Scott Cunningham

Scott Cunningham
Delft University of Technology | TU · Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management

D.Phil. in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, University of Sussex

About

133
Publications
64,033
Reads
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2,494
Citations
Additional affiliations
October 1994 - January 1995
University of Sussex
Position
  • Research Assistant
January 1988 - November 2015
Georgia Institute of Technology
Position
  • Research Associate
January 2003 - present
Delft University of Technology
Position
  • Professor (Associate)

Publications

Publications (133)
Article
Full-text available
Efforts to involve data science in policy analysis can be traced back decades but transforming analytic findings into decisions is still far from straightforward task. Data-driven decision-making requires understanding approaches, practices, and research results from many disciplines, which makes it interesting to investigate whether data science a...
Article
The spread of false and unverified information has the potential to inflict damage by harming the reputation of individuals or organisations, shaking financial markets, and influencing crowd decisions in important events. This phenomenon needs to be properly curbed, otherwise it can contaminate other aspects of our social life. In this regard, acad...
Article
Full-text available
Online patent databases are powerful resources for tech mining and social network analysis and, especially, identifying rising technology stars in co-inventor networks. However, it’s difficult to detect them to meet the different needs coming from various demand sides. In this paper, we present an unsupervised solution for identifying rising stars...
Article
Full-text available
The development and deployment of technologies depend upon collaborations concurrently relying on proximity between partners. By employing publication data of German nanotechnology, we augment former findings on the relationship between proximity and collaboration in three ways. First, we shed light on how the various forms of proximity affect diff...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The incidence of natural disasters worldwide is increasing. As a result, a growing number of people is in need of humanitarian support, for which limited resources are available. This requires an effective and efficient prioritization of the most vulnerable people in the preparedness phase, and the most affected people in the response phase of huma...
Article
Full-text available
Traditional teaching methods in the field of resuscitation training show some limitations, while teaching the right actions in critical situations could increase the number of people saved after a cardiac arrest. For our study, we developed a mobile game to support the transfer of theoretical knowledge on resuscitation. The game has been tested at...
Chapter
This chapter analyzes funding patterns and their evolution in two medical research topics: breast cancer and ovarian cancer, taking into account cross-agency and cross-national co-funding. A bibliometric analysis of 355,463 papers from PubMed (273,526 on breast cancer and 81,937 on ovarian cancer) brought out 91 funding agencies involved in breast...
Article
While there is a general recognition that breakthrough innovation is non-linear and requires an alignment between producers (supply) and users (demand), there is still a need for strategic intelligence about the emerging supply chains of new technological innovations. This technology delivery system (TDS) is an updated form of the TDS model and pro...
Article
Full-text available
Big data is being implemented with success in the private sector and science. Yet the public sector seems to be falling behind, despite the potential value of big data for government. Government organizations do recognize the opportunities of big data but seem uncertain about whether they are ready for the introduction of big data, and if they are...
Article
Full-text available
The paper concerns the measurement and forecasting of technological change, a topic relevant to many high-tech organizations and their customers. We revisit recent and classic datasets from technology forecasting data envelopment analysis (TFDEA) research and technometrics in light of a new visualization technique known as t-distributed stochastic...
Article
A NUMBER of different commentators are questioning the role of an education, and particularly a higher education, in the modern economy. Several well-known entrepreneurs have expressed their doubts about the value of a degree, urging young adults to get straight to work.
Article
Full-text available
This paper analyzes funding patterns and their evolution in two medical research topics: breast cancer and ovarian cancer, taking into account cross-agency and cross-national co-funding. A bibliometric analysis of 355463 papers from PubMed (273526 on breast cancer and 81937 on ovarian cancer) brought back 91 funding agencies involved in breast canc...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
User Generated Content (UGC) requires new business intelligence methods to understand the influence of online opinion formation on customer purchasing decisions. We developed a conceptual model for deriving business intelligence from tweets, based on the Classical Model of Consensus Formation and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. We applied the mode...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Real world decision making on socio-technical systems, such as the railways, is complex. The system contains technical uncertainties; multiple actors with different incentives are involved; institutional rules play a role and external events have a big influence on the process of decision making. Game theory helps in understanding the complexity of...
Conference Paper
Technological innovation is a widely studied subject. It can disrupt the competitive landscape in an industry sector in two ways: by changing the competences needed to compete in the market, or by changing market preferences. In both cases industry incumbents must learn fast enough to survive and preserve the industry’s status quo. Creative accumul...
