Shahid Rahman

University of Lille · S.T.L.- Savoirs, Textes et Langage - UMR 8163

The philosophical reflection on non-existence is an issue that has been tackled at the very start of philosophy and constitutes since the publication in 1905 of Russell’s “On Denoting” one of the most thorny and heated debates in analytic philosophy. However the fierce debates on the semantics of proper names and definite descriptions which took of...

Being a pragmatic and not a referential approach to semantics, dialogical logic does not understand semantics as mapping names, propositions and relationships into the real world to obtain an abstract counterpart of it, but as dealing (handeln) with them in a particular way. This allows a very simple formulation of free logic the core of which can...

Legal theory, political sciences, sociology, philosophy, logic, artificial intelligence: there are many approaches to legal argumentation. Each of them provides specific insights into highly complex phenomena. Different disciplines, but also different traditions in disciplines (e.g. analytical and continental traditions in philosophy) find here a r...

Nous montrons dans cet article comment les approches dynamiques en logique contemporaine ont retrouvé, quoique sous d'autres attendus, une configuration théorique qu'on peut attribuer à Aristote au moment de la rédaction des Topiques. Dans cette configuration, la logique et la rhétorique – ou au moins la dialectique – se complètent dans le cadre co...

In classical India, Jain philosophers developed a theory of viewpoints (naya-vāda) according to which any statement is always performed within and dependent upon a given epistemic perspective or viewpoint. The Jainas furnished this epistemology with an (epistemic) theory of disputation that takes into account the viewpoint in which the main thesis...

Abstract In the present article based, on a joint paper in preparation with Rahman, Zidani and others, we explore the possibilities to apply Suhrawardī’s epistemology of presence outside his own historical and systematic context. Indeed, we are convinced that Suhrawardī’s insights on temporality and modality are not only fruitful for an analysis of...

The present contribution delves into a recent development of the dialogical rules for type theory penned by Ansten Klev that arose from Per Martin-Löf’s take on assertoric knowledge as involved in the correctness criterion for assertion. The main aim of our paper is to set out the central steps towards a new Dialogical Framework called Immanent Rea...

In several texts, some authored by himself alone and some in collaboration, N. D. Belnap proposed a pragmatist approach to predictions and further speech acts such as promising, betting, and wondering, in an indeterministic setting within a branching structure that shapes the future course of events. In the joint paper “Future Contingents and the B...

The present contribution delves into a recent development of the dialogical rules for proof-theory penned by Ansten Klev that arose from Per Martin-Löf's take on assertoric knowledge as involved in the correctness criterion for assertion. The main aim of our paper is to set out the central steps towards a new Dialogical Framework called Immanent Re...

This study examines an Islamic dialectical objection called kasr, or "breaking," as treated by the dialecticians and legal theorists Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī (d. 1083 CE) and Abū al-Walīd al-Bājī (d. 1081 CE). Kasr has both legitimate and illegitimate applications, and we confront the fallacious modes denounced by our theorists with deontic paradoxes a...

In several texts, some authored by himself alone and some in collaboration N. D. Belnap proposed a pragmatist approach to predictions and further speech acts such as promising, betting, and wondering, in an indeterministic setting within a branching structure that shapes the future course of events. In the joint paper "Future Contingents and the Ba...

The standard logical approaches to model argumentation forms that involve defeasibility stress either the point on the non monotonic property of the turn-style or introduce a specific conditional (or a combination of the two). In a game-theoretic approach this means that either it is a property of winning strategies or it is about the rules that de...

Qiyās, or “correlational inference” (often glossed as “analogy”), comprises a primary set of methodological tools recognized by a majority of premodern Sunnī jurists. Its elements, valid modes, and proper applications were the focus of continual argument and refinement. A particular area of debate was the methodology of determining or justifying th...

Ibn Ḥazm of Córdoba’s (994–1064) defence of logic has lasting consequences for the logic of norms. His book Facilitating the Understanding of the Rules of Logic and Introduction Thereto, with Common Expressions and Juristic Examples is a demonstration of how Aristotelian logic may be applied in the religious sciences, especially law. Among other th...

