Senthilkumar Baskar

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• MSc, PhD
• Professor (Assistant) at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Manganese‐based cathode materials have attracted significant interest in zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity, affordability, and environmentally friendly nature. Recently, Na2Mn3O7 (NMO) has emerged as a promising electrode material for ZIBs owing to its unique triclinic crystal structure, which consists of infinite par...

Among cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), layered transition metal oxides Na x MO 2 (M = transition metal) are very promising due to their easy synthesis and high theoretical capacity. 1,2 In this class, Ni/Mn/Fe-based layered oxides are attractive due to the high redox potential of Ni ²⁺ / Ni ⁴⁺ and Jahn Teller inactive centers (Ni ²⁺ , Fe ³...

Designing new cathode materials remains crucial in developing (post) Li-ion batteries. Mn-based oxide cathodes have received wide attention due to their sustainable nature, low cost, elemental abundance, structural diversity/polymorphism, and rich oxidation states (2+ to 7+), offering tunable redox potential [1]. Here, we have investigated differen...

P2 and O3-type sodium layered oxides (NaxTMO2) have been considered as most promising cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. The P2-type oxides are superior to O3 in terms of fast Na diffusion and high-rate kinetics. However, the deficient Na (x < 0.7) in the P2-structure has low initial charge capacity and it limits practical application. In addition...

P2-type Na0.67[Ni0.33Mn0.67]O2 layered oxide cathode is attractive for practical Na-ion battery application due to its high voltage Ni4+/Ni2+ redox and good air-stability. However, it suffers from rapid capacity decay originating from high voltage P2-O2 transformation. To alleviate this issue, we explored optimum Li-substitution into the transition...

Pyrochlore type-Bi2Sn2O7/carbon composite (BSO/C), prepared via ball milling, is explored as a potential K-ion anode. It delivers reversible capacities of greater than 295 mAh g–1 for 100 cycles at 50 mA g–1 in 5 M KFSI in EC/DEC electrolyte, while a severe capacity fade is noticed in a KPF6-based electrolyte system. A full K-ion battery comprising...

The development of low-cost and sustainable rechargeable batteries is attractive for storing energy from renewable sources. At present, the expansion of Na-ion batteries (NIBs) serves as an appealing solution from the perspective of both raw material abundance as well as the cost in comparison with the existing Li-ion batteries. ¹ However, the ener...

Alternative to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) can be a suitable energy‐storage device for stationary large‐scale energy‐storage applications, e.g. smart grid. Performance characteristics and costs of the SIBs largely depend on positive electrode materials. Layered transition‐metal oxides (Na x MO 2 , M = 3d transition met...

Lithium solid state batteries are one of the state of the art energy storage systems due to their high safety. However, ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes is a concern, because at present it does not match the ionic conductivity of non-aqueous Li-ion batteries, thus resulting in sluggish electrochemical kinetics. In this report, we enhance th...

Antimony based anode materials are attractive for alkali-ion battery applications due to their high theoretical capacity and lower insertion voltage. Herein, Sb/hard carbon composites are fabricated using a simple and scalable high-energy ball-milling approach and have been investigated as anodes for alkali-ion batteries. The structural and morphol...

The intermittent nature of renewable sources demands the utilization of resilient storage systems, which can smoothen their energy production and distribution to consumer utilities. Among the storge systems, rechargeable batteries offer easy maintenance, low cost, high round trip efficiency and durability. At present, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) ha...

NASICON-Na3V2−xMx(PO4)3 (M = Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+ & Ga3+) cathodes are attractive for sodium-ion battery application due to their high voltage multi-redox (V5+/V4+/V3+) couples and faster sodium-ion diffusivity. However, they suffer from rapid capacity decay due to irreversible structural changes occurring at high voltages. Herein, we present the struc...

Herein, we introduce the concept of using multifunctional air–cathode to advance the performance of hybrid sodium–air batteries (NABs) by utilizing intercalation/deintercalation followed by OER/ORR mechanism. As a case study, sodium tetra-cobalt triphosphate NaCo4(PO4)3 was chosen and was synthesized by solution combustion synthesis technique. The...

Manganese-based layered materials are promising owing to their resource-friendly, low-cost, non-toxic nature with high operational safety. Here, Na–Mn–O ternary layered metal oxide (Na2Mn3O7) was synthesized using a single-step conventional solid-state synthesis. The pure phase Na2Mn3O7 crystallizes in triclinic structure (s.g. P−1). It consists of...

