Sebastian LehnhoffOFFIS | OFFIS
Sebastian Lehnhoff
Prof. Dr.
About
281
Publications
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Introduction
Sebastian Lehnhoff is a Full Professor for Energy Informatics at the University of Oldenburg. Prof. Lehnhoff is a member of the executive board of the OFFIS Institute for Information Technology and speaker of its Energy R&D division. Prof. Lehnhoff is the CTO of openKONSEQUENZ e.G. – registered co-operative industry association for the development of modular open source SCADA/EMS.
Additional affiliations
January 2011 - present
January 2008 - December 2009
January 2007 - December 2008
Publications
Publications (281)
As energy and communication systems become more intertwined, a comprehensive understanding of their interaction and the potentially agent-based applications implemented therein becomes crucial. To facilitate this understanding, we propose a classification of communication behaviors within energy systems based on parameters such as packet sizes and...
Increasing complexity in the power system and the transformation towards a smart grid lead to the necessity of new tools and methods for the development and testing of new technologies. One testing method is co-simulation, which allows coupling simulation components from different domains to test their interaction. Because the manual configuration...
The expected increase in green hydrogen demand in the near future necessitates scaling-up the hydrogen production plants with the goal of reducing the hydrogen production costs. Nevertheless, a quick scale-up limits the time to test new designs, optimize operation schedules and build up knowledge for production parameters. The Digital Twin concept...
Co-simulation is a widely applied method used to analyze the behavior of complex, interdisciplinary, and integrated cyber-physical control systems. Despite its prevalence, the transition from co-simulated control systems into practical applications is not discussed as much in the literature. This leaves a gap in the literature because practitioners...
Digitalization enables the automation required to operate modern cyber-physical energy systems (CPESs), leading to a shift from hierarchical to organic systems. However, digitalization increases the number of factors affecting the state of a CPES (e.g., software bugs and cyber threats). In addition to established factors like functional correctness...
Modern power systems, referred to as cyber-physical energy systems (CPESs), are complex systems with strong interdependencies between power and information and communication technology (ICT) systems. CPESs also have dependencies between the essential grid services. For instance, coordinated voltage control depends on state estimation, which depends...
In light of emerging challenges in energy systems, markets are prone to changing dynamics and market design. Simulation models are commonly used to understand the changing dynamics of future electricity markets. However, existing market models were often created with specific use cases in mind, which limits their flexibility and usability. This can...
Power system operation is gaining complexity due to the changes imposed by the energy transition. Especially, the increased share of intermittent and decentralized renewable generation units in the energy mix, an increased uncertainty regarding the supply of energy, and the predominantly market-driven cross-region and cross-border transport of elec...
Im Zukunftslabor Energie stehen die Digitalisierung der Energiesysteme und die Digitalisierung der Energieforschung im Fokus. Interdisziplinäre Teams fördern ein umfassendes Verständnis des Energiesektors, indem sie verschiedene Perspektiven einbringen. Sie legen besonderen Wert auf Transparenz sowie den freien Austausch von Wissen. Die hier darges...
With the rise of inverter-based renewables, grid stability is increasingly strained. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer unique potential in enhancing this stability through intelligent (dis-)charging control; by aggregation, they can provide significant balancing services to network operators. To exploit this opportunity, airport parking is particularly...
Modern power systems, referred to as cyber-physical energy systems (CPESs), are complex systems with strong interdependencies between power and information and communication technology (ICT) systems. CPESs also have dependencies between the essential grid services. For instance, coordinated voltage control depends on state estimation, which depends...
The high operating costs of Internet Data Centers (IDC) are a major challenge for their owners worldwide. Therefore, more attention has recently been paid to the energy and cost management of IDCs. This paper investigates the optimal operational strategy for minimizing the electricity costs of a group of globally distributed IDCs in different locat...
Information and communication technology (ICT) is an increasing part of modern power systems, which are, therefore, recognised as cyber-physical energy system (CPESs). The increase of ICT affects the situational awareness in CPESs, which is traditionally solely based on information about the power system but not about the ICT system. However, CPESs...
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is vital for the operation of modern power systems, giving rise to Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (CPESs). ICT enables the grid services (GSs) needed for monitoring and controlling the physical parameters of the power system, especially for remedying the impact of disturbances. But the ICT integration m...
With the rising complexity of our electricity infrastructure, smart grid simulations increasingly rely on co-simulation, which involves jointly executing independent subsystem simulations. However, in large-scale simulation scenarios, such as those involving costly power-flow analysis, co-simulation may experience computational-performance issues....
The analysis of cyber-physical energy systems is often limited to the individual sub-domains. On the one side, this is caused by the system’s complexity. On the other side, there are many specialized tools but only a few open-source solutions, and bringing those tools together is a complex task. For this reason, we built the open-source framework m...
For exploration of future transition paths of the energy system and the complex challenges related to it, modeling components that are either a part of or connected to the energy system is primary. Here, co-simulation approaches facilitate integrated simulation scenarios by coupling simulation models developed in different programming languages, ba...