Nowadays, there is a quite considerable amount of literature on the use of analogy or more generally of inferences by parallel reasoning in contemporary legal reasoning, and particularly so within Common Law. These studies are often motivated by researches in artificial intelligence seeking to develop suitable software-support for legal reasoning....

In a recent paper the authors of the present study devel�oped a reconstruction of Islamic deontic modalities as put forth in the Taqr �b li-H. add al-Mant. iq of Ibn H. azm of Córdoba (994-1064). Our understanding of Ibn H. azm's insights provided the foundation for a new approach to the logic of norms which we labelled het�eronomous imperatives. I...

This paper will examine an important group of illegitimate moves involving causal properties as identified by Medieval Muslim jurists in the intertwined domains of legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh) and dialectic (jadal). More precisely, we will focus on discussions around the dialectical objection called kasr, or “breaking,” which deliberate the proper a...

The Talking-Tree or Palaver Tree (Arbre à palabres) is a designated location (originally a large ancestral tree such as the baobab, but it can also be a grave) in many African traditions where the community comes together to discuss, in a peaceful and constructive manner, issues of common interest. It is conceived as an open gathering space of inte...

Nowadays, there is a quite considerable amount of literature on the use of analogy or more generally of inferences by parallel reasoning in contemporary legal reasoning and particularly so within Common Law. These studies are often motivated by research in artificial intelligence seeking to develop suitable software-support for legal reasoning. Rec...

The main aim of the present paper is to show that the recently developed dialogical approach to Martin-Löf’s Constructive Type Theory (CTT), called Immanent Reasoning, provides the means for distinguishing François Recanati’s process of free enrichment and saturation, meets his own objections against perspectives based on unarticulated constituents...

Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari who lived from 1710 to 1812 in Borneo, Indonesia, applied a model of integrating uses of the Banjarese tradition into Islamic Jurisprudence based on a dialectical constitution of qiyās, the legal argumentation theory for parallel reasoning and analogy, he learned from the Shāfi‘ī-school of jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh). Ou...

Employing Constructive Type Theory (CTT), we provide a logical analysis of Ibn Sīnā’s descriptional propositions. Compared to its rivals, our analysis is more faithful to the grammatical subject-predicate structure of propositions and can better reflect the morphological features of the verbs (and descriptions) that extend time to intervals (or spa...

This volume is a collection of essays in honour of Professor Mohammad Ardeshir. It examines topics which, in one way or another, are connected to the various aspects of his multidisciplinary research interests. Based on this criterion, the book is divided into three general categories. The first category includes papers on non-classical logics, inc...

Shahid Rahman Lille University (France) Walter Edward Young France McGill University (Canada) Farid Zidani Alger II - University (Algeria) Abstract. In a recent paper the authors of the present study develope a reconstruction of Islamic deontic modalities as put forth in the Taqrīb li-hudd al-mantiq of Ibn Ḥazm of Córdoba (994-1064). Our understand...

Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari who lived from 1710 to 1812 in Borneo, Indonesia, applied a model of integrating uses of the Banjarese tradition into Islamic Jurisprudence based on a dialectical constitution of qiyās, the legal argumentation theory for parallel reasoning and analogy, he learned from the Shāfi‘ī-school of jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh). Ou...

The general aim of debates, such as the one involving the notorious case of the Master Argument, is, I claim, the testing of logical principles by confronting them with some set of assertions and other endorsed principles on the meaning explanation of connectives, quantifiers and modality. The specific case of the MA is about the testing of Arist...

The main aim of the present paper is to show that the recently developed dialogical approach to Martin-Löf's Constructive Type Theory (CTT), called Immanent Reasoning, provides, the means for distinguishing François Recanati's process of free enrichment and saturation, meets his own objections against perspectives based on unarticulated constituent...

The main aim of the present paper is to show that, if we follow the dialogical insight that reasoning and meaning are constituted during interaction, and we develop this insight in a dialogical framework for Martin-Löf’s Constructive Type Theory, a conception of knowledge emerges that has important links with Robert Brandom’s (1994, 2000) inferenti...

