarios for Competency, Assessment, Technology, Education, and Simulation (C.A.T.E.S.), instrument in development to evaluate multidimensional competency of neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs). Design: Real-time Delphi (RTD) method to pursue four sp...

The overall objective of the proposed exploratory, descriptive study was to identify global personality traits related to indirect aggression and specific tactics of hierarchy negotiation among females in one predominantly female social context - nursing. The central hypothesis was that some expressions of female indirect aggression correlate with...

Coping with natural disasters is part of the public nurses' role, and the public health nursing (PHN) researcher is doubly challenged with continuing to conduct community-based research in the midst of the disaster. The PHN may provide service along with attempting to continue the research. The challenges faced by public/community health nurse rese...

The need to find relevant terrestrial substitutes, that is, analogues, for teams operating in extraterrestrial and microgravity environments is driven by extraordinary demands for mission success. Unlike past frontiers where failure on the part of various groups to succeed represented far more limited implications for continued progress within thes...

Unlabelled: Abstract Background: A large number of Antarctic stations do not utilize ultrasound for medical care. Regular use of ultrasound imaging at South Pole and McMurdo Stations first began in October 2002. To date, there has been no evaluation of medical events requiring ultrasound examination from this remote environment. Additionally, the...

The objective of this chapter is twofold: (a) to review the current knowledge of cultural, psychological, psychiatric, cognitive, interpersonal, and organizational issues that are relevant to the behavior and performance of astronaut crews and ground support personnel and (b) to make recommendations for future human space missions, including both t...

This pilot study tested the efficacy of the My Disaster Recovery (MDR) website to decrease negative affect and increase coping self-efficacy. Fifty-six survivors of Hurricane Ike were recruited from a larger study being conducted at the University of Texas Medical Branch at the first anniversary of the storm. Restricted randomization was used to as...

"Us versus Them" group dynamics have arisen and been documented in many situations, including space missions, simulated space missions, polar and military deployments. In 2007, a crew of seven researchers took part in the 100-day "FMARS-11 Long Duration Mission" (F-XI LDM) at the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station (FMARS) on Devon Island, in th...

Aims: This paper will discuss how a natural disaster affected the recruitment and retention of a vulnerable population in an intervention study and the measures that were employed to adjust to those challenges. We will also describe the characteristics of the low-income sample that experienced losses due to Hurricane Ike and have who have been recr...

The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burden of Disease Survey estimates that by the year 2020, stress-related mental health conditions, including depression and anxiety disorders, will be second only to ischemic heart disease in the scope of disabilities experienced by sufferers. Findings commonly demonstrate clear associations between PTSD s...

The journey to explore our red neighbor will entail the application of all our terrestrial lessons learned and of some we have yet to discover. A Mars mission represents the extreme in terms of both distance and uncharted environment. The selection, monitoring and support of Mars bound crews will challenge existing technology and knowledge. The hum...

Aims: Disasters provide the opportunity to evaluate clearly delineated situational stress and its relationship to short and long term health impacts. Robust linkages between exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, depression, anxiety and worry have been evident but the contribution of displacement factors has not been wel...

Aims: This paper will discuss how a natural disaster affected the recruitment and retention of a vulnerable population in an intervention study and the measures that were employed to adjust to those challenges. Methods: The research team faced a variety of challenges to continuation of the study. The methods employed were varied but included...

Human factors research is a critical element of space exploration as it provides insight into a crew’s performance, psychology and interpersonal relationships. Understanding the way humans work in space-exploration analogue environments permits the development and testing of countermeasures for and responses to potential hazardous situations, and c...

In 2007, the Mars Society conducted a 4-month simulated Mars exploration mission at the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station (FMARS) on Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada. In addition to an intense mission research profile, the team operated on the Martian sol, (39 minutes longer than the 24-hour Earth day), for over a month. Team members completed qu...

AustroMars was the simulation of a crewed expedition on the surface of planet Mars, taking place in April 2006 at the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) in Utah. Six carefully selected “analogue astronauts” (out of 184 candidates) performed 20 experiments in the fields of robotics, analogue planetary and life sciences as well as human exploration....

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the weight and height of normal and overweight children in variables relating to the individual, home/family and community across a six month time period. RESEARCH QUESTIONS/HYPOTHESES: What are the ecological factors that influence the body mass index (BMI) of preschool children? The rate of...

The objective of this paper is twofold: (a) to review the current knowledge of cultural, psychological, psychiatric, cognitive, interpersonal, and organizational issues that are relevant to the behavior and performance of astronaut crews and ground support personnel and (b) to make recommendations for future human space missions, including both tra...

Introduction: Crew performance and group dynamic development in space has become an increasing focus due to the recent shift towards longer-duration human space missions to the Moon and Mars. Purpose: This study investigates the use of a Distinguishable Phase Model as a communication and training tool to help crews prepare for the pre- and intra-mi...

