Sharif Amit Kamran

Johnson & Johnson | J&J · Radiology AI

Semantic Segmentation using deep convolutional neural network pose more complex challenge for any GPU intensive task. As it has to compute million of parameters, it results to huge memory consumption. Moreover, extracting finer features and conducting supervised training tends to increase the complexity. With the introduction of Fully Convolutional...

Diagnosing different retinal diseases from Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) images is a challenging task. Different automated approaches such as image processing, machine learning and deep learning algorithms have been used for early detection and diagnosis of retinal diseases.Unfortunately, these are prone to error and computa...

High fidelity segmentation of both macro and microvascular structure of the retina plays a pivotal role in determining degenerative retinal diseases, yet it is a difficult problem. Due to successive resolution loss in the encoding phase combined with the inability to recover this lost information in the decoding phase, autoencoding based segmentati...

Fluorescein angiography (FA) is a procedure used to image the vascular structure of the retina and requires the insertion of an exogenous dye with potential adverse side effects. Currently, there is only one alternative non-invasive system based on Optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology, called OCT angiography (OCTA), capable of visualizing...

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are rapidly developing technologies that may have important healthcare-related applications, including the possible evaluation of the health and performance of astronauts. Advances in the fields of VR/AR and space exploration have independently progressed; however, over the last decade synergies and o...

Ophthalmic biomarkers have long played a critical role in diagnosing and managing ocular diseases. Oculomics has emerged as a field that utilizes ocular imaging biomarkers to provide insights into systemic diseases. Advances in diagnostic and imaging technologies including electroretinography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal scanning l...

The rapid accessibility of portable and affordable retinal imaging devices has made early differential diagnosis easier. For example, color funduscopy imaging is readily available in remote villages, which can help to identify diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, or pathological myopia (PM). On the other hand, astronauts...

Pendant drops of oxide-coated high-surface tension fluids frequently produce perturbed shapes that impede interfacial studies. Eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn) or gallium indium tin (Galinstan) are high-surface tension fluids coated with a ~5nm gallium oxide (Ga2O3) film and falls under this fluid classification, also known as liquid metals (LM). Th...

Head-mounted extended reality (XR) has emerged as a powerful tool in medical education for simulation of clinical and surgical situations. Another potentially powerful clinical tool of XR may be to help clinicians further understand disease from the patient’s perception. In our work to develop a training tool for astronauts undergoing interplanetar...

Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a collection of neuro-ophthalmic findings that occurs in astronauts as a result of prolonged microgravity exposure in space. Due to limited resources on board long-term spaceflight missions, early disease diagnosis and prognosis of SANS become unviable. Moreover, the current retinal imaging tec...

An impairment in dynamic visual acuity (DVA) has been observed in astronauts shortly after they return to Earth.1 These transitional effects may lead to safety risks during interplanetary spaceflight. At this time, functional vision assessments are performed via laptop onboard the International Space Station. However, DVA is not performed as a stan...

The rapid accessibility of portable and affordable retinal imaging devices has made early differential diagnosis easier. For example, color funduscopy imaging is readily available in remote villages, which can help to identify diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, or pathological myopia (PM). On the other hand, astronauts...

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a unique neuro-ophthalmic phenomenon that has been observed in astronauts who have undergone long-duration spaceflight. The syndrome is characterized by distinct imaging and clinical findings including optic disc edema, hyperopic refractive shift, posterior globe flattening, and choroidal folds...

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a unique phenomenon that has been observed in astronauts who have undergone long-duration spaceflight (LDSF). The syndrome is characterized by distinct imaging and clinical findings including optic disc edema, hyperopic refractive shift, posterior globe flattening, and choroidal folds. SANS ser...

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has revolutionized the field of medicine. Although highly effective, the rapid expansion of this technology has created some anticipated and unanticipated bioethical considerations. With these powerful applications, there is a necessity for framework regulations to ensure equitabl...

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is one of the potential barriers to human long-duration spaceflight (LDSF), including a manned mission to Mars. While a large barrier, the pathophysiology of SANS is not well understood, and functional and structural findings from SANS continue to be further characterized. Currently on the Interna...

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has rigorously documented a group of neuro-ophthalmic findings in astronauts during and after long-duration spaceflight known as spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). For astronaut safety and mission effectiveness, understanding SANS and countermeasure development are of utmost...

