Seyyed M. Ghoreishi

Seyyed M. Ghoreishi
Isfahan University of Technology | IUT · Department of Chemical Engineering

Professor

About

98
Publications
20,523
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2,941
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Additional affiliations
January 1990 - November 2015
Isfahan University of Technology
Position
  • Professor (Full)
January 1990 - November 2015
Isfahan University of Technology
Position
  • Professor
January 1991 - October 2015
Isfahan University of Technology
Position
  • Faculty Member

Publications

Publications (98)
Article
In this paper, the extraction of gallic acid (GA) from brown sumac seeds was evaluated using supercritical-CO2 (SC-CO2) fluid and ethanol as the co-solvent, as well as Soxhlet method. Response surface methodology (RSM) design and optimize the experiments with second order model with the adjusted coefficient of determination (adj. R²) of 95.7%. Then...
Article
Full-text available
CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using cobalt and iron nitrate, sucrose, and olive leaf extract by the sol-gel auto-combustion method and used to evaluate their magnetic properties. The synthesis method used in this study was eco-friendly, simple, and inexpensive. The effect of using different amounts of plant extract as a complexing ag...
Article
Full-text available
A prominent medical application of nanotechnology is represented in drug delivery. In this work, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were used for producing CMC/PVA aqueous-based nanofibers loaded with flufenamic acid (FFA) as a drug containing amine groups. The CMC/PVA solutions with 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40 and 50/50 rat...
Article
Incompatibility between particles and polymers has the adverse consequence on the performance of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). To overcome this problem, MMMs containing Cu-BDC nanosheets with two various polyimides (6FDA-DAM and Matrimid) were fabricated and tested for He separation. High aspect ratio of nanosheets (more than 100) was confirmed by...
Article
In this corrigendum, we present corrections to our published article “One-pot synthesis of functionalized mesoporous fibrous silica nanospheres for dye adsorption: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies” [J. Mol. Liquids 300 (2020) 112367]. Corrections include the highlights section and three references that incorrectly listed in the referenc...
Article
Preparation of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with appropriate separation efficiency requires tenacious interfacial affinity between filler particles and polymer matrix. In this work, Cu-BTC particles with two structures of size-reduced and needle were successfully synthesized via the three-layer synthesis approach and combined with Matrimid to prep...
Article
Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) based on two different MOFs (Cu-BTC and Cu-BDC) dispersed in Matrimid® 5218 were studied. The synthesized particles were characterized by N2 sorption measurements, FTIR, SEM, TGA and XRD. Also, SEM, XRD, TGA, FTIR and DSC analyses were used to evaluate the structure of the prepared membranes. The MMMs were tested in se...
Article
Herein, for the first time, a novel adsorbent, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane-functionalized mesoporous fibrous silica nanospheres, was synthesized via a one-pot synthesis route. The synthesis method provided an efficient single-step procedure to fabricate an organofunctionalized fibrous silica-based adsorbent. The structure of the prepared adsor...
Article
For the first time, the modified supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (MSCE) of biologically active compounds from Feijoa sellowiana leaves was investigated. Total yield (TY) and bioactivity of biocompounds in terms of DPPH • (%DPPH sc ) and HO • (%HO sc ) radicals scavenging were maximized via multivariate optimization. The optimized conditions...
Article
In this work, paracetamol (PCM) loading into Balangu seed mucilage (BSM) aerogels was investigated using the combination of supercritical drying and gas antisolvent (GAS) precipitation method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented for the modeling and optimization of drug loading into the aerogel matrix. The temperature (40–60 °C), pre...
Article
The extraction of trans-anethole from fennel seeds is assessed by supercritical CO2 together with ethanol as the modifier. The experiments and modeling are designed through response surface methodology (RSM). The fennel extract is analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). RSM design and genetic algorithm (GA) are applied to...
Article
In this research, supercritical CO2 extraction of chlorogenic acid (CGA) from sunflower seed kernels was investigated by ethanol as co-solvent. The effects of operating conditions including temperature (40-80 °C), pressure (10-30 MPa), CO2 flow rate (0.6-1.8 ml/min) and dynamic extraction time (40-120 min) was investigated on the chlorogenic acid (...
Article
Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol were extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. The results of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol recovery indicated that the data sufficiently fitted into a second-order polynomial model. The R² and adjusted R² turned out to be 95.26% and 91.11% for cinnamaldehyde and 97.93% and 96.12% for eugenol. The response surface methodolo...
