Seok-Goo Cho

• MD, PhD
• Catholic University of Korea

Purpose Inotuzumab ozogamicin (INO) has demonstrated a safe bridging role to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R B-ALL). However, hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (VOD/SOS) is frequently observed. This study aimed to...

The phase 2, multicohort, ongoing ELM-2 study evaluates odronextamab, a CD20×CD3 bispecific antibody, in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma after ≥2 lines of therapy. Here primary analysis of the diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cohort is reported. Patients received intravenous odronextamab in 21-day cycles unt...

Background/Objectives This study aimed to evaluate whether very early interim ¹⁸F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) after a single cycle of first-line chemotherapy predicts long-term survival outcome in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Methods A total of 51 patients (31 males...

Introduction Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare and aggressive hematologic malignancy with a poor prognosis. HS can present with either isolated organ involvement or multi-systemic disease. This case series reports on nine patients with diverse clinical presentations and outcomes. Methods Diagnoses of HS were confirmed using immunohistochemistry,...

Objectives: In this single-center retrospective study, we aimed to verify the extent of duodenal follicular lymphoma (DFL) and investigate the role and clinical significance of video capsule endoscopy (VCE) in the treatment process. Methods: We analyzed the clinical and imaging data of 40 patients diagnosed with DFL. Results: Imaging workup and bon...

Background/Objectives: Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies combined with alkylator-based chemotherapy enhance survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, the risks of infection and bone marrow suppression may mean that new, targeted therapies are more appropriate for some patients than fludarabine–cyclophosphamide–rituximab (FCR). In the R...

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has a favorable clinical outcome with appropriate treatment; however, further research is needed on managing patients with relapsed or refractory disease and the risk of infection during prolonged periods. This study examined the long-term effects of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA), particularly using a weekly infusion prot...

Background The prognostic significance of extranodal sites in stage IV diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains uncertain, making it challenging to select appropriate treatment strategies for individual patients. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of different extranodal sites on prognosis in young patients with stage IV DLBCL w...

Introduction Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) have poor outcomes in the relapsed/refractory (R/R) setting. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of dexamethasone, L-asparaginase, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (DL-ICE) chemotherapy followed by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in patients with R/R PTCLs....

Introduction Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (MEITL) is a rare, aggressive subtype of primary gastrointestinal T-cell lymphoma. Owing to the absence of symptoms characteristic of MEITL, diagnosis can be challenging, and the low response rate to conventional chemotherapy leads to an abysmal prognosis. This study aimed to defin...

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is the only curative option for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). However, relapse remains the primary cause of transplantation failure. This single-center study aimed to evaluate factors influencing therapeutic interventions to prevent overt relapse of MDS and to identify treatment appro...

Introduction Relapsed/refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is very aggressive, with a historically low complete response (CR) rate (Blood. 2017; 130[16]:1800-1808). Recent research has focused on achieving complete and durable responses in this population, which translate to improvements in overall survival (OS) and progression-fr...

Background : Reduced-toxicity conditioning (RTC) regimens and haploidentical donor transplantation (HIDT) have expanded the availability of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) by facilitating the use of less compatible donors and applications for comorbid or elderly recipients. Despite the critical need for effective conditioni...

Background: Many studies have identified various gene aberrations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). IKZF1 deletion is frequently observed in Ph-positive ALL, and IKZF1-plus is defined as a poor subgroup when combined with CDKN2, PAX5, or PAR1 deletions. Most findings come from Western pediatric data, and while new gene mutations are being dete...

Introduction: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignancy arising from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) that acquire genetic abnormalities during hematopoiesis. Understanding the heterogeneous nature of AML is crucial, and predicting the cell of origin for each AML subtype could significantly enhance our comprehension...

Background: Hepatic veno-occlusive disease/ sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (VOD/SOS) is a rare but severe complication after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) showing high fatality. Recently reported incidence of VOD/SOS in the Korea was 8.9% (7.8% in adults and 14.0% in pediatrics). Estimated 1-year overall survival (OS) of VOD/SOS was aro...