In anticipation of space exploration where astronauts are traveling away from Earth, and for longer durations with an increasing communication lag, artificial intelligence (AI) frameworks such as large language learning models (LLMs) that can be trained on Earth can provide real-time answers. This emerging technology may be helpful for acute medica...

Operative notes are an essential piece of documentation made by an ophthalmic team following ocular or ophthalmic surgery. While the advanced language processing capabilities of GPT-4 can be utilized to enhance the comprehension of natural language in healthcare applications, the utilization of GPT-4 in writing operative notes is not explicitly ref...

Purpose : The aim of this study was to examine astronaut retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) changes with optical coherence tomography (OCT).

GPT-4 is the latest version of ChatGPT which is reported by OpenAI to have greater problem-solving abilities and an even broader knowledge base. We examined GPT-4’s ability to inform us about the latest literature in a given area, and to write a discharge summary for a patient following an uncomplicated surgery and its latest image analysis feature...

Purpose To evaluate the impacts of the COVID-19 on neuro-ophthalmology practice in the United States. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods The North American Neuro-ophthalmology Society distributed a survey on the impact of COVID-19 on neuro-ophthalmic practice to its members. The survey consisted of 15 questions regarding the impact of the pand...

Brief periods of extreme gravitational transition are anticipated during interplanetary spaceflight, including transitions between microgravity, hypogravity, and hypergravity. Rapid sensorimotor adaptation will occur following these G-transitions which may affect astronaut performance including gaze control and dynamic visual acuity. Significant de...

Accurately segmenting fluid in 3D volumetric optical coherence tomography (OCT) images is a crucial yet challenging task for detecting eye diseases. Traditional autoencoding-based segmentation approaches have limitations in extracting fluid regions due to successive resolution loss in the encoding phase and the inability to recover lost information...

Background: Anecdotally, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in more severe cases of eye disease, decreased medication compliance/availability, and decreased treatment volume due to the lockdown. Aims: We aim to quantify and bring together a variety of international perspectives from ophthalmologists of different subspecialties to characterize th...

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has a promising role in the future long-duration spaceflight missions. Traditional AI algorithms rely on training and testing data from the same domain. However, astronaut medical data is naturally limited to a small sample size and often difficult to collect, leading to extremely limited datasets. This si...

Astronauts are exposed to an austere and constantly changing environment during space travel. To respond to these rapid environmental changes, high levels of dynamic visual acuity (DVA) are required. DVA is the ability to visualize objects that are in motion, or with head movement and has previously been shown to decrease significantly following sp...

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 9 (4). During interplanetary spaceflight, periods of extreme gravitational transitions will occur such as transitions between hypergravity, hypogravity, and microgravity. Following gravitational transitions, rapid sensorimotor adaptation or maladaptation may occur which can affect gaz...

Sport-related concussion (SRC) depends on sensory information from visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. At the same time, the current clinical administration of Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) is subjective and deviates among administrators. Therefore, for the assessment and management of concussion detection, standardization is...

Cellular calcium fluorescence imaging utilized to study cellular behaviors typically results in large datasets and a profound need for standardized and accurate analysis methods. Here, we describe open-source software (4SM) to overcome these limitations using an automated machine learning pipeline for subcellular calcium signal segmentation of spat...

Incorporating various mass shapes and sizes in training deep learning architectures has made breast mass segmentation challenging. Moreover, manual segmentation of masses of irregular shapes is time-consuming and error-prone. Though Deep Neural Network has shown outstanding performance in breast mass segmentation, it fails in segmenting micro-masse...

INTRODUCTION: Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) refers to the ability of the eye to discern detail in a moving object and plays an important role whenever rapid physical responses to environmental changes are required, such as while performing tasks onboard a space shuttle. A significant decrease in DVA has previously been noted after astronauts returned...

The human body undergoes many changes during long-duration spaceflight including musculoskeletal, visual, and behavioral changes. Several of these microgravity-induced effects serve as potential barriers to future exploration missions. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine has progressed rapidly and has many promising applications...

Sport-related concussion (SRC) depends on sensory information from visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. At the same time, the current clinical administration of Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) is subjective and deviates among administrators. Therefore, for the assessment and management of concussion detection, standardization is...

During long-duration spaceflight, astronauts are exposed to various risks including spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome, which serves as a risk to astronaut vision and a potential physiological barrier to future spaceflight. When considering exploration missions that may expose astronauts to longer periods of microgravity, radiation exposu...

