Scott B. Martin

• PhD
• Professor (Full) at University of North Texas

The primary purpose of this study was to assess cycling coaches’ trauma-specific education and familiarity with post-traumatic stress (PTS). A secondary purpose was to examine the relation between trauma-specific education, familiarity with PTS, and coaching efficacy specific to coaching trauma-impacted athletes, after controlling for general coach...

The purpose of this study was to examine the athletic identity, identity foreclosure, perceived task value in sport, and perfectionism of kinesiology students with high school and college sport experience. Participants completed an online survey that included items regarding demographic information, athletic identity ego identity, perceived task va...

Background Weight control behaviors (WCBs) typically involve appearance- or health-driven behaviors that may be influenced by physiological, psychological, or social factors. Sleep disturbances like insomnia are an important area of research for adolescent populations, as early intervention may result in improvements in other physical and mental he...

Parents play a central role in the development of their children’s psychological well-being (i.e. body satisfaction, depression, and self-esteem). Parents face the difficult task of promoting a healthy lifestyle while also fostering the establishment of a positive self-image. Limited research is available on the impact that parental weight-related...

This article provides coaches with a guide for using technology and imagery to improve athletes' sport performance of closed motor skills. During the associative phase of skill learning, when young athletes are still learning to refine their technique, it can be difficult for coaches to change athletes' movements and develop their sport skills. The...

Coaching efficacy (CE) is largely influenced by mastery experiences such as formal education and coaching experience. However, specific education has not previously been considered in relation to CE. Therefore, examining specific educational experiences, such as those related to sport psychology, which have previously been reported to increase self...

Nine (5 female, 4 male) certified athletic trainers (ATs) from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institution participated in semistructured interviews about their experiences with sport psychology services and perceptions on the potential role of sport psychology consultants (SPCs) in student-athlete development. Through consens...

Guided by the biopsychosocial model, we examined (a) the prevalence of weight control behaviors (WCBs; i.e., trying to stay the same weight, lose weight, gain weight, or do nothing about weight) among early adolescent boys by race/ethnicity and grade level, and (b) how the boys’ perceptions of sociocultural pressures (from parents, peers, and media...

Importance Cardiorespiratory fitness (hereinafter referred to as fitness) as estimated by exercise testing is a modifiable risk factor independently associated with chronic diseases, cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, and mortality, but the association of fitness at midlife with incidence of later-life depression and the risk of CVD mortality aft...

Individuals who exhibit high levels of neuroticism are more likely to experience depressive symptomology. Symptoms of depression generally emerge during adolescence, making it a critical time for the establishment of psychological well-being. Improved physical fitness may be associated with lower symptoms of depression. Therefore, the purpose of th...

Public health guidelines for physical activity (PA) behaviors are being updated with 2018 as a proposed release date. Currently, ≥60 minutes of daily PA are recommended for youth. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association between reported days of aerobic PA and health-related fitness (HRF). Participants included 4448 studen...

Introduction Weight-related stigma is pervasive and often is founded on the assumption that weight is controllable; therefore, those who are overweight and obese are thought to be weakwilled, lazy, and lacking self-control. As targets of weight stigma, over 30% of overweight and obese youth experience weight-related teasing, which is associated wit...

Objective: To examine the relations of sex, exercise self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and social support with meeting physical activity guidelines (PAGs). Participants: Three hundred ninety-six college students participated in this study in the summer 2013. Methods: Students completed online questionnaires that assessed physical activity b...

Current public health physical activity (PA) guidelines suggest ≥500 METmin/week of PA, with additional benefits beyond 1000 METmin/week (i.e., a dose response). Revised U.S. PA guidelines are scheduled for 2018. The purpose was to relate health markers (blood pressure, percent fat, BMI, blood glucose, cholesterol, and cardiorespiratory fitness) to...

A common practice in general linear model (GLM) analyses is to interpret regression coefficients (e.g., standardized β weights) as indicators of variable importance. However, focusing solely on standardized beta weights may provide limited or erroneous information. For example, β weights become increasingly unreliable when predictor variables are c...