Article
Full-text available
Scenario discovery is a model-based approach to scenario development under deep uncertainty. Scenario discovery relies on the use of statistical machine learning algorithms. The most frequently used algorithm is the Patient Rule Induction Method (PRIM). This algorithm identifies regions in an uncertain model input space that are highly predictive o...
Article
A recent and high profile, forecast by IDC (International Data Corporation), predicts a $16 billion dollar industry for big data hardware, software and services in 2014. Growth in big data is expected to grow six times faster than general investments in information and computing technology. What could justify such an expense- Where is the business...
Article
COMPLICATED technologies demand a complex response from managers, executives and policy-makers. That's where analogies enter the public discourse. Consider the challenges in simply describing what the internet actually is, and in formulating policies for its routing and access, or for that matter, in describing (or even circumscribing) the collecti...
Article
Are you tired of hearing about disruption? If you're like us, then the answer is yes. It's not that the term disruptive innovation lacks merit???it is certainly a major contribution to strategic thought???but the term itself has been leeched of meaning through repeated misuse.
Article
Full-text available
The forecasting innovation pathways (FIP) approach combines empirical tech mining with expert opinion. To date, FIP has been devised for relatively immature emerging technologies. This study extends the FIP methodology to work for a more advanced and complicated technology. It does so through a case analysis of hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs)....
Article
Full-text available
Problem structuring methods are uniquely suitable for analysing strategically complex problems. There exists a subset of these problem structuring methods which focus specifically on structuring the decision processes by which multiple actors debate and potentially resolve complex problems. These methods include, but are not limited to, analysis of...
Article
Full-text available
A game-structuring method is applied in a contested, real-world setting of estuary management in South Africa. The key activities undertaken in applying the six step game-structuring method are described and artefacts developed in the process are provided. Participants were readily able to identify strategic outcomes and payoffs in the case. Conve...
Article
In this paper, HP announced it would develop a world 3D printing center in the Greater Barcelona area of Spain. The technology, 3D printing, is considered by many to be a transformational technology which could revolutionize manufacturing. The center will be a major R&D laboratory for HP world-wide. The case of HP printers in Barcelona reveals impo...
Book
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CIGAS stands for Contested Issues Game Structuring Approach. CIGAS is a practice developed specifically for contested environments, which strives to enhance participant’s insight by means of game structuring and system modeling techniques. Within this practice participants are understood to have different interests and values. The purpose is thus n...
Article
THERE has been a lot of recent discussion in the media concerning the concept of big data. Few if any of the applications of big data have addressed engineering management needs and concerns. In this short opinion piece we describe a particular application of big data to understanding technology readiness. We first introduce the topic of big data a...
Article
Full-text available
Most of today's public policies are formulated and implemented in multi-actor networks. Game theory has long been around as a method that supports a careful analysis of interaction processes among actors. So far, it has not been widely applied in the evaluation field. Hence, questions regarding the usefulness of game theory as an evaluation method...
Article
EUROPEAN suppliers of electricity face a fundamental and unstoppable threat. The emergence of renewable, distributed electricity sources has reduced the market price of electricity. The price has fallen so low, in fact, that it may be impossible to operate existing generating plants in an economic manner. The erosion in the industry is deepest in t...
Article
Engineering design is conventionally regarded as a mono actor optimization problem and modeled accordingly. Decision-making, values and optimality are building blocks of conventional engineering design. However, with the advent of decentralized decision making processes, various actors are more likely to be involved in decision making processes in...
Article
THE classic project management triangle reads "Fast, Effective or Affordable—Choose Two." This aphorism demonstrates the real challenge that many engineering firms face when managing a complex project. What principles can a firm use to deal with such trade-offs in a structural manner, and how does that affect the (social) organization of an enginee...
Article
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Strategic behaviour is one of the main explanations for cost overruns. It can theoretically be supported by agency theory, in which strategic behaviour is the result of asymmetric information between the principal and agent. This paper gives a formal account of this relation by a signalling game. This is a game with incomplete information which con...
Article
Engineering design is seen by some as a form of social experimentation. What are we to make of such experimentation in light of calls for technological humility? Further, what should the engineer do, not just the citizen or the government? Does the engineer have some special social responsibility? There have been a number of critiques and propositi...
