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September 2006 - December 2015
Publications
Publications (77)
Conflict over water resources emerges from complex interactions among biophysical, social, and economic processes operating at multiple scales. The concomitant use of surface and groundwater managed for multiple uses is a classic coping strategy to manage the water scarcity yet a relevant example of such conflict. Managing these resources is thus a...
Conflict over water resources emerges from complex interactions among biophysical, social, and economic processes operating at multiple scales. The concomitant use of surface and groundwater managed for multiple uses is a classic coping strategy to manage the water scarcity yet a relevant example of such conflict. Managing these resources is thus a...
Conflict over water resources emerges from complex interactions among biophysical, social, and economic processes operating at multiple scales. The concomitant use of surface and groundwater managed for multiple uses is a classic coping strategy to manage the water scarcity yet a relevant example of such conflict. Managing these resources is thus a...
In the irrigated area of Zaouiet Jdidi, local managers were not able to satisfy the increasing demand on the collective irrigation system since groundwater became saline and farmers were not able to adapt the cropping system in the case of perennial citrus orchards. As a consequence, farmers developed individual strategies to cope with water scarci...
Boosting the productivity of smallholder farming systems continues to be a major need in Africa. Challenges relating to how to improve irrigation are multi‐factor and multisectoral, and they involve a broad range of actors who must interact to reach decisions collectively. We provide a systematic reflection on findings from the research project EAU...
Boosting the productivity of smallholder farming systems continues to be a major need in Africa. Challenges relating to how to improve irrigation are multi-factor and multisectoral, and they involve a broad range of actors who must interact to reach decisions collectively. We provide a systematic reflection on findings from the research project EAU...
Boosting the productivity of smallholder farming systems continues to be a major need in Africa. Challenges relating to how to improve irrigation are multi-factor and multisectoral, and they involve a broad range of actors who must interact to reach decisions collectively. We provide a systematic reflection on findings from the research project EAU...
Cet article synthétise les travaux du Programme d'Actions-Pilotes en Appui aux GDA d'Irrigation (PAP-AGIR) et s'appuie sur une quinzaine d'expériences locales en Tunisie. Il propose aux administrations publiques un cadre permettant aux associations d'irrigants de gérer leur système hydraulique de manière autonome et pérenne. Les recommandations for...
En Tunisie, où l'essentiel du territoire se situe en zones arides et semi-arides, les agriculteurs sont confrontés à des crises liées à la rareté de l'eau et ont développé plusieurs stratégies d'adaptation. Ces stratégies traduisent aussi leurs réponses aux changements que connaissent les politiques publiques de gestion de l'eau. Cette étude se pro...
Irrigation water is a crucial resource for economic and social development in Tunisia. In a context of decentralization and State devolution, the local associations for agricultural development or 'Groupements de Développement Agricole (GDA)' manage today a large share of irrigation water in the country. However, these institutions are experiencing...
Operating irrigation systems when water supplies are insecure is a critical challenge for both farmers and managers. The aim of this paper is to analyse how farmers adapt to water scarcity and to investigate to what extent individual farmers' practices affected the management of a community-managed irrigation system in an area with perennial citrus...
The development of smallholder irrigation is a policy priority in Ethiopia, yet little consideration has been given to the role state interventions play in enabling or constraining effective self-governance in farmer-managed schemes. To address this gap in evidence, research was conducted in Tigray, northern Ethiopia, in two irrigation sites. Focus...
En Afrique du Nord, de nombreux aquifères sont surexploités, principalement du fait d'une agriculture irriguée intensive. Cependant, les politiques publiques qui ont cherché à réguler cet usage se sont montrées jusqu'à maintenant peu efficaces, du fait du manque de moyens et parce que les agriculteurs les considèrent comme peu légitimes. L'article...
L’accès des jeunes agriculteurs aux ressources foncières est peu pris en compte dans les débats sur la durabilité des agricultures dans les pays du Sud. Les dispositifs de transfert foncier vers cette catégorie sociale, importante sur le plan démographique, restent rares et peu opérants. Nous montrons ici, à travers l’étude de trois situations irri...
