Savitri Garivait

• King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic pollutant characterized by its long-range transport in the atmosphere. In the present study, the atmospheric Hg emission inventory in Thailand was developed using a bottom-up approach. To reflect the emitting behaviors of various Hg sources in Thailand in 2018, activity data specific to individual sources were collect...

Black carbon (BC) mass concentrations, associated with fine particulate matter (PM2.5), were monitored for a year at semi-urban and agricultural areas in Thailand to study and compare their seasonal variation and contribution to fine particulate matter. The measurements were based on two simultaneously operating samplers and an optical transmissome...

Multiple studies indicate that PM 2.5 is the most deleterious air pollutant for which there are ambient air quality standards. Daily concentrations of PM 2.5 in Bangkok, Thailand, continuously exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Thai National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs). Bangkok has only recently begun to measure concentra...

Airborne particles are recognized for their adverse effects on human health and atmospheric visibility reduction, with more severe impacts in case of fine particles. Recent studies have revealed that the PM2.5/PM10 ratio can be used to estimate PM2.5 concentrations in the absence of direct measurements. This study investigated PM2.5/PM10 ratios and...

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) burnt area products are widely used to assess the damaged area after wildfires and agricultural burning have occurred. This study improved the accuracy of the assessment of the burnt areas by using the MCD45A1 and MCD64A1 burnt area products with the finer spatial resolution product from the Lan...

Urbanization in developing countries has led to an increase in both quantified amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and final disposal. While many countries are utilizing open dumping to dispose MSW, such a practice can cause environmental, social, and economic problems. Accurate spatial data in the form of mapping is necessary for cons...

In the middle of 2019, Thailand introduced an urgent measure to solve the haze and fine particles problem caused by preharvest sugarcane. The measure is to eradicate the burning of sugarcane before harvesting within the next four years. This study focuses on estimation of future reduced air emissions from the implementation of this measure. The stu...

This study was conducted to assess the health benefits from PM2.5 reductions in Yangon, the most populous city of Myanmar, during 2019 by using the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program-Community Edition model (BenMAP-CE). An associated economic valuation of the health impacts was also performed. The causes of death classified in this...

Airborne particles are recognized for their adverse effects on human health and atmospheric visibility reduction. This study aims at assessing the relationship between atmospheric PM10 concentrations and mortality due to non-accidental and air pollution related diseases in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) during 2007-2016. To this end, we used the...

Crop residue burning negatively impacts both the environment and human health, whether in the aspect of air pollution, regional and global climate change, or transboundary air pollution. Accordingly, this study aims to assess the level of air pollutant emissions caused by the rice residue open burning activities in 2018, by analyzing the remote sen...

The purpose of this study was to assess household solid waste management in areas governed by local administrative organizations (LAOs). The obtained results would be used to assess the amount of air pollution emitted from household solid waste open burning. A survey was employed, through the use of questionnaires, to collect data from a random sam...

Agricultural residue is a major raw material for renewable energy production, particularly heat production, in Thailand. Meanwhile, the process-based residue, such as bagasse, rice husk, wood residue, palm fiber, palm shell, and saw dust, is used as a fuel for energy production in the agro-industry. Hence, this study is intended to assess the net p...

Water quality in the Tha Chin River regularly exceeds biological oxygen demand (BOD) standards of Thailand’s Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act. This study quantified the BOD loading from rice cultivation and swine farming to the Tha Chin River using effluent data and procedures from the Pollution Control Department...

Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), including the capital city and five adjacent provinces, constitutes one of the top 10 megacities experiencing serious traffic congestion in the world, leading to air quality problems with significant adverse human health risks. Previously, there have been many operations planned to influence the fuel consumption a...

Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), including the capital city and five adjacent provinces, constitutes one of the top 10 megacities experiencing serious traffic congestion in the world, leading to air quality problems with significant adverse human health risks. Previously, there have been many operations planned to influence the fuel consumption a...

This paper is an extension of previous papers on a raster-based fire spread model which combines a network model to represent vegetation distribution on land and a physical model of the heat transfer from burning to unburnt vegetation items, and takes into account local conditions of wind, topography, and vegetation. The physical model, still based...

Air pollution is a serious issue that affects many parts of the world, Southeast Asia in particular. Nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and other emissions have negative impacts on human health as well as overall environmental quality. The major sources in Thailand are open burning and fossil fuel combustion, i.e. in vehicles, ene...

Bangkok Metropolitan Region-Thailand (BMR), one of the major metropolitan areas in the world, is a bustling upper-middle class megacity composed of Bangkok city proper and five surrounding provinces. With an actual population of approximately 15 million, it is the central hub for commerce and tourism in the Southeast Asian (SEA) region. In the past...

Past studies suggest that forest fires contribute significantly to the formation of ozone in the troposphere. However, the emissions of ozone precursors from wildfires, and the mechanisms involved in ozone production from boreal fires, are very complicated. Moreover, an evaluation of the role of forest fires is prevented by the lack of direct obser...