Global demands drew attention towards energy production and storage technologies in the twenty-first century. Lithium-ion batteries cannot satisfy needs because of limited resources of Li. Sodium-ion batteries can be a promising alternate replacement with a redox potential E (Na+/Na) = −2.71 V vs SHE. Potassium-ion batteries have recently gained in...

Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) can offer high-voltage performance and energy density similar to lithium-ion batteries with the added advantages of elemental abundance, materials economy, and efficient K+ intercalation due to smaller radius of solvated ions. This nascent field offers ample room to exploit open framework polyanionic compounds as effi...

Iron-based polyanionic materials can be exploited to realize low cost, durable, and safe cathodes for both bulk and thin film sodium-ion batteries. Herein, we report pulsed laser deposited mixed phosphate Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 as a positive electrode for thin film sodium-ion microbatteries. The bulk material and thin films of Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 are employ...

An efficient bifunctional catalyst still remains a stupendous challenge for the use of energy storage devices such as rechargeable metal-air batteries and fuel cells, as the current electro-catalysts are either ORR or OER selective as well as suffers from cost and stability issues. Co-phosphate based bifunctional materials can be a plausible option...

Reversible potassium-ion intercalation in anti-NASICON-type iron molybdate Fe2(MoO4)3 is demonstrated for the first time. Submicron-sized Fe2(MoO4)3 particles are synthesized by solution combustion synthesis route using glycine as fuel. The monoclinic anti-NASICON type Fe2(MoO4)3 positive electrode exhibits an initial discharge capacity of ~94 mAh...

Aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries have immense commercial potential in the primary battery market, which is largely occupied by the alkaline zinc/manganese oxide batteries. These storage systems are desirable for large-scale applications due to their superior safety, high capacity, fast ionic conductivity and low cost. Pursuing new Mn-based c...

The substrate dependent electrochemical properties of SrLi2Ti6O14 thin films were studied for Li-ion micro batteries. Thin films were deposited on polished and unpolished stainless-steel substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The deposition parameters such as laser density, substrate temperature etc. were optimized systematically and the best...

Rechargeable metal-air batteries have come up with high theoretical energy density as compared to existing lithium and sodium ion batteries. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are the two processes, related to water splitting, over which metal-air batteries run. Since both processes are sluggish, hence, they require...

Common preparation methods of manganese-based Li-rich layered oxides include co-precipitation, combustion, spray pyrolysis, and molten salt synthesis. Herein, we present a facile new reactive-templating route to prepare manganese-based lithium-rich Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 using β−MnO2 nanorod, which plays a dual role as reactive template as well...

Spinels form an interesting class of compounds, finding applications in metal-ion batteries and as catalysts for metal-air batteries and fuel cells. Here, we report a fast, template-free solution combustion method to synthesize nanoscale zinc spinels for applications as cathodes in low-cost aqueous zinc-ion batteries and oxygen reduction reaction (...

Rapid, Low-cost, Template-free Solution Combustion Synthesis of Zinc Spinels for Electrochemical and Electrocatalytic Applications

Herein, we demonstrate a new non-aqueous potassium-ion hybrid capacitor (KIC) using novel P3-K 0.45 Mn 0.5 Co 0.5 O 2 and commercial activated carbon (CAC) as the cathode and anode, respectively. A simple sol–gel method is used to synthesize the P3-K 0.45 Mn 0.5 Co 0.5 O 2 cathode nanoplatelets. The structural and morphological studies are performe...

Robust electrocatalysts towards the resourceful and sustainable generation of hydrogen by splitting of water via electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a prerequisite to realize high-efficient energy research. High electroactive catalysts for hydrogen production with ultra-low loading of platinum (Pt) have been under exhaustive explo...

We report facile solvothermal synthesis of submicron sized rod-like Li1.5V3O8 crystals using ethylene glycol/ water as reacting media. The crystal structure and morphology of resulting compound were characterized by Rietveld refinement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Xray photoelectron...

Herein, a discrete γ‐KCoPO4 nanocrystals were prepared by a facile greener and faster sol‐gel route. The lattice parameters, positional and displacement parameters of atoms in average γ‐KCoPO4 structure with a space group of P21/n were calculated using full profile Rietveld refinement. A monodispersed quadrangular γ‐KCoPO4 nanocrystals with improve...