In Perspectival Thought François Recanati distinguishes three semantic levels: (i) the "Fregean" context-independent meaning of a sentence (associated with the unrelativized proposition expressed by the sentence), (ii) the lekton, a term that Recanati borrows from Stoic Logic, the explicit content of a sentence, which is a relativized proposition,...

In this paper, we provide a detailed critical review of current approaches to ecthesis in Aristotle’s Prior Analytics, with a view to motivate a new approach, which builds upon previous work by Marion & Rückert (2016) on the dictum de omni. This approach sets Aristotle’s work within the context of dialectic and uses Lorenzen’s dialogical logic, her...

Text to the Joint Talk at the IHPST-Paris1. Immanent Reasoning and CTT: building on Göran Sundholm’s Insight on Dialogical Logic Nicolas Clerbout and Shahid Rahman. Invited speaker to the international workshp "Formalisation vs. Meaning in Mathematics: Formal theories as tools for understanding" Themes from the work of Göran Sundholm It provides an...

The Talking-Tree or Palaver Tree (Arbre à palabres) is a designated location (originally a large ancestral tree such as the baobab, but is also can be a grave) in many African traditions where the community come together to discuss in a peaceful and constructive manner, issues of common interest. It is conceived as an open gathering space of intera...

يتناول المنطق الحواري المنطق في حد ذاته كمفهوم براغماتي، ويُقدّم على أنّه محاجة تتجلى في شكل حوار. يكون هذا الحوار بين طرفين: المدعي، المدافع عن أطروحة، والمعترض، المهاجم على هذه الأطروحة. ولا تعتبر الأطروحة صحيحة إلا إذا وفقط إذا استطاع المدعي الدفاع عنها ضد كل الهجمات المحتملة الصادرة عن المعترض. ويتم تنظيم الحوارات وفق صنفين من القواعد، القواعد...

Extended abstract for my talk at the Centre Léon Robin (CNRS, Université de Paris IV -Sorbonne) PRC Fapesp/CNRS "PATHOS. La doctrine aristotélicienne des émotions" ,23 May 2019 It attempts to link and summarize the joint work on dialectical legal reasoing with natural and deontic necessity. it is based on the book in print and two other papers, bu...

Despite the fact that the spread of Islam in Indonesia can perhaps be traced back to the 9 th century, it had to wait until the 17 th and 18 th centuries to reach its full cultural, scientific and institutional outcomes. One crucial challenge was one that nowadays rises up in our modern society, namely finding out ways of cultural integration. In B...

The present file constitutes the preface and conclusion of the book Inferences by Parallel Reasoning in Islamic Jurisprudence. Al-Shīrāzī’s Insights into the Dialectical Constitution of Meaning and Knowledge. With Muhammad Iqbal and Youcef Soufi. Forthcoming in Springer. It is fairly self-contained and the conclusion shows how schemas for legal rea...

The logics of formal inconsistency are logics tolerant to some amount of contradiction, but in which some versions of explosion still hold. The main result of this paper is a reconstruction of two such logics in the dialogical framework. By doing so, we achieve two things. On the one hand, we provide a formal approach to argumentative situations wh...

With the article "Aristotle's natural deduction system∗ published in 1974, J. Corcoran has contributed to spread a new insight into Aristotelian logical writings and the theory of assertoric syllogism in particular. The main claim of this article is that, in thefirst chapters ofthe Prior Analytics, Aristotle doesn't expose an axiomatic system that...

In this chapter we will provide the logical framework of dialogues for immanent reasoning, the dialogical framework incorporating features of Constructive Type Theory and making explicit the players’ reasons for asserting a proposition. We will therefore be using the material provided in Chaps. 2, 3, 4, and 5 on CTT and on the standard dialogical f...

This chapter will provide a more technical approach to the standard (non-CTT) dialogical framework at the play level. The next chapter ( 5) will do the same at the strategy level. It will then be possible to introduce local reasons in the dialogues and thus start making it explicit that dialogues are games of giving and asking for reasons; in this...