This study focuses on the fire characteristics and carbon mass balance of dead leaves open burning from prescribed fires in mixed deciduous forest (MDF) in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. The leaf litter fuel load and leaf litter consumed in MDF was 5.31±1.51 and 3.23±1.87 t/ha respectively. The only top layer of biomass fuel was burnt due to the co...

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic pollutant with a long range transport in the atmosphere resulting in both local and global concerns. Understanding of emissions is required to support an effective control strategy. In this study, atmospheric Hg emissions from power sector in Thailand in 2010 were investigated by using the bottom-up approach to improv...

This study focused on the estimation of black carbon emissions from dry dipterocarp forest fires in Thailand. Field experiments were set up at the natural forest, Mae Nam Phachi wildlife sanctuary, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. The dead leaves were the main component consumed of the surface biomass with coverage higher than 90% in volume and mass....

Electric power production using biomass residues from agricultural production using high efficiency electricity generation technologies would reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and contribute to climate change mitigation. This study investigated the case of the sugar industry in Thailand and identified scenarios offering GHG emissions reduction...

Burning of biomass released gases and aerosols to the atmosphere. This study aims to estimate burnt biomass, amount of carbon returned and released through open burning and potential of global warming. The ground biomass and the carbon analysis were assessed by ground based experiments. Average burnt residues were 516±128, 479±44 and 1,007±233 g/m2...

This study focused on the estimation of black carbon emissions from dry dipterocarp forest fires in Thailand. Field experiments were set up at the natural forest, Mae Nam Phachi wildlife sanctuary, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. The dead leaves were the main component consumed of the surface biomass with coverage higher than 90% in volume and mass....

Open burning in sugarcane fields is recognized as a major source of air pollution. However, the assessment of its emission intensity in many regions of the world still lacks information, especially regarding country-specific activity data including biomass fuel load and combustion factor. A site survey was conducted covering 13 sugarcane plantation...

This study developed a methodology to estimate air pollutant emissions from biomass open burning in Thailand during 2009-2011 using country specific data and the 500-meter MODIS burned area product (MCD45A1) from MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS). The spatial and temporal distributions of biomass open burning emissions were ana...

Thailand experiences critical haze pollution from biomass open burning, including forest fires and agricultural burning, especially in the northern part of the country during the dry season running from December to March annually. The application of satellite data for fire-related studies during the past decade in ASEAN helped to improve our unders...

This research work focused on the assessment and identification of strategic rice cultivation practices, i.e. rotation with energy crops, to enable Southeast Asia (SEA) to develop towards a self-sufficient low carbon society, thereby contributing to global warming mitigation and climate change adaptation. The results indicate that to rotate the cul...

Résumé : Le comportement fractal et multi-fractal des feux de forêt est examiné en utilisant une version étendue du modèle de réseau de petit monde. Ce problème a un aspect opérationnel bien connu, puisque les propriétés fractales du feu peuvent aider au dimensionnement des moyens de lutte. Le modèle inclut les interactions à longue distance dues a...

Predicting fire spread rates is essential in planning and deciding whether to conduct prescribed fires or suppressing forest fires. This study was conducted with the objective of developing a fire spread model for deciduous forest fires by using a simple statistical model. Test fires were conducted under a range of weather and fuel conditions to ga...

This study focused on the estimation of carbon released to the atmosphere from dry dipterocarp forest (DDF) fires in Thailand. Laboratory experiments were conducted using a cone calorimeter to simulate the DDF fires. The leaf litter collected from DDF in western Thailand was used as biomass fuel. Three different masses of leaf litter were employed,...

Studies on air pollution and climate change have shown that forest fires constitute one of the major sources of atmospheric trace gases and particulate matter, especially during the dry season. However, these emissions remain difficult to quantify due to uncertainty on the extent of burned areas and deficient knowledge on the forest fire behaviours...

In Thailand, well recognized as one of the first-rank exporters of agricultural and food products, agricultural residue has been used as an energy source, especially in rural areas. In order to characterize the chemical properties of major agricultural residues to be used as fuel, an analytical protocol was developed. In this article, details of th...

This paper presents an approach to evaluate the net energy potential of sugarcane field residues in Thailand. It was estimated that around 13,595 ktons of sugarcane field residues was burned in the field annually in the country. Assuming 100% collection efficiency, this amount could be converted to 210.46 PJ through power generation. The quantity o...

Open burning of rice straw causes release of air pollutants, which contributes to enhance climate change related issues. Moreover, the burning practice was a reason of losing carbon content from crop land to the atmosphere. This study focuses on estimation of carbon content loss to the atmosphere through open burning of rice straw and suggests alte...

Rice residue open burning is a farmer activity potentially contributes to global warming. This study was conducted with the objective of examining the spatial and temporal distribution of emissions from rice residue open burning in Thailand by using questionnaire survey and field experimentation. A sample of 1000 Thai farmers was interviewed in ord...

Thisstudy focuses on the structure and carbon storage in aboveground biomass of mixed deciduous forest (MDF), located in Mae Nam Phachi Wildlife Sanctuary,Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. Experimental plots were set to obtain the structure and aboveground biomass of tree, sapling and bamboo. Allometric equations were used to estimate aboveground biom...