Article
The aim of this study was to investigate the experimental extraction of L-Carnitine (LCAR) from oyster mushroom with supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol as co-solvent. The four variables affecting this process were temperature (40 to 80 °C), pressure (10 to 30 MPa), carbon dioxide flow rate (0.5 to 2.5 ml/min) and dynamic extraction time (40...
Article
Full-text available
The growing use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a plethora of applications has provided to us a motivation to investigate CNT synthesis by new methods. In this study, ultrasonic-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method was employed to synthesize CNTs. The difficulty of controlling the size of clusters and achieving uniform distribution—the maj...
Article
Full-text available
In this paper, the comprehensive experimental examinations are conducted to investigate the mass transfer properties of Dixon ring packing. The main aspect of this study is to investigate the characteristics of Dixon ring packing using a narrow packed column. Firstly, the mass transfer properties of the packing were investigated using distillation...
Article
Full-text available
Objective(S): In this work, paclitaxel (PX), a promising anticancer drug, was loaded in the basil seed mucilage (BSM) aerogels by implementation of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) technology. Then, the effects of operating conditions were studied on the PX mean particle size (MPS), particle size distribution (PSD) and drug loading efficiency...
Article
In the present work, the clinoptilolite was magnetized by magnetite nano-powder synthesized by chemical co-precipitation route. The clinoptilolite/magnetite nanocomposites were prepared with different weight ratios of 7 : 1, 5 : 1, 3 : 1 and 1 : 1 using FeCl3 · 6H2O and FeCl2 · 4H2O in an aqueous phase under the ambient condition. The nanocomposite...
Article
Full-text available
p>Mucilage’s are plant derived natural polymer which are valuable due to their nontoxicity, low cost and nonirritating nature, with wide range of applications. In this work, extracted mucilage from basil seeds (BSM) was dried using three various drying methods including (1) laboratory oven drying (2) water substitution with organic solvent and labo...
Article
Full-text available
Mucilage's are plant derived natural polymer which are valuable due to their nontoxicity, low cost and nonirritating nature, with wide range of applications. In this work, extracted mucilage from basil seeds (BSM) was dried using three various drying methods including (1) laboratory oven drying (2) water substitution with organic solvent and labora...
Article
Full-text available
The present study focuses on the response surface methodology (RSM) for the optimization of lead removal from an aqueous solution by a novel superparamagnetic nanocomposite. A rotatable central composite design and the response surface methodology were used to conduct and to analyze the experiments, respectively. The adsorption process was investig...
Article
Full-text available
Zirconium tetrachloride was produced via the chlorination of zirconia in a fluidized bed reactor in the presence of carbon. The fluidized bed zirconia carbochlorination reactor was modeled dynamically via a three-phase hydrodynamic flow assumption. The operating temperature (800-1200 °C), reaction time (30-120 min) and mean particle size (MPS) (70-...
Article
A novel nanocomposite (with components of chitosan, clinoptilolite and magnetite) was synthesized featuring magnetic properties, and was used for the removal of Pb(II) as a toxic heavy metal from aqueous solutions. The effects of temperature, contact time, Pb(II) concentration, pH value of the solution and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption capacit...
Article
Supercritical CO 2 extraction of galegine from Galega officinalis L. was carried out under different operating conditions of temperature (35-55 o C), pressure (10-30 MPa), dynamic extraction time (30-150 min), CO 2 flow rate (0.5-2.5 mL/min) and constant static extraction time of 20 min. Design of experiment was by response surface methodology (RSM...
Article
Full-text available
Synthesis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles of Fe 3 O 4 was carried out via coprecipitation using NH 3 .H 2 O and NaOH solutions in Ar and N 2 atmosphere. The obtained magnetic nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared, scanning electron microscopy, variant strength magnetization and N 2 gas adsorption–de...
Article
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of toxic heavy metals including Uranium (U), Hafnium (Hf), Zirconium (Zr) and Cadmium (Cd) from a synthetic solid waste matrix was carried out using Cyanex 302, Cyanex 301, Cyanex 272, EDTA and TOPO as chelating agents in conjugation with methanol, acetylacetone, MIBK, acetone and acetonitrile as modifier. Th...
Article
In this study, rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) was used to micronize the chitosan particles. Design of experiment was implemented with response surface methodology (RSM) using Mini Tab software 17. The operating temperature (30-70 °C), pressure (7-22 MPa) and effective nozzle diameter (500-1200 μm) were considered as the range of o...
Article
In this study, the extraction of quercetin from Rosa damascena Mill was carried out by modified supercritical CO2 with ethanol an entrainer and Soxhlet extraction. Design of experiment was carried out with response surface methodology (RSM) using Mini Tab software 17. The operating temperature (35-55 °C), pressure (10-30 MPa), dynamic extraction ti...