To some extent, the criticisms the dialogical approach to logic has been subject to have provided an opportunity for clarifying its basic tenets. Moreover, our responses to the objections have highlighted crucial distinctions constituting the originality and flexibility of this logical framework. We will therefore in this concluding chapter conside...

The result of applying a particle rule to a P-move corresponds to the application of an introduction rule of a CTT-demonstration rule (provided we read the P-moves “bottom-up”).

As pointed out by Krabbe (1985, p. 297), material dialogues—that is, dialogues in which propositions have content—receive in the writings of Paul Lorenzen and Kuno Lorenz priority over formal dialogues: material dialogues constitute the locus where the logical constants are introduced. However in the standard dialogical framework, since both materi...

It is rightly said that the principle of set theory known as the Axiom of Choice is “probably the most interesting and in spite of its late appearance, the most discussed axiom of mathematics, second only to Euclid’s Axiom of Parallels which was introduced more than two thousand years ago” (Fraenkel, Bar-Hillel, & Levy, 1973).

The dialogical approach to logic is not a specific logical system; it is rather a general framework having a rule-based approach to meaning (instead of a truth-functional or a model-theoretical approach) which allows different logics to be developed, combined and compared within it. The main philosophical idea behind this framework is that meaning...

The strategy standpoint is but a generalisation of the procedure which is implemented at the play level; it is a systematic exposition of all the relevant variants of a game—the relevancy of the variants being determined from the viewpoint of one of the two players. For a more intuitive approach of strategies and a step-by-step introduction of stra...

The path observing that Sundholm’s (1997) notion of epistemic assumption is closely linked to the Copy-cat and Socratic rules and that it provides the dialogical conception of definitional equality;

Martin-Löf’s Constructive Type Theory (CTT) is a formal language developed in order to reason constructively about mathematics. It is thus a formal language conceived primarily as a tool to reason with rather than a formal language conceived primarily as a mathematical system to reason about. Constructive Type Theory is therefore much closer in spi...

formation rules (p. 105);

The work of Roshdi Rashed has set a landmark in many senses, but perhaps the most striking one is his inexhaustible thrive to open new paths for the study of conceptual links between science and philosophy deeply rooted in the interaction of historic with systematic perspectives. In the present talk I will focus on how a framework that has its sour...

Prerprint to a chapter of the book in print by X. Weiss. "Constructive Semantics. Meaning in between Phenomenology and Constructivis". Springer in print. The main aim of the present paper is to show that, if we follow the dialogical insight that reasoning and meaning are constituted during interaction, and we develop this insight in a dialogical fr...

The passionate and staunch defence of logic of the controversial thinker Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Saʿīd of Córdoba (384-456/994-1064), had lasting consequences in the Islamic world. Indeed his book Facilitating the Understanding of the Rules of Logic and Introduction Thereto, with Common Expressions and Juristic Examples (Kitāb al-Ta...

This paper deals with the different and specific types of reasoning that Muslim thinkers used in the field of jurisprudence such as qiyās al-dalāla, qiyās al-shabah, qiyās al-Ṭard, qiyās al-ʿAks and qiyās al-ʿilla. But in this study we will only focus on qiyās al-ʿilla, and its applications in Fikh. Worth noting that this research is based on...

الملخص: يتناول مقالنا هذا الأنماط المختلفة والمتميزة من الاستدلال التي تناولها المفكرون المسلمون في ميدان التشريع، مثل قياس الدلالة، قياس الشبه، قياس الطرد، قياس العكس وقياس العلة. لكن دراستنا هذه ستقتصر على النظر في قياس العلة وتطبيقاته في ميدان الفقه. علما أن هذا العمل يستند إلى مقال الأستاذ شهيد رحمان ومحمد إقبال. Abstract: This paper deals with...

One of the epistemological results emerging from this initial study is that the different forms of co-relational inference , known in the Islamic jurisprudence as qiyās , represent an innovative and sophisticated form of reasoning that not only provides new epistemological insights into legal reasoning in general but also furnishes a fine-grained p...

