Sharon G. Levin

• University of Missouri–St. Louis

The biomedical research workforce plays a crucial role in fostering economic growth and improving public health through discoveries and innovations. This study fills a knowledge gap by providing a comprehensive portrait of this workforce and retention within it. A distinguishing feature is that we use an occupation-based definition which allows us...

This study examines the relationship between exposure to the Internet and changes in collaboration patterns across institutional and national borders. The number of years that have elapsed since an institution’s adoption of a domain name ( Dns ) is used as a proxy for Internet exposure. This proxy is then matched with institutional data on all pub...

Objective This study examines whether information gained from face-to-face contact with health professionals has an influence on switching between branded and generic statins, a class of drugs primarily used by older adults.Methods Data from five panels of the Medical Expenditure Panel Study covering 2006–2011 are used to estimate multivariate logi...

There is good reason to think that non-elite programs in economics may be producing relatively more research than in the past: Research expectations have been ramped-up at non-PhD institutions and new information technologies have changed the way academic knowledge is produced and exchanged. This study investigates this question by examining publis...

This study examines the relationship between the diffusion of IT and changes in collaboration patterns across institutional and national borders. To undertake the research, the authors match an explicit measure of institutional IT adoption (domain names, e.g. www.umsl.edu) with institutional data on all published papers indexed by ISI for over 1,20...

This study investigates the diffusion of two early Information technologies across 1348 institutions of higher education: (1) the adoption of Because It's Time Network (BITNET), a precursor to the Internet as we know it today and (2) the adoption of the Domain Name System (DNS) with its registration of domain names, an essential feature of the mode...

This study investigates the impact of information technology (IT) on productivity and collaboration patterns in academe. Our data combine information on the diffusion of two noteworthy innovations in IT--BITNET and the Domain Name System (DNS)--with career-history data on research-active life scientists. We analyzed a random sample of 3,114 researc...

Corruption in the public sector erodes tax compliance and leads to higher tax evasion. Moreover, corrupt public officials abuse their public power to extort bribes from the private agents. In both types of interaction with the public sector, the private agents are bound to face uncertainty with respect to their disposable incomes. To analyse effect...

This study investigates how the diffusion of Internet access and other advancements in IT across a broad group of institutions of higher education has affected the publishing productivity of life scientists. Several IT indicators are considered: (1) the adoption of BITNET; (2) the registration of domain names (DNS); (3) the availability of the elec...

This study advances the prior literature concerning the impact of information technology on productivity in academe in two important ways. First, it utilizes a dataset that combines information on the diffusion of two noteworthy and early innovations in IT -- BITNET and the Domain Name System (DNS) -- with career history data on research-active lif...

The low prevalence of women in the information technology (IT) workforce has received considerable attention in recent years. The focus of much of this discussion concerns how women can be recruited into careers in IT by making careers more attractive and accessible to women. The size of the IT workforce depends on retention as well as recruitment....

This study examines the composition of the information technology "IT" workforce and focuses on recruitment and retention and how they differ by gender and minority status. Data are from SESTAT, the largest nationally representative sample of college-educated scientists and engineers living in the United States. The data indicate that only about on...

The consequences of the heavy inflow of foreign talent for U.S. scientists and engineers over the period 1973-1997 are examined using data from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Of particular interest is whether non-citizens trained in the United States have displaced citizens from jobs in science and engineering (S&E). Using a novel adaptation o...

IN THE WAKE OF THE EVENTS OF SEPTEMBER 11, proposals have been made to regulate or restrict the number of students studying in the United States on temporary visas. In the interest of informing debate, we provide descriptive statistics on the number of temporary residents who received U.S.

This paper contributes to the debate on high-skilled migration byexamining whether the foreign-born and foreign-educated are disproportionatelyrepresented among individuals making exceptional contributions to science and engineering (S & E) in the U.S. Six indicators of scientific achievement areused: individuals elected to the National Academy of...

This paper provides an answer to the puzzle of why, in a system where collaboration is increasingly important and life‐cycle models provide a modest explanation of observable outcomes, the career stage of the individual remains an important concept. We argue that three factors are key to the explanation of this paradox. First, the reward structure...