To examine the Hispanic acculturation paradox by identifying the effect of acculturation on serum progesterone and estriol levels, the progesterone/estriol ratio, and preterm birth. We used an observational, prospective design with 468 self-identified, low-income, pregnant Hispanic women. We used the Language Proficiency Subscale (from the Bidimens...

Introduction: Psychosocial group functioning has become an increased international focus of many space faring nations due to the recent shift in focus of colonizing the Moon and then preparing to travel to Mars and beyond. Purpose: This study investigates the effects of pre-mission communication and awareness strategies for positive group functioni...

Introduction: Psychosocial group functioning has become an increased international focus of many space faring nations due to the recent shift in focus of colonizing the Moon and then preparing to travel to Mars and beyond. Purpose: This study investigates the effects of competition and besting among crewmembers in isolated and confined extreme (ICE...

Introduction: Crew performance in space has become an increasing focus due to the recent shift towards longer-duration human space missions to the Moon and Mars. Past expeditions carried out on Earth kept records of crew performance, which have been compared and analyzed to those reported on space missions. Purpose: This study investigates crew psy...

International interest in psychosocial functioning generally and issues of group and inter-group function for space crews has increased as focus has shifted towards longer duration spaceflight and, particularly, the issues involved in sending a human crew to Mars (Kanas, et al., 2001; Dawson, 2002). Planning documents for a human mission to Mars su...

We examined the changes in ventilation during sleep at high altitude using the LifeShirt monitoring system on 2 climbers who were attempting to summit Mount Aconcagua (6956 m). Prior to the summit attempt, we measured cardiovascular and pulmonary function at 401 m (Rochester, MN) and gathered respiratory and cardiovascular data during sleep using t...

Introduction The role of stress and its impact on coping performance motivation behavior cognitive functioning and psychological well-being has become a key focus for long duration missions Since all extreme environments are characterized by significant physical demands e g skiing climbing EVAs as well as inescapable environmental characteristics e...

Introduction: The Mars Society Utah Desert Simulation Facility provides a unique opportunity to examine complex human social processes under simulated conditions that includes environmental similarities to Mars. Data on teams rotating through the MDRS across three seasons (one in each season) has been collected with a particular interest on the fac...

Introduction: Data on teams rotating through the Mars Desert Research Station across four seasons (2003-2006) explored the formation of group identification and its relationship with personality and achievement profiles, group goals and group and personal functioning (i.e., stress). This paper examines the utility of an investigator developed asses...

Introduction: International interest in psychosocial group functioning has increased as focus has shifted towards longer duration spaceflight and, particularly, the issues involved in sending a human crew to Mars. The current study investigates the role of gender, personality, group identity and stress on individual and group performance, motivatio...

The challenge to effectively evaluating teams in extreme environments necessarily involves a wide range of physiological, psychological, and psychosocial factors. The high reliance on technology, the growing frequency of multinational and multicultural teams, and the demand for longer duration missions all further compound the complexity of the pro...

The challenge to effectively evaluating teams in extreme environments necessarily involves a wide range of physiological, psychological, and psychosocial factors. The high reliance on technology, the growing frequency of multinational and multicultural teams, and the demand for longer duration missions all further compound the complexity of the pro...

The problem of scheduling mission personnel on multiple shifts and multiple planetary times is a problem that has to be solved during the first spiral, well in advance of the lunar lander and rover missions of the later decade, since it has a make or break effect on possible mission designs. And, it is certainly a problem that has to be solved befo...

Purpose: In February, 2003, The Mars Society of Canada and the Mars Society Australia launched a joint venture, Expedition One, involving a four-phase program in which a large team of 26 people rotated through the MDRS Utah desert habitat to carry out an integrated program. With 14 researchers in residence at any one time, Expedition One culminated...

Stress is a psychological factor that affects humans in all aspects of life and especially during long duration, multinational space missions. Stress may lower the working moral and performance and increase the apprehension of an unknown environment, which can lead to miscommunication between the crew. The "Stress Assessment During a Simulated EVA"...

Loss of muscle strength and cross-sectional area is a well-recognized consequence of spaceflight. Existing countermeasures have not been fully effective in preventing muscle weakness and atrophy in microgravity. Resistance exercise programs that consist of both eccentric and concentric actions have resulted in strength and muscle mass gains in grou...

This study examined the psychosocial adjustment of 79 siblings of children suffering from burn injuries. Nonparametric statistics were used to compare psychosocial adjustment of the study group, as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist with an age-matched and gender-matched reference groups. Analyses found that the study group was better adjuste...

Neurovestibular symptoms experienced by astronauts in the post-flight period were examined using data from medical debriefs contained in the NASA Longitudinal Study of Astronaut Health database. Ten symptoms were identified (clumsiness, difficulty concentrating, persisting sensation aftereffects, nausea, vomiting, vertigo while walking, vertigo whi...