Nine certified athletic trainers (ATs) from one National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institution participated in semi-structured interviews about their understanding of sport psychology and use of psychological strategies in their work with injured athletes. Through Consensual Qualitative Research (Hill, 2012 Hill, C. E. (2012). Cons...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a user-friendly primer on conducting descriptive discriminant analysis (DDA), which is a post-hoc strategy to MANOVA that takes into account the complex relationships among multiple dependent variables. Method: A real-world example using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences syntax and...

Background: Adolescence is a critical time for the development of psychological well-being. Weight gain and the emergence of body image concerns during this period can lead to the development of negative psychological states. To explore this issue, we examined the relationship between weight control behavior (WCB; ie, trying to lose, gain, stay th...

The purpose of this commentary is to provide an overview of national physical activity recommendations and policies (e.g., from the Institute of Medicine, National Physical Activity Plan, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and to discuss how these important initiatives can be implemented in local schools. Successful policies are illust...

Context: Certified athletic trainers (ATs) are responsible for integrating relevant professionals into the rehabilitation team to assist with the holistic care of injured athletes. Objective: To explore National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (DI) ATs' experience with sport psychology consultants (SPCs), willingness to encourage athl...

Introduction: Depression disorders are common and debilitating conditions which can affect older individuals, especially those with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The association of midlife cardiorespiratory fitness (fitness), an objective measure of habitual physical activity, with later-life depression is not fully understood. Furthermore, althoug...

Background: A lot of evidence showed that boys and girls are at high risk of developing major or minor depression in adolescence. Increases in physical fitness have been associated with lower levels of depressive symptomatology, yet the mechanisms that underlie (or mediate) this relationship have not been thoroughly examined. Methods: 528 boys (...

Context: Athletes enter injury rehabilitation with certain expectations about the recovery process, outcomes, and the professional providing treatment. Their expectations influence the effectiveness of the assistance received and affect the overall rehabilitation process. Expectations may vary depending on numerous factors such as sport experience,...

The current study replicated and extended previous research on disordered eating and dietary intent (i.e., self-reported restriction of caloric intake with the purpose of losing weight) in boys and men by examining the direct and indirect influence of sociocultural pressure, social body comparisons, internalization of societal appearance ideals, bo...

The primary purpose of this study was to assess National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division-I (D-I) certified athletic trainers' (ATCs) perceptions of the benefits of sport psychology services for managing the performance demands of practice and competition (e.g., dealing with pressure, building confidence, improving focus). A secondar...

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate a robust association between depression, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents, but longitudinal evidence that can better parse the direction of these effects is scarce and conflicting, and no such studies in adolescents have considered the importance of fitness (as opposed to physical a...

Adolescent girls commonly engage in weight management and dietary restriction with the hopes of changing their bodies to more closely approximate social body ideals. The purpose of this study was to examine biopsychosocial factors that predict dietary restraint. Participants (n=774, Mage=12.38) completed measures of dietary intent, pubertal status,...

Objectives: During adolescence, significant changes occur in sleep (eg, decreased sleep duration and increased sleep problems). To date, few studies have examined whether self-reported sleep duration differences exist between races/ethnicities in early adolescence (ages 11-14 years). Methods: This study compared sexes and race/ethnicity groups o...

Existing theoretical frameworks and empirical research support the applicability and usefulness of integrating mental skills throughout sport injury rehabilitation. Objective: To determine what, if any, mental skills athletes use during injury rehabilitation, and by whom these skills were taught. Cross-cultural differences were also examined. Cross...

Context: Athletes enter injury rehabilitation with certain expectations about the recovery process, outcomes, and the professional providing treatment. Their expectations influence the effectiveness of the assistance received and affect the overall rehabilitation process. Expectations may vary depending on numerous factors such as sport experience...

Recent research suggests sedentary behavior may not differ between individuals with varying frequencies of physical activity (Craft et al., 2012). However, sedentary behavior has been associated with lower levels of health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and little is known about the interactions among psychosocial factors (e.g., exercise self-eff...

We examined the influence of physical and psychosocial variables on math and reading achievement test scores. Between 1 and 5 months prior to taking annual standardized reading and math tests, a sample of (N = 1,211) sixth through eight graders (53.7% girls; 57.2% White) self-reported levels of physical activity, academic self-beliefs, general self...