Introduction: AZD0486, a novel IgG4 fully human CD19xCD3 bispecific T-cell engager (TCE), is uniquely designed to bind CD3 with low affinity to reduce cytokine release upon T-cell activation, while preserving effective T-cell cytotoxicity against malignant B cells. AZD0486 was active and well tolerated in patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory (R/...

Background and Significance Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a heterogenous, incurable disease that encompasses approximately 3% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases (Teras LR et al. CA Cancer J Clin 2016). Treatment of patients with MCL can be challenging due to its high-risk molecular features, circulating tumor burden, and bone marrow involvemen...

Introduction T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL) represents a spectrum of aggressive neoplasms derived from precursor T-cells. While the World Health Organization classifies T-ALL and T-LBL as a single entity, their clinical presentations and treatment approaches often differ in practice. The optimal role of allogeneic hematopoietic...

Introduction: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is widely performed as a treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In HSCT, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a critical issue associated with mortality, and several drugs are used in conditioning as prophylaxis. Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) has been widely used...

Background: In adult patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), CR rates are low and survival outcomes are very poor. For effective salvage therapy and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) in remission, inotuzumab ozogamicin (INO) or blinatumomab (BLIN) have been introduce...

Introduction: AZD0486 is a novel, IgG4 fully human CD19xCD3 bispecific T-cell engager (TCE) with a low-affinity anti-CD3 moiety uniquely engineered to reduce cytokine release while maintaining potent antitumor cytotoxicity. AZD0486 is being evaluated in an ongoing first-in-human phase 1 study for patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell...

Background: Blinatumomab became available in Korea since 2016 and has proved its efficiency for remission and safe bridging role to allo-HCT in patients with R/R BCP-ALL. This T-cell engager system has changed the paradigm of ALL treatment in terms of safe chemotherapy-free approach and need for understanding T-cell immunology. Aim: Here, we report...

Introduction Odronextamab, an investigational, off-the-shelf, CD20×CD3 bispecific antibody, has shown compelling efficacy and generally manageable safety in heavily pretreated patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory (R/R) follicular lymphoma (FL) (Taszner M, et al. EHA 2024). The objective response rate (ORR) was 80%, the complete response (CR) rat...

Despite advances in vaccination and therapies for coronavirus disease, challenges remain due to reduced antibody longevity and the emergence of virulent variants like Omicron (BA.1) and its subvariants (BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.3, and BA.5). This study explored the potential of adoptive immunotherapy and harnessing the protective abilities using virus-spec...

Hepatic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) significantly impacts morbidity and mortality among allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. However, the relationship between clinical and immunopathological phenotypes and their influence on clinical outcomes in hepatic GVHD is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to study the impl...

Introduction Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL), a non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is known for its destructive local impact on nasal structures and systemic induction of inflammatory cytokines. Concurrent treatment with radiation and nonanthracycline- based chemotherapy has improved survival rates in patients with localized disease stages. However, surv...

Reduced-toxicity conditioning (RTC) regimens aim to mitigate regimen-related toxicity while maintaining anti-leukemic efficacy in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We assessed outcomes of RTC regimens utilizing melphalan versus intravenous busulfan combined with fludarabine in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) p...

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a long-term complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation associated with poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are several approved treatments for patients who do not respond to steroids, such as ruxolitinib. Nevertheless, a significant proport...

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and can be life-threatening. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adult stem cells with immunomodulatory properties, have been used as therapeutic agents in a variety of ways and have demonstrated efficacy against acute GVHD (aGVHD); however, varia...

TPS7093 Background: Approximately 30–40% of patients (pts) with high-risk, aggressive B-NHL are refractory to or relapse after first-line chemoimmunotherapy. Although autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies are available in the second line, access, eligibility, tolerability, and cost pose lim...

e19057 Background: In ELM-2 (NCT03888105), a Ph 2, single arm, open label trial, odronextamab demonstrated robust efficacy, generally manageable safety, and overall maintenance of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in R/R FL pts (Villasboas et al. ASH 2023). In FL, pts with disease progression within 2 yrs of frontline chemoimmunotherapy (POD24) are...