This paper deals with the different and specific types of reasoning that Muslim thinkers used in the field of jurisprudence such as qiyās al-dalāla, qiyās al-shabah, qiyās al-Ṭard, qiyās al-ʿAks and qiyās al-ʿilla. But in this study we will only focus on qiyās al-ʿilla, and its applications in Fikh. Worth noting that this research is based on...

الملخص: يتناول مقالنا هذا الأنماط المختلفة والمتميزة من الاستدلال التي تناولها المفكرون المسلمون في ميدان التشريع، مثل قياس الدلالة، قياس الشبه، قياس الطرد، قياس العكس وقياس العلة. لكن دراستنا هذه ستقتصر على النظر في قياس العلة وتطبيقاته في ميدان الفقه. علما أن هذا العمل يستند إلى مقال الأستاذ شهيد رحمان ومحمد إقبال. Abstract: This paper deals with...

الملخص: يتناول مقالنا هذا الأنماط المختلفة والمتميزة من الاستدلال التي تناولها المفكرون المسلمون في ميدان التشريع، مثل قياس الدلالة، قياس الشبه، قياس الطرد، قياس العكس وقياس العلة. لكن دراستنا هذه ستقتصر على النظر في قياس العلة وتطبيقاته في ميدان الفقه. علما أن هذا العمل يستند إلى مقال الأستاذ شهيد رحمان ومحمد إقبال. Abstract: This paper deals with...

This monograph proposes a new way of implementing interaction in logic. It also provides an elementary introduction to Constructive Type Theory (CTT). The authors equally emphasize basic ideas and finer technical details. In addition, many worked out exercises and examples will help readers to better understand the concepts under discussion. One of...

The work of Souleymane Bachir Diagne has set a landmark in many senses, but perhaps the most striking one is his inexhaustible thrive to build multifarious conceptual links and bridges between traditions and to motivate others to further develop this wonderful realization of unity in diversity. Three main fields of his remarkable work are: history...

Preliminary words The work of Souleymane Bachir Diagne has set a landmark in many senses, but perhaps the most striking one is his inexhaustible thrive to build multifarious conceptual links and bridges between traditions and to motivate others to further develop this wonderful realization of unity in diversity. Three main fields of his remarkable...

About 40 years ago, or perhaps even earlier, logical systems started to emerge at a breath-taking pace almost every day. At the same time several unifying approaches have been proposed, that are also plural. On view of the existing plurality of logics, engaging in the of teaching logic makes a philosophical enquiry on the foundations unavoidable. T...

The main aim of the present paper is to show, by means of a dialogical study, that the notion of judgemental equality of Constructive Type Theory (CTT), which in this theory furnishes the criterion of identity of a type, can be understood from the game-Theoretical point of view as the result of a specific form of dialogical interaction governed by...

Prof. Göran Sundholm of Leiden University inspired the group of Logic at Lille and Valparaíso to start a fundamental review of the dialogical conception of logic by linking it to constructive type logic. One of Sundholm's insights was that inference can be seen as involving an implicit interlocutor. This led to several investigations aimed at explo...

II A brief introduction to constructive type theory By Ansten Klev Martin-Löf’s constructive type theory is a formal language developed in order to reason constructively about mathematics. It is thus a formal language conceived primarily as a tool to reason with rather than a formal language conceived primarily as a mathematical system to reason...

Prof. Göran Sundholm of Leiden University inspired the group of Logic at Lille and Valparaíso to start a fundamental review of the dialogical conception of logic by linking it to constructive type logic. One of Sundholm's insights was that inference can be seen as involving an implicit interlocutor. This led to several investigations aimed at explo...

En la bibliografía reciente sobre lógica dialógica se estudia el caso de tonk y el concepto antirrealista de armonía. Ahora bien, desde la publicación de esos textos la teoría dialógica ha sido vinculada con la Teoría Constructiva de Tipos (CTT) la cual posee sus propios medios para responder a tonk. El objetivo principal del presente artículo es m...

We are just lunching an Anglophone Masters in Lille and would very much like this information to be spread and invite students to join us. I am certianly involved in the teachings and propose systematic and historic studies in the intereface between knowledge and meaning, in my case, with a strong logical perspective on philosophy of mathematics; p...