Shardul Agrawala

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) | OECD

This paper evaluates green stimulus packages that were introduced in response to the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007-08 and draws lessons relevant for greening the recovery from the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis. The paper underscores the importance of building in policy evaluation mechanisms into green stimulus measures. It also provides evi...

Digitalisation is having a profound impact on social and economic activity. While often benefiting from a very long history of public investment in R&D, digitalisation has been largely driven by the private sector. However, the combined adoption of new digital technologies, increased reliance upon new data sources, and use of advanced analytic meth...

This chapter examines the potential environmental sustainability implications of 3D printing (also called “additive manufacturing”) as it displaces other manufacturing technologies, and lists top priorities for policy interventions to improve environmental sustainability. It considers several of the most widely used 3D printing technologies as they...

This report offers a different perspective on the analysis of the use of behavioural insights to tackle environmental problems. Motivated by the keen interest recently shown by many policy makers in applying behavioural insights to green consumption, investment and compliance decisions by individuals and firms, the report provides an up-to-date rev...

National governments have a crucial role to play in facilitating preparations for the effects of climate change. This chapter provides an overview of adaptation planning and implementation at the national level in member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It compares different approaches and discusses em...

In the context of scaled-up funding for climate change adaptation, it is more important than ever to guarantee value for money of adaptation interventions. Robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) ensures that the prospective benefits of interventions are being realized and it helps to improve the design of future projects and programmes. This paper...

In the context of scaled up funding for climate change adaptation, it is more important than ever to ensure the effectiveness, equity and efficiency of adaptation interventions. Robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an essential part of this, both to ensure that the prospective benefits of interventions are being realised and to help improve th...

Innovation in technologies that promote mitigation and adaptation will be critical for tackling climate change. It can decrease the costs of policy measures and provide new opportunities for the private sector. However, most discussions of innovation have focused on mitigation, while little attention has been paid to innovation for adaptation. This...

Public policy and investments alone cannot reduce vulnerability to climate change. Research shows that, with adequate institutional mechanisms, private adaptation choices can play an important role in improving society's climate resilience.

This paper provides a summary and a critical survey of the method-ologies and results of the literature on the economics of adaptation. We divide the literature into two broad areas of research. First, we examine the studies that analyse adaptation from a bottom-up per-spective. Second, we introduce the studies that examine adaptation using a top-d...

There is growing international interest in the planning, financing and implementation of adaptation to climate change. However, the discussion to date has primarily focused on the public sector’s role, with the private sector viewed primarily as a source of funding or financing. Relatively little attention has been paid to how the private sector is...

Much of the current policy debate on adaptation to climate change has focussed on estimation of adaptation costs, ways to raise and to scale-up funding for adaptation, and the design of the international institutional architecture for adaptation financing. There is however little or no emphasis so far on actual delivery mechanisms to channel these...

National governments and development agencies have invested considerable effort in recent years to develop methodologies and tools to screen their projects for the risks posed by climate change. However, these tools have largely been developed by the climate change community and their application within actual project settings remains quite limited...

Financing for adaptation is a core element in the ongoing international negotiations on climate change. This has motivated a number of recent global estimates of adaptation costs. While important from an agenda setting perspective, many of these estimates nevertheless have a number of limitations. They are typically static (i.e. estimated for one s...

This article highlights emerging insights from recent Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) work in six developing countries: Bangladesh, Egypt, Fiji, Nepal, Tanzania and Uruguay, on the synergies and trade-offs involved in mainstreaming adaptation to climate change in development assistance, projects, and plans. Over the med...

Climate change poses a serious challenge to social and economic development. This report provides a critical assessment of adaptation costs and benefits in key climate sensitive sectors, as well as at national and global levels. It also moves the discussion beyond cost estimation to the potential and limits of economic and policy instruments - incl...

This paper examines the potential role of carbon sequestration in forests under a range of exogenously chosen carbon price paths. The price paths were chosen to simulate several different climate change policies. The results indicate that global sequestration could range from 48�147 Pg C by 2105 for carbon prices ranging from $100 to more than $800...

The present report seeks to inform critical questions with regard to policy mixes of investments in adaptation and mitigation, and how they might vary over time. This is facilitated here by examining adaptation within global Integrated Assessment Modelling frameworks. None of the existing Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) captures adaptation sati...

Empirical estimates of costs and benefits can serve as a key criterion for making decisions on adaptation. They can also be useful for establishing "price tags" for overall adaptation needs that would then need to be met through international, domestic, and private funding sources. There is a relatively large amount of information on adaptation cos...

Adaptation to climate change is now widely recognised as an equally important and complementary response to greenhouse gas mitigation in addressing climate change. Adaptation consists of deliberate actions undertaken to reduce the adverse consequences, as well as to harness any beneficial opportunities. A wide range of adaptation measures can be im...

Adaptation to climate change will comprise of thousands of actions by households, firms, governments, and civil society. This chapter provides some pointers as to how smart policy can turn private initiative into a force for adaptation. It focuses on three instruments: Insurance, environmental markets and public private partnerships. Insurance has...

Climate change can affect the efficiency with which development resources are invested and the eventual achievement of many development objectives. Drawing upon illustrative case studies in six developing countries: Bangladesh, Egypt, Tanzania, Uruguay, Nepal and Fiji, this article examines the synergies and trade-offs involved in integrating adapt...

The establishment of consensus by the IPCC is no longer as critical to governments as a full exploration of uncertainty.

This report assesses the implications of climate change on winter tourism and natural hazards management in the European Alps, with a particular focus on how these activities can adapt to climate change. The report presents the first systematic cross-country analysis of the effects of climate change on snow-reliability in the European Alps. It also...