Exploring Mn-based battery insertion materials, layered Na2Mn3O7 was synthesized via single pot solid-state method. Rietveld analysis confirmed the formation of triclinic structured Na2Mn3O7 with P-1 symmetry. With no further optimization, the as-synthesized Na2Mn3O7 was found to be an efficient host for Li+ (de)intercalation. Na2Mn3O7 delivered a...

Developing high-performance positrode materials are essential to attain high energy supercapatteries. In this regard, the electrochemical performances of the hydrothermally synthesized LiMnPO4 are studied. The crystal structures of the materials are elucidated using Full-profile XRD Rietveld refinement. The LiMnPO4 particles showed uniform elongate...

Integration of P2 and O3 phases in Na0.5Fe0.5Mn0.5O2 cathode via Li-ion substitution is proposed to enhance its electrochemical performance for sodium-ion battery applications. The formation of P2 and the combination of P2/O3 intergrowth were confirmed by X-ray diffraction refinement, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photo...

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are undoubtedly the most promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries considering the natural abundance, distribution and cost of sodium resources. Still, SIBs face challenges in the development of suitable anode materials due to the large volume change during sodiation/de-sodiation, which results in inferior cycling s...

Building better batteries” remains an ongoing process to cater diverse energy demands starting from small‐scale consumer electronics to large‐scale automobiles and grid storage. While Li‐ion batteries have carried this burden over the last three decades, the ever‐growing and highly diverse applications (based on size, energy‐density, and stationary...

Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are emerging as promising candidates for large scale applications due to their low cost, elemental abundance and smaller Stokes radius of K+ relative to Li+ and Na+-ion. However, the large size of K+ ion remains the bottleneck for the development of KIBs. Herein, layered sodium manganese oxide Na2Mn3O7 is demonstrated...

Li-ion batteries have no doubt seen unprecedented commercial success over the last 3 decades. But, the ever-growing consumption of lithium resources for Li-ion batteries has led to concern over their paucity and high cost. This has led to extensive search for alternative battery chemistries with stress on elemental abundance, economy, non-toxicity...

Layered sodium metal oxide Na2Mn3O7 and mixed polyanion Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 cathode materials were prepared by facile solid-state route and solution combustion synthesis respectively. The Na2Mn3O7 compound crystallized in triclinic structure with space group P-1, whereas Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 assumed an orthorhombic structure with space group Pn21a. Here,...

Efficient energy generation and utilization, especially from available fossil fuel sources, has emerged as a principal challenge in the 21 st century. It has provided impetus for worldwide research revolving around ‘energy' over the past two decades [1]. Robust electrochemical energy conversion processes form key segment for the fruitful execution...

Li-ion batteries are promising power sources for portable electronics and electric vehicles due to their high energy density. However, its application in grid storage is limited due to high cost and low abundance of Li resources. Next to Li-ion, Na-ion batteries (NIBs) are getting prominent interest due to its low cost, intercalation properties sim...

Manifold consumption of lithium resources for Li-ion batteries has led to concern over their paucity and high cost. It has triggered global research on alternative battery chemistries with stress on elemental abundance, economy, non-toxicity and uniform geographical distribution of alkali resources. It has paved way for sodium-ion batteries, where...

To realize all-solid-state thin-film microbatteries, robust anode candidates play a key role. SrLi2Ti6O14 forms one such Ti-based anode with ideal combination of electrochemical performance and operational safety. In the current work, SrLi2Ti6O14 anode thin-films were deposited on stainless steel substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique. X-r...

The development of efficient water oxidation catalyst is a major path to realize water splitting systems, which could benefit high performance and cost-effective metal-air batteries, fuel cells and solar energy conversion. To date, the rare crustal abundant platinum group metals rule this sector with Pt-alloys being the best for oxygen reduction re...

Water-Splitting systems are essential for clean energy production. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a key reaction involved in water splitting, which requires a catalyst. The current work explores the possible application of sodium and potassium iron phosphates (AFePO4, A = Na, and K) as electrocatalysts for ORR activity. These earth-abundant...