Two contrasting views prevail on groundwater use in situations of predominantly state-‐led irrigation development. The first considers 'groundwater as liberation', i.e., how, by capturing the irrigation initiative, farmers liberated themselves from 'state' water, enabling more intensive and productive agriculture. The second view – 'groundwater as...
Purpose
Salinisation is a threat not only to arable land but also to freshwater resources. Nevertheless, salinisation impacts have been rarely and only partially included in life cycle assessment (LCA) so far. The objectives of this review paper were to give a comprehensive overview of salinisation mechanisms due to human interventions, analyse the...
In Tunisia, studies of water user associations have often diagnosed mediocre performances. However,
these studies provided incomplete assessments of the factors influencing these performances. In the
present study, the actors involved in a water user association gave their viewpoints with regards to the
objectives of the association and the factors...
Food LCA should include salinization. Salinization is a threat not only to arable land but also to freshwater resources. Nevertheless, salinization impacts have been rarely and partially included in LCA so far. First, a comprehensive overview of salinization mechanisms is presented and highlights its multiple causes, which affect soil and water, an...
Community-managed irrigation systems are commonly faced with problems of low system-level performance. A comprehensive survey was undertaken to assess and quantify the causes of the low irrigation performance in a community-managed oasis in southern Tunisia. At the irrigation system level, results showed that irrigation intervals were double those...
Background: Irrigated agriculture is often evaluated but few reviews of evaluation methodology adapted to this object are available in the literature. Besides, recommendations to improve evaluation in this field are lacking.
Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to contribute filling this gap.
Setting: Not applicable.
Intervention: Not applicable...
Background: Irrigated agriculture is often evaluated but few reviews of evaluation methodology adapted to this object are available in the literature. Besides, recommendations to improve evaluation in this field are lacking. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to contribute filling this gap. Setting: Not applicable. Intervention: Not applicable. R...
The intensive use of natural resources in the Maghreb, in particular by the agricultural sector, is creating an urgent need to design governance mechanisms at both the local and national level. Groundwater has become one of the most fragile of these resources.The rapid development of groundwater use for irrigation in the Maghreb has resulted in sig...
Water from small alluvial aquifers constitutes an attractive and low-cost option for irrigation and rural development in Northeastern Brazil. Based on piezometric measurements, geochemical analyses and electrical conductivity estimates, the present case study identified the main processes determining the hydrosaline dynamics of an alluvial aquifer...
Dans la plaine du Bas-Chéliff (nord-ouest d’Algérie), en plus du déficit pluviométrique qui sévit depuis plusieurs années, la pénurie d’eau de surface s’est aggravée suite au transfert vers les villes côtières des eaux initialement destinées à l’irrigation. Par ailleurs, la dégradation du réseau collectif ne permet pas à tous les agriculteurs d’acc...
Introduction. While researchers have paid considerable attention to the effect of soil salinity on crop yield, methodological impediments remain when salinity is combined with other growth factors, especially in farmers’ fields. A specific methodology was adapted to assess the effect of waterlogging and salinity on date palm yield (Phoenix dactylif...
Introduction. While researchers have paid considerable attention to the effect of soil salinity on crop yield, methodological impediments remain when salinity is combined with other growth factors, especially in farmers' fields. A specific methodology was adapted to assess the effect of waterlogging and salinity on date palm yield (Phoenix dactylif...
RESUMO No Nordeste brasileiro semi-árido, o desenvolvimento da explotação dos pequenos aqüíferos aluviais durante a última década permitiu o aumento da disponibilidade em água para o abastecimento de comunidades rurais. Entretanto, uma importante limitação para alguns usos é a salinidade da água. O objetivo deste estudo foi de analisar as relações...
Salt balance methods are generally applied in the root-zone and at local scales but do not provide relevant information for salinity management at irrigation scheme scales, where there are methodological impediments. A simple salt balance model was developed at irrigation scheme and yearly time scales and applied in Fatnassa oasis (Nefzaoua, Tunisi...
We designed and implemented an action-research programme in large-scale irrigation schemes in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, aiming to develop a regional network of competences by conducting research, training and development activities, and involving local actors. We worked on three issues: (i) the sustainability of North Africa's growing groundwat...
Salinity problems induced by irrigation are often presented in the literature as a threat that can only be managed at the irrigation scheme scale by installing subsurface drainage. On the other hand, salinity is a constraint that has often been successfully managed locally by farmers adapting their practices. However, the continuing expansion of ir...