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized anti-tumor therapy, notably improving treatment responses in various tumors. However, many patients remain non-responsive and do not experience benefits. Given that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can counteract tumor immune tolerance by stimulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, TLR agonists...

Background: R/R FL is an incurable disease and outcomes worsen with successive relapses. A high unmet need remains for therapies that improve tumor control and extend survival after relapse. Odronextamab, an off-the-shelf CD20×CD3 bispecific antibody, demonstrated compelling efficacy, generally manageable safety, and maintenance of pt-reported over...

Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have been proposed as a treatment for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is a major complication following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. However, clinical trials have not yielded good results, and human decidua-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (DSCs) have been prop...

In the present study, reduced toxicity (FluBu3) and myeloablative (BuCy) conditioning were compared in patients with AML who received first allogeneic HSCT in MRD-negative CR1. The study included 124 adult patients who underwent HSCT from an HLA-matched (8/8) sibling, unrelated, or 1-locus mismatched (7/8) unrelated donor (MMUD). The median age was...

In this single-center retrospective study, we aimed to verify the extent of duodenal follicular lymphoma (DFL) and investigate the role and clinical significance of video capsule endoscopy (VCE) in this process. We analyzed the clinical and imaging data of 40 patients diagnosed with DFL. Imaging workup and bone marrow biopsies revealed DFL only in...

Natural killer/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a highly aggressive, heterogeneous non-Hodgkin lymphoma resulting from malignant proliferation of cytotoxic natural killer (NK) or T cells. Previous studies demonstrated variable expression of CD38 on NKTCL tumors. Daratumumab, a human IgGκ monoclonal antibody targeting CD38 with a direct on-tumor and immun...

Background: The impact of copy number alterations (CNAs) or mutations on outcomes has been broadly analyzed in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, the magnitude of the effect was often marginal, frequently restricted to specific genetic subtypes and rarely replicated across independent cohorts in adult ALL. Aim: We tried to analy...

Background Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is frequently accompanied with the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). The clinical prognosis for ALL patients with CNS disease is generally unfavorable, and prophylactic measures such as intrathecal chemotherapy are highly recommended. In adult ALL patients, hematopoietic stem cell transpl...

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the 2nd most frequent developing hematologic malignancy with deep heterogeneity, but unfortunately the majority of patients relapse even after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in complete remission (CR). We have developed allogeneic HSCT from familial mismatched/haploidentical donors (FMT) in...

Background Selecting a graft source is critical in HLA-matched sibling donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (MSD-HCT) for severe aplastic anemia (SAA). Since graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) is the major cause of mortality after MSD-HCT, and SAA patients do not need the graft-versus-leukemia effect, the selection of a suitable source of st...

Background: Oral mucositis (OM) is one of the most prevalent complications leading to severe pain, difficulty eating, prolonged hospitalization, and life-threatening septic condition in patients receiving chemotherapy containing conditioning regimen prior to autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT). MIT-001 is a novel small mo...

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is widely recognized as the sole curative treatment for myelofibrosis (MF). However, patients with MF often experience graft function impairment despite successful engraftment and absence of relapse signs. Although it has been reported that poor graft function can have a negative impact on t...

Background The class of CD20×CD3 bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) has emerged as an important anti-lymphoma modality for patients (pts) with R/R B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Odronextamab, a novel, off-the-shelf, CD20×CD3 BsAb, has previously demonstrated compelling efficacy in both R/R diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and R/R FL. In pts with R/R FL, odro...

Background: AZD0486 (formerly TNB-486) is a novel, IgG4 fully human CD19xCD3 bispecific TCE incorporating a unique low affinity anti-CD3 moiety designed to reduce cytokine release while retaining potent T-cell mediated cytotoxicity of malignant B cells. A silenced Fc prevents nonspecific binding, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and confer...