Electrochemical intercalation of sodium and potassium-ion in NaxCoO2 and NaxFeO2 was successfully studied in this work. The Na0.84CoO2 and NaxFeO2 were synthesized by solution combustion synthesis technique using urea as fuel. The as-prepared Na0.84CoO2 assumed a hexagonal structure with P63/mmc space group built from slabs of edge-sharing CoO6 oct...

Noble-metal free, bifunctional catalysts are essential to develop high performance, cost-effective water-splitting systems. The current work explores the bifunctional electrocatalytic behaviour of two sodium cobalt phosphate systems, namely NaCoPO4 and Na2CoP2O7, prepared by solution combustion synthesis (SCS) for the first time. Formation of phase...

Two samples of combustion synthesized nickel ferrite nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, magnetization measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution. It was shown that Mössbauer spectra of nickel ferrite can be well fitted by using ten magnetic sextets re...

Potassium ion battery seize the attention of the scientific community due to high negative potential (-2.93V Vs SHE) of the cathode materials next to Li-ion and almost having equal abundance like the Na-ion. Very recently, interesting result based on K-ion intercalating behaviour of graphite and P2-and P3-K x CoO 2 was demonstrated by Komaba et al....

Energy storage reign supreme in driving the modern lifestyle. Among various energy storage technologies, Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) have attracted much attention due to their high energy and power density respectively. The constraint in the lithium resource impels us to replace Li with other abundant elements. So...

Rechargeable metal-air batteries have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for sustainable energy storage in the near future due to its high energy density [1,2]. In such a context, Lithium-air battery with a very high theoretical energy density (5200 Wh kg ⁻¹ ) received some very first attentions, but researchers soon realized that low...

Reversible electrochemical potassium-ion intercalation in P2-type NaxCoO2 is examined for the first time. Hexagonal Na0.84CoO2 platelets prepared by solution combustion synthesis technique was found to work as an efficient host...

Cobalt pyrophosphate (Co2P2O7) has emerged as an attractive material due to its high specific energy and redox behavior of cobalt, however, problems associated with its poor specific capacitance and cyclic stability have prevented its realization. Here, the authors circumvent these problems by hydrothermally synthesizing layered Co2P2O7 nanosheets...

Binder-free and bifunctional electrocatalysts have vital roles in the development of high-performance metal-air batteries. Herein, we synthesized a vanadium oxide (VO2) nanostructure as a novel binder-free and bifunctional electrocatalyst for a rechargeable aqueous sodium-air (Na-air) battery. VO2 nanostructures were grown on reduced graphene oxide...

Hierarchical structured cobalt phosphate (Co3(PO4)2) nanoflakes were synthesized by simple co-precipitation method and employed as electrodes for supercapacitor. The purity and phase formation of the synthesized (Co3(PO4)2) nanoflakes were ascertained by XRD and XPS measurements. The surface morphology and elemental composition of the Co3(PO4)2 nan...

Spinel-structured transition metal oxides are promising non-precious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen electrocatalysis in rechargeable metal-air batteries. We applied porous cobalt manganese oxide (CMO) nanocubes as the cathode electrocatalyst in rechargeable seawater batteries, which are a hybrid-type Na-air battery with an open-structured cathod...

The present invention relates to a method for producing highly porous graphitic carbon using paper, such as waste paper. The method comprises the steps of: preparing paper; dipping the paper in an aqueous acid solution, followed by heating; filtering and washing the aqueous acid solution in which the paper is dipped; carrying out grinding after the...

The effective use of electricity from renewable sources requires large-scale stationary electrical energy storage (EES) systems with rechargeable high-energy-density, low-cost batteries. We report a rechargeable saltwater battery using NaCl (aq.) as the energy source (catholyte). The battery is operated by evolution/reduction reactions of gases (mo...

An aqueous Na-ion based hybrid capacitor has been successfully developed by highly porous graphitic carbon (HPGC) derived by waste writing paper and a new electrode material as negative and positive electrode, respectively. HPGC was prepared via hydrothermal carbonization and subsequent KOH activation of waste writing paper which showed highly poro...

An aqueous Na-ion based hybrid capacitor of highly porous graphitic carbon derived from waste writing paper and the new electrode material Ni 2 P 2 O 7 was developed, which shows excellent cyclic stability and high energy density. Our strategy provides a cost-eff ective and environmentally friendly way to fabricate high energy storage devices. An a...