Article
In this study, the extraction of Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) root was investigated by Soxhlet extraction and modified supercritical CO2 with water as co-solvents and 30 min of static extraction time. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify and quantitatively determine the amount of extrac...
Article
Full-text available
One of the most important units in the production of zirconium is the chlorination reaction of zirconia in the presence of carbon in a fluidized bed reactor. An improved version of a pilot fluidized bed reactor with the production capacity of 10 kg per day was designed and built. In order to optimize the operating conditions of the reactor, the flu...
Article
In the past few years, application of electrospun nanofiber has gained intensive attention for membrane distillation (MD) that exhibit promising results. In this study the effects of three salt additives including calcium carbonate (CaCO3), lithium chloride (LiCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the morphology, hydrophobicity, porosity and permeati...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
In recent years, the increasing energy consumption has created an energy critical condition in the world. In addition to environmental pollutions, fossil fuels have limited resources and will be finished in near future. Biogas is considered to be a clean fuel which has interested the attention of researchers. In order to increase the biogas product...
Article
In this research, the controlled release of proteins from magnetite (Fe3O4)-chitosan (CS) nanoparticles exposed to an alternating magnetic field is reported. Fe3O4-CS nanoparticles were synthesized with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) molecules as a crosslinking reagent. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model protein, and its controlled relea...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The extraction of Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from Glycyrrhiza glabra root was investigated by Soxhlet extraction and modified supercritical CO2 with methanol as co-solvents, 30 min of static extraction time and 1.4 ml/min of CO2 flow rate. Design of experiment was carried out with response surface methodology (RSM) using Mini Tab software 17. The opera...
Article
Full-text available
A poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) electrospun/magnetic/chitosan nanocomposite fibrous cross-linked network was fabricated using in situ cross-linking electrospinning technique and used for bovine serum albumin (BSA) loading and release applications. Sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and glutaraldehyde (GA) were used as cross-linkers which modified magnetic-Fe...
Article
Full-text available
The micronization of ampicillin via supercritical gas antisolvent (GAS) process was studied. The particle size distribution was significantly controlled with effective GAS variables such as initial solute concentration, temperature, pressure, and antisolvent addition rate. The effect of each variable in three levels was investigated. The precipitat...
Article
Oil from Jatropha seeds was extracted by supercritical CO2. A catalytic transesterification reactor was employed for biodiesel production from extracted oil in which fatty acids like palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid were converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with sodium methoxide as the catalyst. Gas chromatography-flame ionizati...
Article
The non-catalytic supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of phenol was modeled using Gopalan-Savage and Thornton-Savage global and network rates. Comparison of experimental data for the phenol conversion with the numerical predictions of this study indicated very close compatibility. Applying the validated model, the phenol conversion and selectivity...
Article
Full-text available
In this research, the kinetics of platinum extraction from a selective linear paraffin dehydrogenation spent catalyst in cyanide solutions at high pressure and temperature was experimentally studied. Three variables, including reaction temperature, initial sodium cyanide concentration in solution and liquid to solid weight ratio were investigated....
Article
Full-text available
Pharmaceutical micronization increases the dissolution rate and bioavailability absorption and thus decreases the dosage used. Conventional methods of micronization such as jet milling, spray drying and freeze drying have some drawbacks. Alternative methods, pharmaceutical micronization with supercritical fluids have recently attracted interest to...
Article
Electro spun nanofibers of blends of natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers have gained great attention due to their extensive biomedical applications in different fields such as tissue engineering, implant coating and drug delivery. A large number of biomolecules, such as collagen, gelatin and chitosan, could be used for nanofiber providing...
Article
In this study, the essential oil of aerial parts of a species of a plant called Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss (SCB) was extracted by supercritical CO2. The essence was analyzed by the method of GC/MS. Design of experiments was carried out with response surface methodology by Minitab 16 software to optimize four operating variables of supercritical car...
Article
Plant-derived polymers are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry due to their emollient, lack of toxicity, and irritating nature and low cost. In this work, basil seed mucilage was dried using supercritical carbon dioxide phase inversion technique to form a nanometric structure. The obtained polymeric structures were characterized by scanning...
Article
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was studied as an alternative technology in the pharmaceutical industry for the separation of α-tocopherol from gel and skin of Aloe vera and almond leaves. The influence of operating conditions was investigated on the recovery of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of α-tocopherol from three-year o...
Article
Full-text available
Mathematical modeling of supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from Echium amoenum seed was carried out. The effect of process variables such as pressure (15, 20, 25 and 30 MPa), temperature (313, 318, 323 and 328 K) and CO2 flow rate (0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 ml/min) on the recovery of essential oil extraction was investigated in a series of...