Needed is an analytical human factors evaluation framework or tool that would provide empirical metrics for the design of habitable environments and for the optimal functioning of the human crews who must live and work in such environments. Standards that result from this effort could be merged with the database products related to the Man-Systems...

Studies on real-world groups in extreme environments provide us insight into the many factors that impact group performance, health and well-being. Unlike simulation studies, the impact of environmental threat, physical hardship, as well as true isolation and confinement have proven to be key factors in individual and group coping. Psychological an...

Considerable data (primarily physiological) have been collected during expeditions in extreme environments over the last century. Physiological measurements have only recently been examined in association with the emotional or behavioral state of the subject. Establishing this psychophysiological relationship is essential to understanding fully the...

The authors report the results of an ongoing study that investigates the effects of crew size, composition, mission duration, and mission interval on behavior and performance among polar and space expeditions. The standardized rates for a behavior/performance indicator constructed during the pilot study displayed distinctive patterns across differe...

The authors report the results of an ongoing study that investigates the effects of crew size, composition, mission duration, and mission interval on behavior and performance among polar and space expeditions. The standardized rates for a behavior/performance indicator constructed during the pilot study displayed distinctive patterns across differe...

Data from studies on real-world groups situated in extreme environments provides us insight into the many factors that impact group performance, health and well-being. Unlike simulation studies, the impact of environmental threat, physical hardship, as well as true isolation and confinement have proven to be key factors in individual and group copi...

Although children with burn scars are reported to have positive self-concepts, social and sexual maturation can be expected to stimulate anxiety, depression and diminished self-esteem in adolescents with disfiguring scars. This study examines complex self-regard of adolescents with burn scars. The following were hypothesized: (1) adolescents with d...

Intraocular pressure (IOP) has been found to increase during microgravity. After peaking in the first few hours of orbital flight, IOP slowly decreases to a level that is slightly elevated above baseline IOP's. These modest elevations in IOP do not require treatment. Just as in 1-G, a clinically significant elevation of IOP that occurred during spa...

The impact of challenging environments on individual functioning and performance must be examined from the perspective of physiological, medical, and psychological perspectives. Psychosocial factors impacting on human behavior and performance in extreme environments are critical components of mission success. Simulation studies of isolation and con...

To successfully exist in space, the goal of system designers today must be to provide an environment where current and future travelers may work efficiently and effectively over longer and longer periods of time. Ensuring human health and well-being involves habitability issues (e.g., resource requirements for hygiene, work, leisure), perceptual an...

Quality of life measurement has historically been characterized by a focus on physical functionality, great variability in definitions and insufficient attention to psychometric properties of measures. The present study examined four core subscales of the Quality of Life Enjoyment Scale (Q-LES-Q) designed to assess subjective quality of life (i.e....

Cervical dysplasia, a precursor to cervical cancer, affects approximately 6% to 10% of women in the United States. Although cervical dysplasia traditionally is diagnosed and treated by gynecologists, nurse practitioners with special education and expertise in the evaluation and treatment of the condition have begun providing care to many women in r...

To develop techniques for conducting a physical examination in microgravity and to describe and document the physiologic changes noted with use of a modified basic physical examination. On the basis of data gathered from physical examinations on KC-135 flights, three physical variables were assessed serially in astronauts during two shuttle mission...

This study represents the first systematic evaluation of dysrhythmias before, during, and after spaceflight including extravehicular activity (EVA). The data, based on 7 Shuttle crew members, revealed a nonsignificant decrease in ventricular and supraventricular ectopy during EVA, suggesting that the incidence of dysrhythmias is no greater during E...

In 1985, Tzeng, Maxey, Fortier, and Landis conducted an extensive psychometric study of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) and reported a systematic failure to validate the factor structure of either the eight clinical scales or the two global internal/external scales. Despite these findings, the TSCS has continued to be used in both clinical...

The screening and evaluation of astronaut candidates usually includes measures of cognitive and intellectual capacity. Questions of ceiling effects and discriminability when evaluating individuals assumed to be of above average intelligence should be considered. The current study examines ceiling effects and discriminability on IQ assessment betwee...

A secondary data analysis of 7,174 infants explores the use of cereal, fruits and vegetables, and meats with African-American and Anglo-American very-low-birth-weight (VLBW), low-birth-weight (LBW) and term infants over the first five months after discharge. The first solid foods offered were cereal for African-American infants and fruits and veget...

The authors report the results of an ongoing study that investigates the effects of crew size, composition, mission duration, and mission interval on behavior and performan ce among polar and space expeditions. The standardized rates for a behavior/performance indicator constructed during the pilot study displayed distinctive patterns across differ...

Results are reported from a pilot study investigating the effects of crew composition, mission duration, and mission phase on rates of deviance/conflict among Mars-analog expeditions, which was preliminary to a more extended project funded by the National Science Foundation. The standardized rates of deviance constructed during the pilot study disp...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1989. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-177).