Irrigation programmes are usually based on technical and economic considerations without substantial involvement of the target farmers. This study aimed to investigate farmers' discourse, practices and perceptions, and to emphasize progress, limit and synergy of farmers' representation in the modernization programme undertaken by engineers in the F...
Résumé Petite oasis historique de la région de Kébili (sud tunisien), Fatnassa Nord est un milieu difficile soumis à de fortes pressions sur les ressources en eau souterraines peu renouvelables et présentant les contraintes environnementales et socioéconomiques typiques des oasis de la région de Nefzaoua. Le volet méthodologique pour cette recherch...
recherches en génie rural, eaux et forêts, BP 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisie Résumé — Cet atelier aura été l'occasion de discussions entre responsables, chercheurs et agriculteurs sur la situation et l'avenir des systèmes oasiens du Nefzaoua. Les discussions mettent en lumière différents questionnements susceptibles d'orienter les politiques publiques et...
Résumé — Les performances de l'irrigation sont analysées dans l'oasis de Fatnassa Nord. Les résultats mettent en évidence un allongement très important du tour d'eau (jusqu'à 60 jours en période de pointe estivale) sous l'influence conjuguée de l'extension des plantations et de pratiques et stratégies inadaptées des agriculteurs. La faible efficien...
Cet atelier aura été l'occasion de discussions entre responsables, chercheurs et agriculteurs sur la situation et l'avenir des systèmes oasiens du Nefzaoua. Les discussions mettent en lumière différents questionnements susceptibles d'orienter les politiques publiques et les programmes de recherche dans les prochaines années.
Le développement de l'irrigation s'accompagne, dans la majorité des situations, par l'apparition de processus de salinisation, de sodisation ou d'alcalinisation des sols à des degrés divers. Ces situations sont en relation étroite avec les caractéristiques naturelles du milieu (sol et climat) et la modalité de gestion des eaux destinées à l'irrigat...
Cette communication expose la méthode suivie pour mettre en place un système d'évaluation des performances d'un périmètre collectif irrigué, appliquée à une oasis au sud tunisien. Après avoir proposé une restructuration des déterminants de dysfonctionnement et des variables identifiées en relation avec le fonctionnement actuel du périmètre irrigué,...
Les sols et les eaux de la nappe du périmètre oasien de Fatnassa Nord (114 hectares) sont menacés par un risque de salinisation en raison d’une salinité élevée des eaux d’irrigation et de la position superficielle de la nappe. Un réseau de 27 piézomètres a été installé depuis 2001 pour le suivi de la profondeur, de la salinité et de la composition...
Les performances de l’oasis de Fatnassa sont sous la dépendance d’un ensemble de contraintes physiques et de dysfonctionnements liés aux pratiques et comportements individuels face à la gestion collective de l’aménagement. Ces contraintes et dysfonctionnements ont été abordés sous l’angle de leur perception par les agriculteurs. Le fonctionnement d...
Sur la base d’une situation héritée du droit coutumier et musulman et des réformes coloniales, et après une courte période collectiviste dans les années 1960, le Code des eaux devient en 1975 la référence organisant la propriété et l’exploitation de l'eau en Tunisie. Il donne le départ d’une évolution progressive des institutions, marquée par une d...
Marlet, S., et J.O. Job, 2006. Processus et gestion de la salinité des sols. In : Tiercelin, J.R. Traité d'irrigation, seconde édition. Tec & Doc Lavoisier. ISBN-13: 978-2743009106 4.1. Introduction sur les milieux salés La présence d'éléments minéraux solubles dans les eaux naturelles continentales est la résultante d'un ensemble de mécanismes d'e...
RESUME La salinité des sols est présente dans la plupart des grands systèmes d'irrigation à travers le monde sous l'effet conjugué d'une mauvaise qualité des eaux d'irrigation, de l'aridité et d'un drainage insuffisant du sol et des aquifères. Les tendances évolutives dans la gestion de l'eau et la salinité des sols sont évaluées à travers différen...