Article
Full-text available
Mathematical modeling for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) nanoparticle synthesis via gas antisolvent (GAS) process was investigated. 5-FU was precipitated from a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution using CO2 as antisolvent. The particle size was controlled by nucleation and growth rates, therefore, the kinetic modeling study is essential. Thermodynamic modeli...
Article
Full-text available
The continuous phase volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient in a ceramic intalox saddle pulsed packed extraction column using axial dispersion model was studied for two different liquid-liquid systems containing water/acetone/toluene and water/acetone/n-butyl acetate. The effects of pulsation intensity, continuous and dispersed phase flow rat...
Article
Full-text available
Supercritical extraction of antioxidants and pharmaceuticals is one of the most important applications in the field of supercritical fluids. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has pharmacological properties which include anti-oxidative, apoptotic, anti-obesity, anti-arteriosclerotic, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-mutagenic effect...
Article
Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to analyze the effect of four independent variables (molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature, pressure and time) on the yield of the biodiesel production via supercritical methanol (SCM) method. Waste vegetable oil (WVO) was used as raw material and transesterification reaction was perform...
Article
Full-text available
In this study the extraction of (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from Iranian green tea was investigated by supercritical CO2 with ethanol as co-solvent. Design of experiments and modeling were carried out with response surface methodology by Minitab software. The HPLC analysis of the extracted samples was used in conjunction with response sur...
Article
Full-text available
In this study, modeling of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) extraction from green tea via supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol as an entrainer was developed. The modeling is based on the differential mass balance between the solid and supercritical (SC) phases. The model was solved numerically and was successfully validated with experimental da...
Article
In this study, experimental supercritical CO2 extraction of β-carotene from leaf skin of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) was investigated and modeling of this system was developed in order to predict the extraction yield as a function of effective operating variables. The results of β-carotene extraction via supercritical CO2 were compared with...
Article
Extraction of toxic heavy metals such as uranium (U), hafnium (Hf) and zirconium (Zr) using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and Cyanex 301 (Bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic acid) as chelating agent were carried out from a synthetic wastewater sample. The static (10–90 min) and dynamic extraction time (10–90 min), pressure (8–36 MPa...
Article
Essential oil was extracted from lavender using supercritical carbon dioxide by means of a newly developed periodic static-dynamic (PSD) procedure and the conventional semicontinuous (SC) technique. Applying GC-FID analysis in conjunction with Box-Behnken design, an optimum overall extraction yield (94.4%) was obtained via PSD in contrast to 90% fo...
Article
The tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanoparticles (most probably inorganic fullerene (IF)) with a narrow size distribution were synthesized by a reverse micelle technique for the first time. The particle size was controlled by varying water-to-surfactant molar ratio (W0), aging time and reagent concentration. The synthesized WS2 nanoparticles were charact...
Article
Four operating parameters of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were optimized by the response surface method. The central composite rotatable design was used to maximize extraction recovery of essential oil (specifically diosgenin) from Tribulus terrestris. The obtained data were adequately fitted into two second-order polynomial models for e...
Article
Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) effective extraction parameters (pressure, temperature, static extraction time, and dynamic extraction time) of oil recovery from evening primrose seeds were optimized via response surface methodology (RSM). The results of this study indicated that the linear terms of static and dynamic time and the quadratics of...
Article
A pressure swing adsorption air separation process in a commercial aircraft using 13X zeolite with a more complex cycle than the classic Skarstrom was simulated via a predictive dynamic model to evaluate and optimize oxygen generation system. The coupled mass, energy, and momentum differential equations were discretized using the implicit central f...
Article
Full-text available
Essential fatty acids were extracted from Echium amoenum (Boraginaceae) seed oil via supercritical carbon dioxide and the results were compared with conventional Soxhlet method as the base case of 100% recovery. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the effective extraction parameters. The chemical composition of recovered oil was a...
Article
The synthesis of NiMo/Al2O3 nanocatalyst by the method of supercritical deposition using carbon dioxide and methanol was conducted and its activity was investigated as the function of conversion and selectivity. The results of the physical and chemical characterization techniques (adsorption-desorption of nitrogen, oxygen chemisorption, XRD, TEM, a...
Article
The main objective of this research was to develop a convenient and effective method for the synthesis of inorganic fullerene-like disulfide tungsten (IF-WS2) nanoparticles via a horizontal tubular quartz reactor. Subsequently, the produced IF-WS2 particles were characterized utilizing XRD and TEM. A facile route for fabricating IF-WS2 nanoparticle...