As automation increases qualitatively and quantitatively in safety-critical human cyber-physical systems, it is becoming more and more challenging to increase the probability or ensure that human operators still perceive key artefacts and comprehend their roles in the system. In the companion paper, we proposed an abstract reference architecture ca...
The design and analysis of multi-agent human cyber-physical systems in safety-critical or industry-critical domains calls for an adequate semantic foundation capable of exhaustively and rigorously describing all emergent effects in the joint dynamic behavior of the agents that are relevant to their safety and well-behavior. We present such a semant...
We propose a reference architecture of safety-critical or industry-critical human cyber-physical systems (CPSs) capable of expressing essential classes of system-level interactions between CPS and humans relevant for the societal acceptance of such systems. To reach this quality gate, the expressivity of the model must go beyond classical viewpoint...
The NFDI4Energy consortium aims to establish new services filling a variety of needs for the energy system research community, from making FAIR research data easily accessible to promoting collaboration among community entities. Seven Task Areas (TAs) have been defined to achieve the consortium’s objectives, each with a specific focus. Task Area 4...
The increasing integration of renewable energy resources requires so-called smart grid services for monitoring, control and automation tasks. Simulation environments are vital for evaluating and developing innovative solutions and algorithms. Especially in smart energy systems, we face a variety of heterogeneous simulators representing, e.g., power...
Renewable energy sources generated locally are becoming increasingly popular in order to achieve carbon neutrality in the near future. Some of these sources are being used in neighbourhood (local, or energy communities) grids to achieve high levels of self-sufficiency. However, the objectives of the local grid and the distribution grid to which it...
Cartesian genetic programming is a popular version of classical genetic programming, and it has now demonstrated a very good performance in solving various use cases. Originally, programs evolved by using a centralized optimization approach. Recently, an algorithmic level decomposition of program evolution has been introduced that can be solved by...
The ongoing changes in modern power systems towards increasingly decentralized systems render the coordination of generation assets and the corresponding dependency on Information and Communication Technology highly relevant. This work demonstrates the impact of three types of ICT errors, namely delayed data, data loss and data corruption, on the c...
The ongoing changes in modern power systems towards increasingly decentralized systems render the coordination of generation assets and the corresponding dependency on Information and Communication Technology highly relevant. This work demonstrates the impact of three types of ICT errors, namely delayed data, data loss and data corruption, on the c...
Neural State Estimation (NSE) is a novel application of deep learning which is concerned with interpolating the state of a distribution power grid from a limited amount of sensor data and can be represented as a non-linear graph time-series nowcasting problem. Although several authors have proposed their solutions for NSE, there is neither a compar...
Locally generated renewable energy resources are gaining popularity with the aim of reaching carbon-neutral energy in the foresee-
able future. Some of these sources have been deployed within the neighbourhood (local) grids to achieve high autarchy. However,
the main objectives of the local grid and the objectives of the distribution grid where the...
Cartesian genetic programming is a popular version of genetic programming and has meanwhile proven its performance in many use cases. This paper introduces an algorithmic level decomposition of program evolution that can be solved by a multi-agent system in a fully distributed manner. A heuristic for distributed combinatorial problem solving is ada...
In this paper, a reliability-sensitive optimization approach for the provision of ancillary services from distributed energy resources is proposed. The main focus here is on small-scale renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and PV arrays, which are highly distributed, and the generated power is weather dependent and intermittent. Therefore...
Battery-electric mobility represents the most promising post-fossil mobility approach as the number of electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide has grown exponentially in recent years. However, the increased electricity demand resulting from EVs' charging processes was unknown when planning the electric grid of existing districts and nowadays may cause vi...
The increasing integration of renewable energy resources requires so-called smart grid services for monitoring, control and automation tasks. To develop innovative solutions and algorithms, simulation environments are used for evaluation. Especially in smart energy systems, we face a variety of heterogeneous simulators representing, e.g., power gri...
The strong interdependence between power systems and information and communication technologies (ICT) makes cyber-physical energy systems susceptible to new disturbances. State estimation (SE) is a vital part of energy management systems, for several monitoring, management, and control services. Failure of SE service leads to loss of situational aw...
Power systems are undergoing a transition from centralized generation to distributed renewable generation. That calls for more flexibility in balancing generation and consumption because distributed energy resources in most cases rely on weather-dependent resources and can, therefore, only be controlled to a certain degree. The necessary flexibilit...
Energy research itself is changing due to digitalization and the trend to open science. While this change enables new research, it also increases the amount of, and need for, available data and models. Therefore, a platform for open digital energy research and development is required to support researchers and practitioners with their new needs and...
Future power systems are expected to depend more on ICT for essential grid services such as voltage and frequency control, increasing the interdependencies between both systems. Therefore, disturbances from one system could propagate and impact the other, degrading the state of the interconnected system. This paper proposes a formalised hybrid mode...
Smart Grids interconnect stakeholders and technologies in the energy domain for the sake of enabling new ways of interacting within the energy system through the usage of information and communication technologies. However, the facilitation of new business models and competition in the energy domain is not purely a technological issue. Besides tech...