To date, research has focused primarily on psychological correlates of weight-based teasing. In this study, we extended previous work by also examining physical health-related variables (eg, physical self-concept and physical fitness [PF]). Participants included 1419 middle school students (637 boys and 782 girls). Of these, 245 (17.3%) reported be...

Dieting to lose weight, with its focus on restriction of caloric intake, may disrupt intuitive eating processes, though other forms of weight loss, such as exercising, which do not emphasize food may not. In a sample of 669 middle school boys and 708 girls, regardless of sex or exercising, dieting was related to feeling less free to eat what was wa...

Although there appears to be greater acceptance and use of sport psychology (SP), fully integrating SP consultants and services into college athletic programs has yet to occur in most institutions. Decisions to initiate, continue, or terminate SP services are often made by coaches. Therefore, college coaches with access to services were interviewed...

To investigate the relations between sedentary behaviors and health-related physical fitness and physical activity in middle school boys and girls. Students (n = 1515) in grades 6-8 completed the Youth Risk Behavior Survey sedentary behavior questions, the FITNESSGRAM® physical fitness items, and FITNESSGRAM physical activity self-report questions....

Background: National physical activity guidelines have been developed for Americans. Interest lies in the relationship between meeting the national physical activity guidelines and physical fitness outcomes in youth. Theoretically, those who meet the physical activity guidelines are more physically fit, which translates to better health and reduce...

This paper provides observations of physical fitness testing in Texas schools and physical education teachers' insights about largescale testing using the FITNESSGRAM® assessment (Cooper Institute, 2007) as mandated by Texas Senate Bill 530. In the first study, undergraduate and graduate students who were trained to observe and assess student fitne...

Purpose: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicates that depression is a serious issue for teenagers, with 10% to 15% reporting some symptoms and 15% having considered attempting suicide in 2009. Purpose: The objective of this study is to determine the relations between cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index (BMI) and depres...

The aim of this study was to replicate previous research examining attitudes to sport psychology consultation conducted in the US, Germany and the UK, and New Zealand. The study employed the Sport Psychology Attitudes-Revised (SPA-R) questionnaire in order to examine the attitudes elite Irish athletes (N = 240) hold toward sport psychology, and als...

Previous research has highlighted the use of psychosocial strategies as beneficial during sport injury rehabilitation to help athletes deal with injury related stressors (e.g., Beneka et al., 2007; Wiese-Bjornstal et al., 1998). However, relatively few studies have explored athletes’ actual use of these strategies within the rehabilitation context....

Adolescence is an important period during which self-concept develops (Sebastian, Burnett, & Blakemore, 2008). Because adolescents experience many physical changes, body image and physical self-concept are particularly salient. During adolescence both boys and girls commonly report dissatisfactions with their bodies (Lawler & Nixon, 2011); however,...

The Intuitive Eating Scale (IES; Tylka, 2006) initially was developed in a sample of college women to measure adaptive forms of eating, such as eating based on physiological rather than emotional cues. This study extends the work of Tylka (2006) and reports the psychometric evaluation of the IES in a sample of 515 middle-school boys and girls. Expl...

The purpose of the present study was to replicate and extend previous research by examining the moderating effects of self-esteem, physical self-concept, physical appearance comparisons, BMI, pubertal status, and cardiorespiratory fitness, on the internalization-body dissatisfaction relationship in middle school girls. Hierarchical multiple regress...

Context Injured athletes begin the rehabilitation process with expectations about the nature of the working relationship with an athletic trainer. These expectations can infuence the effectiveness of the assistance provided. Objective To determine whether male and female athletes differed in terms of expectations about injury rehabilitation servic...

Female student athletes often desire a muscular body to be successful in sport, but this body type does not conform to traditional cultural norms of femininity. In this study, the authors qualitatively examined the experiences of female intercollegiate volleyball players to better understand their beliefs about their bodies - both as athletes and a...

Context: Injured athletes begin the rehabilitation process with expectations about the nature of the working relationship with an athletic trainer. These expectations can influence the effectiveness of the assistance provided. Objective: To determine whether male and female athletes differed in terms of expectations about injury rehabilitation serv...