Article
Modern high-tech organizations face incomplete information. Incompleteness stems from a number of sources: an incomplete understanding of new technological capabilities, an incomplete understanding of new market entrants, and an incomplete understanding of how complex goods are used and valued in the marketplace. All these features challenge the co...
Article
Organizations are engaging in joint research and development, supply chains, value networks, strategic alliances, technology licensing and marketing agreements. There is an increasing array of formal and informal mechanisms by which companies can collaborate in the development of new technology. What can be said about such new forms of networked al...
Conference Paper
The paper investigates innovativeness of the electricity sector in conjunction with the ongoing liberalization process. Firstly, the paper demonstrate the lack of innovation in today's partly restructured electricity sector by reviewing existing empirical evidence. To make this point, a case that show how low R&D spending is, compared to other majo...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The "FIP" approach seeks to Forecast Innovation Pathways for an emerging technology of interest. It does so by combining empirical "tech mining" analyses with expert opinion. Tech mining extracts intelligence from multiple sources, but especially through bibliometric and text analyses of thousands of records retrieved from global R&D publication, p...
Article
Full-text available
This paper addresses a problem common to many high-technology firms. How can firms balance the needs of management as well as technologists in resourcing projects when both material and knowledge are needed for project success? The union between material and engineering knowledge in the form of projects within a firm is viewed as a matching, and th...
Chapter
Systems analysis and systems theory have proven a fruitful basis on which to develop the discipline of policy analysis. However, since the inception of policy analysis in the second half of the twentieth century, the world has changed, new insights have emerged, and thus new challenges have arisen for policy analysts. One of the most prominent chan...
Article
The electric power industry has been consistently moving away from vertically integrated, centrally regulated system towards a market-based, competitively organized industry. There remain unfulfilled requirements for institutional reform. In this paper, we confront existing and developing congestion management techniques in conjunction with the pri...
Article
Full-text available
Collaborations are particularly important for the development and deployment of technology. We analyse the influence of organizational, technological and geographical proximity on European nanotechnology collaborations with the help of a publication dataset and additional geographical information. While organizational proximity influences the outpu...
Article
ENGINEERING managers should care about the manner in which their organizations are structured. Effectively managed organizations better adapt to technological change, and are better equipped to survive when times are challenging. Competitiveness then is a function of innovative products and capable products, but also of our organizational choices....
Conference Paper
The field of strategic technology management is converging out of several formerly distinct fields. Where once there were separate fields of strategic management, technology strategy and technology management, we are increasingly seeing an integrated perspective drawing from all three of these bodies of knowledge. This survey describes the emerging...
Conference Paper
In this paper we characterize the regional innovation system of the Mediterranean Arch, an area reaching from Valencia, through Barcelona, and into the Occitania, culminating in the traditional industrial districts of Northern Italy. The region, while not part of Europe's high development “Blue Banana,” is nonetheless increasingly becoming a high t...
Article
Geographical concentration of economic activities has been widely discussed. However, the insights into other kinds of concentration such as technological and organizational concentration have been scarce. Here, we analyze organizational, technological and geographical concentration of nanotechnology activities in the Netherlands. We discuss our re...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
This paper discusses capabilities for a systematic overview of world science delivered from the use of new output indicators of science and technology. The data may be usefully structured using a complex network perspective on national publication and international collaboration. This paper uses a random sample of publication data from 2009 to prov...
Article
Published in 1991, the first edition of Forecasting and Management of Technology was one of the leading handful of books to deal with the topic of forecasting of technology and technology management as this discipline was emerging. The new, revised edition of this book will build on this knowledge in the context of business organizations that now p...