To obtain good electrochemical performance and thermal stability of rechargeable batteries, various cathode materials have been explored including NaVS2, β-Na0.33V2O5 and LixV2O5. In particular, LixV2O5 has attracted attention as a cathode material in Li-ion batteries owing to its large theoretical capacity, but its stable electrochemical cycling (...

A simple, one-step facile approach (precipitation technique) was employed to prepare manganese molybdate (α-MnMoO4). The obtained powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for analyzing structural, functional group and morphological features. The forma...

Sodium metal phosphates, NaMPO4 (M = Mn, Co and Ni) were successfully synthesized by a solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method using glycine-nitrate as a precursor. An XRD Rietveld refinement method revealed the crystal structure and lattice parameters of NaMPO4 (M = Mn, Co and Ni). For the first time, the crystal structure parameters of the ort...

We have made an investigation on cobalt molybdate (α-CoMoO4) as cathode material for aqueous hybrid system, in which the α-CoMoO4 positive material was prepared by a facile and scalable unique solution combustion synthesis (SCS) technique in air at ambient atmosphere. The α-CoMoO4 is stable at ambient temperature. The structural, morphological and...

Nano-sized b-NiMoO4–CoMoO4?xH2O composites were synthesized by a solution combustion synthesis (SCS) technique. The effect of weight ratio of transition metal on the electrochemical capacitive performance of the nanocomposites was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge– discharge methods. The NiMoO4–CoMoO4?xH2O nanocomposite wi...

Nanosized PANI–NiFe2O4 composites were prepared by in situ-chemical oxidative polymerization method, whereas NiFe2O4 was synthesized by solution combustion synthesis (SCS) technique. Structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of NiFe2O4, PANI and PANI–NiFe2O4 composites were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM, TEM, cyclic voltammet...

Nickel molybdate (α-NiMoO4) nanoparticles were prepared by a solution combustion synthesis (SCS) technique and, for the first time, were studied as a potential electrode material for supercapacitors. High specific capacitance (1517 F g−1) and energy density (52.7 W h Kg−1) were delivered by nano-α-NiMoO4 at a current density of 1.2 A g−1, due to th...

Mössbauer spectrum of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles was measured at room temperature in 4096 channels. This spectrum was fitted using various models, consisting of different numbers of magnetic sextets from two to twelve. Non-equivalence of the 57Fe microenvironments due to various probabilities of different Ni2+ numbers surrounding the octahedral and tetr...

In this study, α-MnMoO4 nanoparticles were prepared by combustion synthesis method. The structural, morphological and electrical characteristics of α-MnMoO4 were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and impedance spectroscopy. The structural...

The nanocrystalline NiFe 2O 4 particles prepared by solution combustion synthesis technique using different fuels such as ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (NA sample) and urea (NB sample) were studied using magnetic measurement and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution. The temperature dependence of magnetization is differen...

Submicron-sized NiFe 2 O 4 particles were synthesized by the molten salt method at 900 • C using binary melts of a NaCl and KCl mixture that acts as a flux. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the single phase, high crystalline and cubic structure of NiFe 2 O 4 with a Fd3m space group. The FT-IR spectra reveal the stretching vibration of octahe...

Submicron-sized NiFe2O4 particles were synthesized by the molten salt method at 900°C using binary melts of a NaCl and KCl mixture that acts as a flux. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the single phase, high crystalline and cubic structure of NiFe2O4 with a Fd3m space group. The FT-IR spectra reveal the stretching vibration of octahedral com...

The CdWO4 nanocrystals were successfully synthesized by simple co-precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the phase purity and the single phase formation of monoclinic Wolframite structure of CdWO4. The average crystallite size of 22nm was calculated from X-ray line broadening method. The FT-IR spectra confirm the presence of s...

The submicron sized Li4Ti5O12 has been prepared by molten-salt method at 800 oC. The structural and morphological properties of synthesized Li4Ti5O12 were investigated by XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques. X-ray diffraction pattern enumerates the formation of cubic structure with the lattice constant of 8.3019A°. SEM image shows the uniform distribution...

Polythiophenes (PTs) were prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization method in presence and absence of three different (cationic – CTAB, anionic – SDS and non-ionic – Triton X-100) surfactants using FeCl3 as oxidant. The prepared PTs were characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis, XRD, SEM and cyclic voltammetry studies. The FT-IR spectra inferred the poly...