Background: The development of the lymphoma treatment increased the number of patients with long-term survival. Due to the nature of lymphoma heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies, lymphoma treatment varies based on histopathological features. Various cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy could increase patients' risk of secondary canc...

Background Odronextamab is a novel, off-the-shelf, CD20×CD3 bispecific antibody that has demonstrated consistent anti-lymphoma activity and a generally manageable safety profile in heavily pretreated patients (pts) with both R/R follicular lymphoma and R/R DLBCL. Encouraging results have been reported in pts who have relapsed following chimeric ant...

Background. Patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have poor prognosis and significant impairment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). CD20xCD3 bispecific antibodies show promise in the management of R/R DLBCL. ELM-2 (NCT03888105), a Phase 2, open-label, multicohort, multicenter study of the CD20xCD3 bis...

In allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), graft source has been changed from bone marrow grafts (Bone marrow stem cell, BMSC) to peripheral blood grafts (Peripheral blood stem cell, PBSC) mobilized by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. PBSC transplantation is known to have numerous advantages over BMSC, including faster engr...

Liver dysfunction is one of the dismal complications after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (Allo-HCT). Although most frequently suspected complications are hepatic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and toxic hepatitis, precise diagnosis can be challenging. In order to accurately diagnose hepatic dysfunction after allo-HCT, liver biopsi...

Background: Myelofibrosis (MF) is a distinct subtype of the Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) characterized by an overproduction of differentiated hematopoietic cells. MF consisted of primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and secondary myelofibrosis (SMF) progressed from polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. The pathologic...

Background: Goals of patient-centered care for management of relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma (R/R FL) are to improve clinical outcomes while maintaining or improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In ELM-2 (NCT03888105), a Phase 2, open-label, multicohort, multicenter study, odronextamab monotherapy demonstrated high and durable...

Background: Haploidentical stem cell transplantation from a related mismatched donor (Haplo-SCT) has extended into adult patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) with advances in controlling graft failure and GVHD. However, because of concerns for morbidity and mortality, Haplo-SCT has been used as salvage treatment after the failure of immunosup...

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) remains the curative treatment for acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) patients. When there is no HLA-identical sibling or unrelated donor, alternative donors such as 1 allele-mismatched unrelated donors (1-MMUD) or haploidentical donors (HID) may be considered. While there have been reports t...

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HSCT) has curative potential for Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Given that the median age of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient is 68 years, the majority of HSCT candidates in AML are inevitably elderly patients. Advances in alternative donor HSCT and reduced intensity conditioning have expanded the o...

The allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is widely performed for the curative treatment of severe aplastic anemia (SAA). After HSCT, the long-term survival rates of SAA patients have substantially improved, with reported over 80%. However, as the post-HSCT survival period extends, there is a risk of exposure to long-term compli...

Introduction: Pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma progresses with advancing disease stage. However, no standard treatment approach has been established. This single-center retrospective study evaluated clinical and radiological characteristics, treatment modalities, and long-term prognosis of pulmonary MALT lymphoma. Metho...

In the present study, reduced toxicity (FluBu3) and myeloablative (BuCy) conditioning were compared in patients with AML who received first allogeneic HSCT in MRD-negative CR1. The study included 124 adult patients who underwent HSCT from an HLA-matched (8/8) sibling, unrelated, or 1-locus mismatched (7/8) unrelated donor (MMUD). The median age was...

Introduction Intensive chemotherapy (IC) can affect all geriatric assessment (GA) domains in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but data on the effects of these changes on transplant outcomes are lacking. Methods Therefore, we prospectively assessed the prognostic role of GA domains at diagnosis and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell...

To clarify the role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in the chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy era, we analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of 52 patients treated with allo-HSCT with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Most enrolled patients had previously undergone intensive treat...

This study evaluated the prognostic significance of FDG PET/CT in patients with nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). We retrospectively reviewed patients with histologically confirmed nodal PTCL who underwent FDG PET/CT at baseline, after three cycles of first-line chemotherapy (interim), and at the end of therapy. Response was assessed visuall...