We investigated whether foreign-born and foreign-educated scientists and engineers are disproportionately represented among individuals making exceptional contributions to science and engineering in the United States. Using six criteria, including election to the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering, we found that, i...

This paper makes use of a unique data set fordoctoral-level biochemists, earth scientists,physicists, and physiologists to examine the question ofwhether the rewards to publishing in science are gender blind. The longitudinal nature of the data, andthe inclusion of different research outcome variables,permit the estimation of a wage-change model th...

[fre] Cet article s'interroge sur les raisons pour lesquelles aux États-Unis la productivité scientifique est le plus souvent étudiée, au niveau des individus et de leur carrière, malgré le fait connu que la découverte est un processus coopératif. Notre hypothèse est que ceci provient d'une tradition aux États-Unis qui met fortement l'accent sur l'...

This paper examines the evolving relationship in science between the reward structure and entrepreneurial activity. We draw a distinction between two types of property rights. Basic science is fostered by a mechanism of reputational rights; technological advances-and the products and processes they produce - are fostered by a mechanism of proprieta...

Conventional wisdom holds that scientists' receptivity to new ideas declines as they age. This proposition, known as 'Planck's Principle', has typically been studied using legit models which do not control for censored data. To see if this potential problem affects the results, we have re-tested the proposition, using data from an earlier study wit...

This paper analyzes the relationship between age and productivity for Nobel prize winners in science during the period 1901–1992. The relationship found is field dependent as well as dependent upon the definition used to measure the age at which the ward-winning work was done. The results suggest that although it does not require extraordinary yout...

This study uses monthly data on the adoption of optical scanners by sixty-three grocery chains in thirty-two large U.S. cities to identify the determinants of the rate of intrafirm diffusion. The methodology involves a two-stage approach that relates market environment characteristics to the estimated rate of intrafirm diffusion. The results indica...

This paper examines the degree to which measured inequality in scientific output is sensitive to adjustments for attribution and the quality of the journal (as proxied by journal impact) in which the article appears. Data for the study come from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients and the Science Citation Index. Generally, we find that the adjustmen...

The relationship between age and the publishing productivity of Ph.D. scientists is analyzed using data from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (National Research Council) and the Science Citation Index. The longitudinal nature of the data allows for the identification of pure aging effects. In five of the six areas studied, life-cycle aging effect...

In recent years, the American scientific community has aged significantly. In the physical sciences, for example, the proportion of employed doctorates under the age of 35 declined between 1975 and 1985 from 25% to 15%, while the proportion over 55 increased from 14% to 21% [National Science Foundation, 1988, p. 44]. The geosciences have not escape...

Age-publishing profiles are estimated for four fields of science using data from the 1977 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. The five measures of publishing activity used allow for analysis of the sensitivity of the age-publishing relationship to output measure. Results are presented separately for graduate faculty and faculty at nongraduate departmen...

Two p roportional hazard models are used to investigate the differingeffects of marke t structure variables on the conditional probabilityof a firm initially adoptin g the new technology of optical scanners as the innovation spreads through the f ood store industry. During the early stage, leading firms with large average sto re size which are not...

Analyses the diffusion of a single innovation in the same industry but across different geographic markets. Controls for variables, such as the capital cost of the innovation or the potential profitability of an innovation. Specifically, analyzes the early diffusion of the optical scanner through the food store industry in the largest US metropolit...

This study analyzes tax capitalization within the framework of a disequilibrium market model. In particular, this study examines whether local fiscal differentials influence the rate of change in neighborhood house prices over time. Local fiscal differentials existing in 1970 are found to have no influence on the rate of change in neighborhood hous...

This paper is drawn from a larger project supported by NSF (Grant #ELA 008995) that examined how recruitment and retention varies by gender and minority status in the IT workforce. The full report is available at http://www. gsu. edu/~ecopes/itworkforce/reports/it _ final _ report. pdf. The authors would like to thank Lawrence Burton, of Science Re...