Automating arrhythmia detection from ECG requires a robust and trusted system that retains high accuracy under electrical disturbances. Many machine learning approaches have reached human-level performance in classifying arrhythmia from ECGs. However, these architectures are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which can misclassify ECG signals by de...

Ophthalmic images may contain identical-looking pathologies that can cause failure in automated techniques to distinguish different retinal degenerative diseases. Additionally, reliance on large annotated datasets and lack of knowledge distillation can restrict ML-based clinical support systems’ deployment in real-world environments. To improve the...

Introduction Since the early Shuttle missions, astronauts have reported visual acuity (VA) changes that have led to anecdotes of diminished focus and reading checklists.1 Further investigation has led to the discovery of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS), a distinct set of neuro-ophthalmic findings following long-duration spacefli...

The neuro-ocular effects of long-duration spaceflight have been termed Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS) and are a potential challenge for future, human space exploration. The underlying pathogenesis of SANS remains ill-defined, but several emerging translational applications of terrestrial head-mounted, visual assessment technolo...

During long-duration spaceflights, some astronauts exhibit ocular structural and functional changes called SANS. Monitoring for SANS is challenging due to time and payload constraints that limit which tests can be performed and at what frequency. A virtual reality (VR)-based system that monitors relevant aspects of ocular properties through multimo...

Ophthalmic images may contain identical-looking pathologies that can cause failure in automated techniques to distinguish different retinal degenerative diseases. Additionally, reliance on large annotated datasets and lack of knowledge distillation can restrict ML-based clinical support systems' deployment in real-world environments. To improve the...

During spaceflight, astronauts can experience significantly higher levels of hemolysis. With future space missions exposing astronauts to longer periods of microgravity, such as missions to Mars, there will be a need to for better understanding this phenomenon. We have proposed that retinal fundus photography and deep learning may be utilized to he...

Cellular imaging instrumentation advancements as well as readily available optogenetic and fluorescence sensors have yielded a profound need for fast, accurate, and standardized analysis. Deep-learning architectures have revolutionized the field of biomedical image analysis and have achieved state-of-the-art accuracy. Despite these advancements, de...

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) refers to a unique collection of neuro-ophthalmic clinical and imaging findings observed in astronauts after long duration spaceflight. Current in-flight and post-flight imaging modalities (e.g., optical coherence tomography, orbital ultrasound, and funduscopy) have played an instrumental role in...

Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS) refers to a unique collection of neuro-ophthalmic clinical and imaging findings that are observed in astronauts during long duration spaceflight. These findings include optic disc edema, posterior globe flattening, retinal nerve layer fiber thickening, optic nerve sheath distension, and hyperopic...

Certain ocular imaging procedures such as fluoresceine angiography (FA) are invasive with potential for adverse side effects, while others such as funduscopy are non-invasive and safe for the patient. However, effective diagnosis of ophthalmic conditions requires multiple modalities of data and a potential need for invasive procedures. In this stud...

Recently deep learning has reached human-level performance in classifying arrhythmia from Electrocardiogram (ECG). However, deep neural networks (DNN) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which can misclassify ECG signals by decreasing the model's precision. Adversarial attacks are crafted perturbations injected in data that manifest the conventi...

Spear Phishing is a type of cyber-attack where the attacker sends hyperlinks through email on well-researched targets. The objective is to obtain sensitive information such as name, credentials, credit card numbers, or other crucial data by imitating oneself as a trustworthy website. According to a recent report, phishing incidents nearly doubled i...

Electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition requires an automated system and analysis pipeline for understanding specific rhythm irregularities. Deep neural networks have become a popular technique for tracing ECG signals, outperforming human experts. Despite this, convolutional neural networks are susceptible to adversarial examples that can misclassify E...

In Fluorescein Angiography (FA), an exogenous dye is injected in the bloodstream to image the vascular structure of the retina. The injected dye can cause adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, anaphylactic shock, and even death. In contrast, color fundus imaging is a non-invasive technique used for photographing the retina but does not have s...

Retinal vessel segmentation contributes significantly to the domain of retinal image analysis for the diagnosis of vision-threatening diseases. With existing techniques the generated segmentation result deteriorates when thresholded with higher confidence value. To alleviate from this, we propose RVGAN, a new multi-scale generative architecture for...

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) is a demanding imaging technique by which diagnosticians detect retinal diseases. Automating the procedure for early detection and diagnosis of retinal diseases has been proposed in many intricate ways through the use of image processing, machine learning, and deep learning algorithms. Unfortuna...