Chapter
What Is Technology Forecasting? Methodological Foundations Technology Forecasting Methods Conclusion References
Chapter
Establishing the Context?The TDS Monitoring The Stimulation of Creativity Conclusion References
Chapter
Expert Opinion Gathering Information on the Internet Structuring the Search Preparing Search Results Using Search Results Developing Science, Technology, and Social Indicators Communicating Search Results Conclusions References
Chapter
Half Title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Acknowledgments
Chapter
Opportunity Costs and Choices Cost-Benefit Analysis Accounting for Risk and Uncertainty Concluding the Focusing Phase References
Chapter
Impact Assessment in Technology Forecasting Impacts on Technology and Impacts of Technology A Comprehensive Approach to Impact Assessment Impact Identification Impact Analysis Impact Evaluation Conclusion References
Chapter
Information Needs of the Forecasting Project Planning the Technology Forecast Team Organization, Management, and Communications Success: The Right Information at the Right Time Project Scheduling Conclusions References
Chapter
Uncertainty Scenarios Examples and Applications Scenarios: Extensions and Advanced Techniques Conclusions References
Chapter
The Overall Approach Selecting Methods and Techniques Alternative Perspectives Learning from Past Forecasts and Assessments Visions A Final Word References
Chapter
The Context Forecasting the Market Forecasting the Economic Context Forecasting in an Institutional Context Conclusion References
Chapter
Forecasting Continues Implementation Issues Strategic Planning for Technology Implementation Selecting from Among Alternative Implementations of the Technology Technology Roadmapping Summary and Concluding Observations References
Chapter
Perspective on Data and Methods Linear Regression and Extensions Growth Models Simulation Monte Carlo Simulation System Dynamics Gaming Software Suggestions References
Article
The following paper contributes to the methodology of innovation forecasting. The paper analyzes the literature of engineering and technology management. A brief history and justification for interest in engineering and technology management is presented. The field has a sixty year history of interdisciplinary, and is therefore a ripe source for cl...
Conference Paper
The electric power industry has fully entered a new era. The industry has been consistently moving away from vertical integration and monopoly, and towards a competitively organized industry. There remain unfulfilled requirements for institutional reform. In this paper we confront existing strategic hypotheses about the nature of networked competit...
Conference Paper
Nanotechnology is widely seen as the source of the next industrial revolution. As a result, national governments have made short-term stimulus investments in nanoscience in the hopes of achieving long-lasting economic and societal benefits. Despite the stimulus funding, the scale and timing of new nanotechnology innovations are far from clear. Part...
Conference Paper
This paper presents a survey of research in the area of infrastructure provision. A body of research from regional development, development economics, and regional systems of innovation has embraced questions of regional innovation as a topic of study. This literature, as of yet, has not examined the character of infrastructure provisioning, prefer...
Conference Paper
This paper discusses the evaluation of new infrastructure planning approaches. These new planning approaches have been put forward in response to the challenges of deep uncertainty about the future. However, these approaches up till now have seen little real word applications. One important reason for this lack of application is that the efficacy o...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
This paper examines the hypothesis that the national funding of science is a product of the process of governance. In support of this idea comparative theories of national governance are mustered. A mixed regression model is developed which examines the explanatory power of economic and political variables in determining science funding in an exten...
Article
This paper examines a technique suitable for monitoring and analyzing systemic change in technology. Technological changes increasingly stem from the novel recombination of existing technologies. Changes are multitudinous. Therefore, new techniques are needed for analyzing technology architecture. A literature review of related work in the field of...
Article
A new method for mapping the semantic structure of science is described. We assume that different researchers, working on the same set of research problems, will use the same words for concepts central to their research problems. Therefore, different research fields and disciplines should be identifiable by different words and the pattern of co-occ...
Conference Paper
The following paper contributes to the methodology of innovation forecasting. The paper analyzes the literature of engineering and technology management. A brief history and justification for interest in engineering and technology management is presented. The field has a sixty year history of interdisciplinarity, and is therefore a ripe source for...
Conference Paper
The Engineering and Technology Management Research Council (ETMERC) is an international association for professionals in the field of management of technology. ETMERC encourages education in the field of management of technology, and serves as a central information resource for practitioners. As part of its mission the association facilitates the e...
Article
Technology managers increasingly face problems of group decision. The scale and complexity of research, development and alliance efforts in emerging fields of technology mandate as correspondingly sophisticated form of group coordination. Information technology, biotechnology and nanotechnology are good examples of sectors with complex coordination...
Conference Paper
Uncertainty is an important topic for the management of technology. A clear and comprehensive framework of uncertainty is needed. The problem is not just a matter of consistency. Researchers in different disciplines often mean very different things when they speak of uncertainty. One way of systematically reviewing and analyzing the meanings of the...
Conference Paper
Uncertainty is inherent in modern day strategic planning. However, there is little consensus in how to define uncertainty, what its characteristics are, and how we should relate these characteristics to the appropriate treatment or management of uncertainty. One way of identifying the different meanings of uncertainty and the techniques used for tr...
Conference Paper
In this paper we examine effective representations of knowledge for the purposes of management of engineering and technology. Specifically, given the immense volume of data available about scientific outputs, it is highly necessary to condense or abstract this information for management use. This paper considers the utility of such representations...