Background aims: Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are rare and aggressive tumors with uncertain optimal treatment. This study investigated the clinical outcomes of high-dose chemotherapy (HDT) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) after CD34+ selective purging in PTCL patients. Methods: Retrospective analysis included 67 PTC...

7524 Background: Follicular lymphoma (FL) is incurable with a relapsing/remitting pattern and decreasing progression-free survival (PFS) interval per recurrence. In the relapsed/refractory (R/R) setting, patients (pts) failing CAR T or CD20 bispecific T-cell engagers (TCE) have few options. TNB-486 is a novel bispecific CD19xCD3 TCE that induces T-...

Background: A chemotherapy of rituximab, fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (R-FC) has been accepted as a promising frontline chemotherapy in selected patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although R-FC regimen is a relatively dose-dense regimen and neutropenia incidence is more than 50%, primary prophylactic pegfilgrastim was not fully...

Simple Summary The introduction of venetoclax (VEN) to combination regimens has dramatically changed the paradigm of treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients deemed unfit for intensive chemotherapy. Several researchers have reported that this regimen was successfully used as a bridge to potentially curative allogeneic hematopoietic stem...

Background: Blinatumomab showed a higher complete remission (CR) rate and a safe bridging to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) in adults with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R BCP-ALL). Objectives: We tried to analyze the outcome of blinatumomab compared with the real-world historica...

This long-term, retrospective, single-center study evaluated real-world clinical outcomes of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma using different therapeutic modalities and analyzed factors affecting survival outcomes and long-term prognosis. We enrolled 203 patients with pathologically confirmed low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma...

Background: CT-P10 was the first licensed rituximab biosimilar. This Korean post-marketing surveillance study evaluated CT-P10 safety and effectiveness in approved indications. Research design and methods: This prospective, open-label, observational, phase 4 study collected routine clinical practice data across 27 centers in the Republic of Kore...

Background: The diagnosis and management of primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) remain challenging. This study identified factors indicative of PIOL, described treatment outcomes, and determined modalities to prevent relapse. Methods: We included 21 PIOL-diagnosed patients, seven via cytology, 12 via genetic evaluation, and two via interleukin (...

There are limited data on second stem cell transplantation (SCT2) outcomes with alternative donors for relapsed AML after the first stem cell transplantation (SCT1). We analyzed the outcomes of 52 adult AML patients who received SCT2 from haploidentical donors (HIT, N = 32) and double-cord blood (dCBT, N = 20) between 2008 and 2021. The HIT group r...

Venetoclax (VEN) combined with azacitidine (AZA) or decitabine (DEC) has been approved for older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) unfit for intensive chemotherapy based on the pivotal VIALE-A trial. However, this trial only compared AZA + VEN with AZA monotherapy. Therefore, we compared the outcomes of consecutive older adults (65 years or...

Introduction B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) is associated with donor-specific antibodies and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). However, the effects of BAFF on T-cell physiological function have not been fully elucidated in acute GVHD. Methods We examined the effects of b...

Background: Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the standard treatment for peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs). Strategies that reduce the relapse rate and treatment-related mortality are essential for successful ASCT. Because in vivo/in vitro purging methods using rituximab are not appropriate for T-cell lymphomas, an ex vivo CD34+ sele...

Early T‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP‐ALL) is a recently identified high‐risk subgroup of T‐cell ALL in children. However, there have been conflicting reports and limited data have been reported in adult patients. We retrospectively analyzed the cytogenetic and molecular characteristics and long‐term survival outcomes of adult pa...

The Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are divided in three major groups: polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The 2016 WHO classification incorporates also prefibrotic PMF (pre-PMF) and overt PMF. This study aimed to discriminate the clinical features, genetic alterations,...

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, severe hyperinflammatory disease characterized by overproduction of cytokines and hemophagocytosis of hematopoietic cells, resulting in multiorgan failure. Prompt treatment initiation is essential for patient survival. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the rapid developme...