People have attitudes and opinions about most activities in society but few events stimulate their raw emotions as much as competitive sport. Because sport is regularly viewed as a microcosm of society, it provides an excellent forum for examining attitudinal and behavioral differences between various groups of people. Although attitudes toward the...

Injured athletes typically enter injury rehabilitation with certain expectations of what the working relationships will be like. According to the literature, these expectations can play an integral role in the effectiveness of the assistance received (e.g., Greenberg et al., 2006) and may be different for males and females (Martin et al., 2001). Th...

This study examined 235 American high-school football coaches' attitudes toward sport psychology (SP) consultation, intentions to use SP, and actual use of SP services. The coaches' attitudinal data fit the a priori hypothesized four factor model (i.e., stigma tolerance, confidence in SP consultation, personal openness, and cultural preferences). O...

Although triathlon is growing in popularity at a remarkable rate, it has not been extensively studied. The aims of this research were to identify preparation strategies used by triathletes and to categorize these strategies according to gender and consultation with triathlon coaches. Survey data collected from 401 triathletes (207 males, 194 female...

Relatively little is known about how perceived weight controllability influences important psychological health factors among adolescents. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore adolescents' weight controllability beliefs and how those beliefs influence weight-related attitudes and behaviors. Adolescents (N = 369, mean age = 13.14, SD = 0.95...

Boys (n = 629) and girls (n = 659) in grades 6 through 8 in the U.S. completed self-report measures of pubertal development, weight pressures, internalization, social appearance comparison, self-esteem, depression, and physical self-concept, and objective measures of cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI. Regression analyses revealed that gender modera...

Learning Outcome Describe the cardiorespiratory fitness of Texas middle school students as measured by PACER and how dietary behaviors in terms of routine fruit, vegetable, dairy and breakfast cereal consumption relate to fitness level achieved. In 2008-2009 the cardiorespiratory fitness of 6th, 7th, and 8th grade urban schoolchildren was assessed...

This paper summarizes the historical and legislative backgrounds leading to statewide testing of health-related physical fitness in Texas children grades 3-12 as mandated by Texas Senate Bill 530. The rationale and goals for an associated research project (the Texas Youth Fitness Study, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation) to evaluate data...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality (reliability and validity) of large-scale fitness testing in Texas and determine if reliabilities and validities were related to potential confounding variables. Four test administration scenarios were conducted to investigate the quality of data collected statewide as part of the Texas Youth...

This paper provides observations of physical fitness testing in Texas schools and physical education teachers' insights about large-scale testing using the FITNESSGRAM assessment (Cooper Institute, 2007) as mandated by Texas Senate Bill 530. In the first study, undergraduate and graduate students who were trained to observe and assess student fitne...

This study examined the associations among self-esteem, depression, physical self-concept, and body satisfaction among 1022 middle school students who were in the FITNESSGRAM Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) compared to those in the Needs Improvement Zone (NIZ) for body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. After controlling for socioeconomic status...

The purpose of this study was to examine the personality characteristics of traditional and alternative sport athletes. The participants were comprised of 70 male University Division I traditional sport athletes (e.g., tennis and volleyball), 63 male bullriders, and 50 male contemporary alternative sport athletes (moto-cross, wakeboarding, etc.). A...

The purpose of this investigation was to explore the frequency and intensity of worries and fears associated with competitive gymnastics. These issues were initially examined in a sample of 7 female college gymnasts using a semistructured guided interview. From the themes that emerged and relevant literature, a survey including parallel intensity a...

The purpose of this study was to examine college students' beliefs about youth obesity, the roles of schools and physical education in addressing obesity, and the training they receive to work with overweight youth. Physical education-related (n = 212) and nonphysical education-related (n = 218) majors completed a demographic questionnaire, a Modif...

Psychological skills are alleged to augment sport-injury rehabilitation; however, implementation of mental imagery within rehabilitation programs is limited. To examine attitudes of athletic trainers (ATs) and physical therapists (PTs) on the effectiveness of mental imagery, goal setting, and positive self-talk to improve rehabilitation adherence a...