Clonal plantations of Eucalyptus have been introduced since 1978 on savanna soils of the coastal plains of Congo. Atmospheric deposition, canopy exchange and transfer through the soil were estimated on the whole rooting depth (6 m) over 3 years, in an experimental design installed in a native savanna and an adjacent 6-year-old Eucalyptus plantation...
In Sahelian countries, agriculture often relies on irrigation especially for rice cropping which has been introduced these last decades. As most of the water resources used for irrigation (mainly rivers and lakes) have an alkaline composition, rice cropping is often held as responsible for soil alkalinization. In order to evaluate the probability f...
In the Senegal valley, it is commonly considered that the Acid Sulfate Soils of the delta are fossil soils overlain by more recent sediments, and that the Vertisols, which abruptly overlie a thick sandy horizon, result from a change in the sedimentation mode of the river. However, we show that both soils belong to the same pedological system extend...
Le développement de l’irrigation s’est, dans la majorité des situations, accompagné de l’apparition de processus de salinisation, de sodisation ou d’alcalinisation des sols à des degrés d’importance divers. Si les situations apparaissent très variées en raison des caractéristiques du milieu naturel et des modalités de gestion de l’eau et des systèm...
RAPPORT DE MISSION D'EXPERTISE DU 25/01 au 07/02/04 SOUS PROJET FADES : (Fond d'Appui au Développement de l'Enseignement Supérieur)
De par leur richesse en ressources naturelles renouvelables, les zones inondables tropicales revêtent un intérêt social et économique majeur pour les pays en développement. Cependant, les fleuves tropicaux sont aujourd'hui de plus en plus aménagés pour satisfaire les besoins liés à de nouvelles activités. Les zones jusque-là régulièrement inondées...
Modélisation hydrogéochimique des processus de salinisation, alcalinisation et sodisation des sols: présentation et calage du modèle PASTIS. L'irrigation est indispensable à l'amélioration de la productivité agricole des terres dans les régions arides. Cependant, elle peut conduire localement à une dégradation progressive des propriétés physicochim...
En riziculture irriguée, la submersion induit des modifications importantes dans les propriétés chimiques des sols du fait de la faiblesse des échanges gazeux entre le sol et l'atmosphère. Dans ces conditions, la pression partielle en CO2 augmente tandis que la pression partielle en O2 et le potentiel redox diminuent. L'augmentation de la pCO2 cond...
Evidence of soil degradation impeding soil tillage and irrigation in cultivated soils in Pakistan is identi®ed, described and represented in a general process of degradation. Based on a chemical analysis of soil characteristics, it is shown that a more general geochemical degradation process may occur in these soils. Two paths of salinization, i.e....
The sugarcane zone of Kenana, Sudan, covers 35 000 ha of vertisols, row irrigated using water from the White Nile. The intensive watering practised in sugarcane crops leads to changes in the chemical characteristics of the soils. Compared to neighbouring uncultivated areas or fields of rainfed crops, the salinity of plots that have had a monocultur...
The SEPI model (irrigation evaluation and planning system) integrates a conventional irrigation water requirement estimation module based on a water balance calculation, and a module that characterizes row irrigation functioning. It covers watering frequency, flow rate at the head of the row, row length, row slope and watering duration. The best co...
Soils of the terraces of the Niger River have locally undergone, prior to irrigation, a process of alkalinization. The use of the resulting nonsaline sodic soils [pH<sub>s</sub> 8.5–9.8 (s is “on saturated paste"), EC<sub>S</sub> = 2.2–3.2 dS m<sup>-1</sup>, SAR = 12–28 (mmol L<sup>-1</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup>, exchangeable sodium percentage (ES...
In some soils of the Niger valley, alkalinization and sodization are related to the concentration of alteration products of calco-alkaline gneiss to biotite, which releases significant amounts of cations and alkalinity. The results is an oversaturation of the soil solution with respect to calcite, which precipitates with a positive calcite residual...
* INRA, URD, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon cedex 9 Diffusion du document : INRA, URD, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon cedex 9 Diplôme : Dr. Ing.
After Eaton (1950) and Richards (1954), irrigation water quality is usally evaluated by the Residual Sodium Carbonates (RSC), the Electrical Conductivity (EC) and the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and classified with respect to alkalinization, salinization and sodification hazard. This study aims at showing that geochemical modeling can greatly imp...