Article
The M–Na–Mn/SiO2 nanocatalysts (M=W, Mo, Nb, V, Cr) were synthesized with the size of 12–92nm by incipient wetness impregnation method to study the effect of different promoters on the catalytic performance in the oxidative coupling of methane. The results at 1atm, 1048K, 2500mlh−1g−1, and CH4/O2/N2=2/2/1 revealed that C2 selectivity was significan...
Article
An innovative synthesis of inorganic fullerene-like disulfide tungsten (IF-WS 2) nanoparticles was developed using a chemical reduction reaction in a horizontal quartz reactor. In this process, first tungsten trisulfide (WS 3) was formed via a chemical reaction of tetra thiotungstate ammonium ((NH 4) 2WS 4), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and hydrochlo...
Article
Full-text available
The chlorination of zircon is an integral part of the overall process for the production of zirconium. A two-phase hydrodynamic-type model was used to simulate the fluidized bed zircon carbochlorination reactor. In the plug-plug (P-P) model, the flow of gas in both dense and bubble phases was considered as a plug flow compared with the plug-mixed (...
Article
Full-text available
Numerical modeling of selective toluene disproportionation reaction over modified ZSM-5 zeolites to produce p-Xylene was developed and validated. The results of parametric analysis using the authenticated model provide an optimum guideline for the selection of appropriate operating conditions to achieve maximum toluene conversion and p-Xylene selec...
Article
The synthesis of two NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts by the supercritical carbon dioxide/methanol deposition (NiMo-SCF) and the conventional method of wet coimpregnation (NiMo-IMP) were conducted. The results of the physical and chemical characterization techniques (adsorption–desorption of nitrogen, oxygen chemisorption, XRD, TPR, TEM, and EDAX) for the NiMo...
Article
Modeling of rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) for an organic fluorinated tetraphenylporphyrin (TBTPP) was carried out applying mass, energy, momentum analogies and appropriate numerical technique. The results of RESS validated model demonstrated that increasing the pre-expansion temperature from 373 to 450K produced 67% larger partic...
Article
Subcritical water extraction was investigated as a novel and alternative technology in the food and pharmaceutical industry for the separation of mannitol from olive leaves and its results were compared with those of Soxhlet extraction. The effects of temperature, pressure, and flow rate of water and also momentum and mass transfer dimensionless va...
Article
Mannitol is an important polyol which is being used mainly in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The current techniques for the production of mannitol are reviewed. The present commercial production of d-mannitol takes place by hydrogenation reaction. The low d-mannitol yield, however, asks for the development of alternative procedures. The sh...
Article
The developed CoMo/Al-HMS nanocatalyst (3.4 wt% Co and 9.4 wt% Mo) via supercritical methanol–carbon dioxide deposition was characterized by different techniques (adsorption–desorption of nitrogen, oxygen chemisorption, XRD, TPR, TEM and EDAX) and tested in the hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene. The results indicated that supercritical impre...
Conference Paper
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Conference Paper
are definitely accepted as POSTER COMMUNICATIONS. We send you enclosed : * Instructions for typing your text that is due (imperatively) for February 15, 2009 in order to be published in the symposium proceedings.
Article
The synthesis of NiMo/Al-HMS nanocatalyst (2.3 wt % Ni and 9.4 wt % Mo) via supercritical CO2−methanol deposition and conventional wet coimpregnation was investigated. The characterization of both catalysts by adsorption−desorption of nitrogen, oxygen chemisorptions, XRD, TPR, and TEM indicated that Ni and Mo highly and uniformly dispersed on the A...
Article
Full-text available
The effective parameters on p-Xylene yield in the nonselective disproportionation reaction over unmodified ZSM-5 catalyst were investigated using the validated model developed in this study. The results of this study indicate that toluene conversion and benzene/xylene ratio is increased by increasing feed temperature and reactor residence time. Eve...
Article
The effect of supercritical impregnation was investigated in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) by the preparation of CoMo/Al-HMS nanocatalyst. The supercritical deposition of catalytic metal (Mo) and promoter (Co) on the Al-HMS support was carried out in the catalyst preparation. Methanol was used as a modifier due to the lim...
Article
Full-text available
The experimental feasibility of mannitol extraction from olive leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. The experimental data indicated that increasing the pressure from 200 to 350 bar and decreasing the temperature from 80 to 40 °C resulted in an enhancement of the extraction yield and reduced the partition coefficient significa...
Article
The axial dispersion coefficient of hexachlorobenzene in supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated in a fixed bed packed with glass beads. The on-line chromatographic pulse-response experiment was used in order to study the dynamics of a packed column under supercritical conditions. The radial dispersion was assumed negligible because of the pa...