The future Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure in distribution grids requires a significant network and computational resources for potentially running all so-called Smart Grid Services (SGS). The insufficient infrastructure may create network and computational congestions and resource shortages, which can lead to e.g., de...
Co-simulation is commonly used for the analysis of complex cyber-physical energy systems (CPES). Different domain-specific simulation tools and modeling approaches are used to simulate all or parts of the system. The co-simulation framework mosaik is a powerful tool to couple these simulation tools and models. This paper identifies the limitations...
In the past years, power grids have become a valuable target for cyber-attacks. Especially the attacks on the Ukrainian power grid has sparked numerous research into possible attack vectors, their extent, and possible mitigations. However, many fail to consider realistic scenarios in which time series are incorporated into simulations to reflect th...
Machine learning and computational intelligence technologies gain more and more popularity as possible solution for issues related to the power grid. One of these issues, the power flow calculation, is an iterative method to compute the voltage magnitudes of the power grid's buses from power values. Machine learning and, especially, artificial neur...
The electrical energy grid is currently experiencing a paradigm shift in control. In the future, small and decentralized energy resources will have to responsibly perform control tasks like frequency or voltage control. For many use cases, scheduling of energy resources is necessary. In the multi-dimensional discrete case–e.g., for step-controlled...
Power Systems (PS) are becoming increasingly dependent on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). ICT, on one hand enables the grid services which aid in the safe and secure operation of PS; on the other, also causes disturbances to propagate further due to the interdependencies between the two systems. In this paper, a simulation based a...
Power Systems (PS) are becoming increasingly dependent on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). ICT, on one hand, enables the grid services which aid in the safe and secure operation of PS; on the other, also causes disturbances to propagate further due to the interdependencies between the two systems. In this paper, a simulation-based...
To tackle the climate crisis, the European energy strategy relies on consumers taking ownership of the energy transition, accelerating decarbonisation through investments in low-carbon technologies and ensuring system stability and reliability by actively participating in the market. Therefore, tools are needed to better understand an increasingly...
This study develops a comparative, sociotechnical design perspective for interdisciplinary teams of social scientists and computer scientists. Sociotechnical design refers to identifying both technical and governance challenges and to understanding the ways in which the two types of problems affect and define each other. Approaching design as an op...
In future energy systems, decentralized control will require delegation of liabilities to small energy resources. Distributed energy scheduling constitutes a complex multi-level optimization task regarding the underlying high-dimensional, multi-modal and nonlinear problem structure. The multi-level issue as well as the requirement for model indepen...
The demand for charging facilities is growing in parallel to the number of electric vehicles (EV). This demand will be predominantly covered by private charging points connected to the low-voltage grid . The increased load resulting from these charging processes may cause grid instabilities depending on operational factors, e.g. simultaneity factor...
While long-term wide-range blackouts have been studied extensively
from a power systems perspective, the role of ICT in the
recovery of smart energy systems has not been investigated to
the same extent. This paper presents a flexible blackstart service
to restore a smart distribution system alongside an impaired ICT
system. We formulate the problem...
This paper addresses how a power system Digital Twin (DT) can be structured, what it should be able to do, and how it can possibly be implemented with already known methods. To this end, a structural framework for the design of power system DTs is presented. The framework consists of functional blocks such as model execution and model validation, w...
In order to prevent conflicting or counteracting use of flexibility options, the coordination between distribution system operator and transmission system operator has to be strengthened. For this purpose, methods for the standardized description and identification of the aggregated flexibility potential of distribution grids are developed. Approac...
Within SiNED research project, several members of the Energy Research Centre of Lower Saxony (Energieforschungszentrum Niedersachsen, EFZN) are working on various issues relating to the future provision of ancillary services and to future congestion management. The questions include energy technology, economic and energy law aspects as well as info...
The increasing digital transformation in energy supply systems allows greater control and possibilities for performance optimization and efficiency. This is accompanied by increasing complexity of the system, and thus requires the evaluation of interactions between energy and information and communication technologies (ICT) involved. One of the goa...
With the transition towards renewable energy resources, the impact of small distributed generators (DGs) increases, leading to the need to actively stabilize distribution grids. DGs may be organized in virtual power plants (VPPs), where DGs’ schedules must be coordinated to enable the VPP to act as a single plant. One approach to solving this probl...
The increase of generation capacity in the area of responsibility of the distribution system operator (DSO) requires strengthening of coordination between transmission system operator (TSO) and DSO in order to prevent conflicting or counteracting use of flexibility options. For this purpose, methods for the standardized description and identificati...
Over the next two decades, the energy transition and the growth of digitalisation will result in new risks to the electricity supply. A resilience strategy will be required to manage these risks and reliably prevent blackouts and their damaging impacts on society. The “Resilience of digitalised energy systems” working group of the Academies’ Projec...
The transition of the power system to more decentralized power plants and intelligent devices in a smart grid leads to a significant rise in complexity. For holistic and integrated designing and testing of new technologies before their implementation in the field co-simulation is an important approach. It allows to couple diverse software simulatio...