Shankar M Bakkannavar

Manipal Academy of Higher Education | MAHE · Kasturba Medical College (KMC)

With the rapid growth of surveillance systems, the need for efficient and accurate face detection in closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage has become increasingly crucial. Face detection plays a pivotal role in various applications, including security, law enforcement, forensic investigations, and social monitoring. This research aims to provide...

The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scoring system is utilised as a prognostic method in paraquat poisoning; however, current evidence shows ambiguity. Although some studies have shown APACHE II to be a superior tool, others have reported it inferior to other prognostic markers, such as lactate, severity index of paraq...

Background: Pesticides are chemicals that have become common household products in developing countries. The purpose of pesticides is to manage agricultural work. The majority of pesticides for indoor and agricultural use are carbamate and organophosphorus. Toxicity is caused due to excess and improper use or disposal of these chemical agents. Slow...

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound vesicles produced into the extracellular space by cells. Apoptotic bodies (ApoBD), microvesicles (MVs), and exosomes are examples of EVs, which act as essential regulators in cell-cell communication in both normal and diseased conditions. Natural cargo molecules such as miRNA, messenger RNA, and proteins...

Background: Health-care needs change throughout the life course. It is thus crucial to assess whether health systems provide access to quality health care for all ages. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019), we measured the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index overall and for select age gr...

Snakebite envenoming is an important cause of preventable death. The World Health Organization (WHO) set a goal to halve snakebite mortality by 2030. We used verbal autopsy and vital registration data to model the proportion of venomous animal deaths due to snakes by location, age, year, and sex, and applied these proportions to venomous animal con...

Identifying an individual is a priority from womb to tomb. Historically, human identification is one of the most challenging subjects that man has confronted. Alves identity is a set of physical characteristics, functional or psychic, normal or pathological, that defines an individual. Among various parameters of human identification, sex determina...

Background: Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10-24 years during the past three decades. Methods: Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and...

Background The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods For this analysis,...

Supplementary data

Background: Conducting online classes and assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic is not without challenges. The world of medical education is adapting online training and assessment because of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The present study was conducted to assess the students' perception regarding the process, difficulties encountered and perc...

Introduction: Identification of an individual is crucial from womb to tomb. It has always been a challenging task. Estimation of age after death from the adult skeleton is one of the most important objectives in medico-legal cases. Among the various parameters available, skeletal age determination is considered the best. This study attempts to asse...

BACKGROUND: Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex a...

Venomous snakebite is an important cause of preventable death. The World Health Organization (WHO) set a goal to halve snakebite mortality by 2030. We used verbal autopsy and vital registration data to model the proportion of venomous animal deaths due to snakes by location, age, year, and sex, and applied these proportions to venomous animal conta...

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate res...

Background Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex an...

Datura is a common plant in India that grows abundantly in the wild across the country. The common names of datura plant are Jimson weed, Stinkweed, Devil’s trumpet, Mad apple and Thorn apple etc. It is considered as a deliriant poison. Very few cases of intentional poisoning with Datura are reported in the literature. But accidental poisonings are...

This is a supplementary material for the article entitled "Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019"

Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's...

Summary Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a sta...

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countr...

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publ...

Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardise...

Background Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-res...

Background Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public hea...

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Background Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of rec...

Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational r...

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant...

Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational r...

Background Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study’s objective is t...

Introduction: An accurate assessment of c-erbB2 expression in invasive breast cancer (IBC) has become crucial to precisely recognize the candidates to be treated with Trastuzumab. Presently, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are most commonly employed methods for evaluating c-erbB2 status. Recent literature ha...

Introduction: Snake bite is a common medical emergency affecting the rural poor. India has the highest rates of envenomation with 81,000 envenomation and 11,000 deaths. Such high figures in spite of availability of antivenin is a cause for concern. The availability of medical records of the victims of snake bite enabled the analysis of the factors...

Rodenticides are pesticides that kill rodents. Ratol is a rodenticide available in paste form and the main ingredient is yellow phosphorous. Other possible compositions in rodenticides is zinc phosphide and coumarin derivatives. Among all these yellow phosphorous has more lethal effects. They are not uncommon agents for the poison to commit suicide...

It is practical manual for undergraduate medical students. Especially medical students, who have to manage time and read more books to acquire knowledge are in dilemma regarding the books to be chosen as a number of books are available in the field. They are always eager to choose such a book which is easy to understand, time saving, attractive to...

Hydrocarbons are quite abundant in modern society, which includes kerosene, lubricating oil, paint, glues and solvents. Initial hydrocarbon exposure can lead to pneumonitis resulting in ventilation—perfusion mismatch and hypoxemia. CNS toxicity in the form of seizure can be as a result of severe hypoxia. Isolated cases of hydrocarbon induced seizur...

Introduction: Establishment of identity in the living and the dead individual carries tremendous medico-legal significance. Estimation of the age of an individual is an important step in establishing the identity of an individual. Identification may be complete or incomplete. Comparative techniques like anthropometry and prints involving foot, hand...

Assessment of underlying organs while ascertaining cause of death in case of blunt force trauma to particular part of the body is an integral part of forensic autopsies. It is often neglected in absence of external injuries. However the underlying organ might have been injured. Thorough examination helps the forensic pathologist. In case of blunt f...

Hydrocarbons are widely distributed in the environment in several compounds, most commonly in petroleum-related products. Butane is one such compound that is arguably one of the most common chemicals found in petroleum and related derivatives. Also, butane is said to be voluntarily inhaled by many for its euphoriant effect. Other than this voluntar...

The malarial infection leading to morbidity and mortality is common throughout the world. Sudden deaths due to malarial infection are not uncommon. These unexpected sudden deaths pose a challenging task to the forensic pathologist. Such deaths are more commonly due to Plasmodium falciparum. However deaths due to Plasmodium vivax are also reported i...

Background and Objects: Estimation of time since death from rigor mortis in various parts of the body plays vital role in forensic investigations. The aim of the study was to find out the appearance of rigor mortis in pyloric sphincter and how far it influences in toxicological analysis. Methods: Study was done on 60 known corpses (34 males and 26...

Naphthalene is an organic compound which is white crystalline solid with a characteristic odour. It is a common constituent in traditional mothballs and is mostly derived from coal tar. Structurally naphthalene can be viewed as fusion of pair of benzene rings. We are reporting a case of a 22 year old male, with known psychiatric illness presenting...

Gossypiboma is a word derived from two words. In latin "gossypium" means cotton and a Kiswahili word "boma" which means a place of concealment1. The number of cases of gossypiboma reported is actually the tip of the iceberg because many of them are asymptomatic and hence it is said that the gossypiboma is more often an accidental finding than a dia...

Strychnine, brucine and loganin are the active principles of Strychnine nux vomica which are responsible for the toxic manifestations. Strychnine poisoning though rare but it is not an uncommon occurrence. Nowadays the poisoning is most commonly due to adulteration with narcotics. In our case of unintentional poisoning, an adult female of 36 years...