Little attention has been paid thus far to the experiences of developed countries in adapting to climate change. This article addresses this research gap by providing an assessment of broad trends in progress on planning and implementing adaptation in developed countries. Primary inputs are the National Communications (NCs) by these countries to th...

Climate change can appear remote compared with problems such as poverty, disease and economic stagnation. Development planners are often unsure how it will affect their work, and whether and how to integrate or "mainstream" climate change considerations within their activities. Climate change is in fact intricately tied to many development objectiv...

This volume has explored the synergies and trade-offs involved in mainstreaming climate change in development activities, focusing on natural resource management. Findings from this work underscore the need for, and the challenges faced in, taking climate change into account in development activities. This concluding chapter summarises the findings...

Development planners need a better appreciation of climate change projections and the associated uncertainty in order to determine how to factor this information into their activities, and to what extent. Full understanding might ultimately require climate change risk assessment tailored to the locations, variables and time horizons of relevance to...

Climate change can affect the efficiency with which development resources are invested and the eventual achievement of many development objectives. Hence the need for mainstreaming of climate change response measures in development initiatives. This chapter examines government- and donor-supported initiatives in each case study country. An analytic...

Natural resources and their management form a critical interface between climate change and development. The impacts of climate change can affect the quality and reliability of many of the services natural resources provide. On the other hand, natural resources play an important role in greenhouse gas mitigation and also serve as a first line of de...

Les problèmes soulevés par le changement climatique peuvent paraître lointains comparés à ceux que représentent la pauvreté, les maladies ou la stagnation économique. Souvent, les responsables de la planification du développement ne savent pas avec exactitude comment il rejaillira sur leur activité, s’ils doivent y « intégrer systématiquement » ce...

Le changement climatique peut rejaillir sur l’efficacité avec laquelle les ressources nécessaires au développement sont investies et sur la réalisation ultime de nombreux objectifs de développement. D’où la nécessité d’intégrer systématiquement les mesures de lutte contre le changement climatique dans les opérations de développement. Ce chapitre ex...

Les ressources naturelles et leur gestion forment une interface essentielle entre la lutte contre le changement climatique et le développement. Le changement climatique peut rejaillir sur la qualité et la fiabilité de nombreux services assurés par les ressources naturelles. Par ailleurs, ces dernières jouent un rôle important dans l’atténuation des...

Dans cet ouvrage ont été décrits les synergies et antagonismes que présente l’intégration systématique du changement climatique dans les activités de développement, en mettant l’accent sur la gestion des ressources naturelles. Les résultats de ces travaux soulignent la nécessité de prendre en compte le changement climatique dans les activités de dé...

Les responsables de la planification du développement ont besoin de pouvoir mieux évaluer les projections du changement climatique et l’incertitude dont elles sont assorties, de manière à déterminer comment ils doivent prendre ces informations en compte dans leurs activités et dans quelle mesure. Une analyse complète exigerait en fait d’ajuster l’é...

With entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol in 2005, climate change negotiators are turning their attention to the question, ‘Where do we go from here?’. A key component of answering this question is in understanding the implications for society of alternative long-term goals for greenhouse gas concentrations. One challenge in ongoing negotiations...

Dans le troisième rapport du GIEC, le groupe 2 a étudié plusieurs questions fortement interdépendantes : les impacts des changements climatiques actuels et à venir, impacts directs et différés sous forme de réactions des systèmes naturels et humains ; l’adaptation de ces systèmes aux effets principalement défavorables des changements climatiques ;...

The primary motivation for this paper is to illuminate the role of leadership exerted by individuals, institutions and nation-states at various stages of the global climate change regime. Four forms of leadership: intellectual, instrumental, power-based, and directional, are identified. Next, theoretical claims about the dominance of particular for...

The International Research Institute for Climate Prediction (IRI) was created in 1996 with an "end-to-end" mission to engage in climate research and modeling on a seasonalto-interannual time scale and to provide the results of this research in a useful way to farmers, fishermen, public health officials, and others capable of making the best of the...

Climate change is a problem which US science has significantly helped to bring to the world's attention. It now requires initiatives in US domestic policy for even the first steps towards any realistic global resolution of this problem. This paper addresses three questions: (1) How has US climate policy evolved since climate change became an intern...

Post-cold war investment in science--particularly in the case of seasonal to interannual climate forecasting--is increasingly justified by the goal of demonstrating explicit societal benefit. A review of the 2000 food crisis in Ethiopia and the state of the science of seasonal forecasting is sobering and underscores the need to foster more realisti...

The United States has a penchant these days for joining international negotiations that spin out of control. We went to Kyoto to talk about climate change and discovered we couldn't sign the treaty. We went to Ottawa to talk about landmines and found our military problems ignored by other states. We may be the "indispensable country," as Secretary...

The consensus-based science advisory apparatus of the global climate regime is frequently faulted for achieving legitimacy at the cost of compromising the policy specificity of its assessments. The merits of an alternate corporatist model with closed-door interaction between a few experts and stakeholders are examined here by exhuming the legacy of...

In the nine years since its establishment in 1988, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has attempted to walk the tightrope of being scientifically sound and politically acceptable. This paper investigates how the IPCC has evolved over two assessment cycles. It provides an in-depth examination of important characteristics of the IPC...

Climate change is a problem which is global both in terms of causes and consequences. The uncertainties are large and likely to persist. Meanwhile, the political and economic stakes of both action and inaction are much higher than those in other transboundary concerns such as acid rain and ozone depletion. The public policy impact of scientific opi...

The charge motion in a tumbling mill is analyzed in detail using a numerical simulation scheme known as the discrete element method (DEM). In particular, the profile of the ball charge, impact energy distribution and power draft are predicted as a function of mill operating conditions. The analyses are verified by direct experimentation in a 90-cm...

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