Mercury (Hg) is one of hazardous air pollutants of which the deposition results in both carcinogenic and non carcinogenic adverse effects to human health and ecosystem. In Thailand, Hg anthropogenic emissions are from several sources, as for coal-fired power plants accounted up to 30%. To investigate Hg deposition resulting from coal-fired power pl...

This study is focused on the emission of fixed bed combustor batch operated. Real-time analyser ELPI (electrical low-pressure impactor) system was used to size-segregated particulate matter emission ranging from 40 nm to 10 μm. The results show that total number concentration were 3.4 × 10(3), 1.6 × 10(4), and 1.5 × 10(5) particles/cm(3) · kg(fuel)...

Real-time analysis of particulate emissions and of combustion behaviors from combustion of Thai lignite in a fixed bed combustor has been achieved by using an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). It was observed that particle formation is governed by competing reaction between the formation of the nucleated sized-particles (Dp

This study aims at investigating the Jatropha Curcas cultivation areas that would support rice farmers’ community production of biodiesel. A questionnaire survey was developed to evaluate the use of biodiesel by rice farmers, and the potential of these farmers to supply the production of biodiesel from their own Jatropha Curcas cultivation. In this...

Using default emission factors might lead to both over and under estimates for evaluating the total emissions, because the emission factor is strongly affected by fuel properties, operation procedure, emission control etc. To decrease these errors, locally derived emission factors were developed by using site specific data, such as continuous emiss...

The financial feasibility assessment for rice straw-based power combustion projects of different scale and the environmental LCA are performed for conditions in Thailand. Straw-based cumbustion facilities are financially feasible and profitable, assumed that the specific capital cost is approximately lower than 70,000 Baht/kW e , which can be reach...

This study aims to assess the PM 10 emission emitted and the spatial and temporal distribution of PM 10 emissions from forest fire during the 2005-2009 periods. The active fire product is known as fire hot spots (FHS) from MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) sensor were used to assess the forest fire areas in Thailand. During thi...

The aim of this study was to investigate the geochemical characteristics of arsenic in the solid material samples of the Mae Moh Mine and also the Mae Moh power plants fly ash samples were systematically studied. Arsenic concentration in overburden, coal lignite and fly ash are variable (depending on source of solid samples). The results show that...

The Thai Government's search for alternatives to imported petroleum led to the consideration of mandating 10% biofuel blends (biodiesel and gasohol) by 2012. Concerns over the effects of biofuel combustion on ground level ozone formation in relation to their conventional counterparts need addressing. Ozone formation in Bangkok is explored using a t...

Rice is a widely grown crop in Asia. China (30%) and India (21%) contribute to about half of the world's total rice production. In this study, three major rice-producing countries in Asia are considered, India, Thailand and the Philippines (the later two contributing 4% and 2% of the world's rice production). Rice straw is one of the main field bas...

This study compares the life cycle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from Palm Methyl Ester (PME) and conventional diesel (diesel hereinafter) used for transportation in Thailand. The life cycle GHG emissions from the production and use of PME were found to be 79.5% less than that from diesel production and use. Hence, a fuel switch from diesel to PME...

The fly ash was analyzed and shown that the composition of Mae Moh fly ash is a large amount of silica, aluminum and some unburned carbon. The leachates water from fly ash was not found to be enriched in heavy metals to exceed significantly the standard concentrations. The feasibility of using zeolite synthesis from fly ash to remove heavy metals i...

An analysis of energy performance and supply potential was performed to evaluate molasses utilization for fuel ethanol in Thailand. The Thai government recently has set up a production target of 1.925 million litres a day of sugar-based ethanol. The molasses-based ethanol (MoE) system involves three main segments: sugar cane cultivation, molasses g...

Since 2001, in order to enhance ethanol's cost competitiveness with gasoline, the Thai government has approved the exemption of excise tax imposed on ethanol, controlling the retail price of gasohol (a mixture of ethanol and gasoline at a ratio of 1:9) to be less than that of octane 95 gasoline, within a range not exceeding 1.5 baht a litre. The po...

An assessment of net energy and supply potentials was performed to evaluate cassava utilization for fuel ethanol in Thailand. Just recently, the Thai government approved the construction of 12 cassava ethanol plants with the total output of 3.4 million liters per day by the next 2 years (2007 and 2008). The cassava fuel ethanol (CFE) system involve...

One of the Thai government's measures to promote ethanol use is excise tax exemption, making gasohol cheaper than gasoline. The policy in favour of biofuels is being supported by their contribution to fossil energy savings and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. An analysis of energy balance (EnB), GHG balance and GHG abatement cost has been done to e...

Particulate or aerosol black carbon (BC) is defined as an airborne pollutant resulted from the combustion of all fuels containing carbon, i.e. carbonaceous fuels. BC is of interest not only for climate research but also for urban and regional air quality studies, since it contributes directly and indirectly to the Earth's radiative balance change a...

In Thailand, well-recognized as one of the first rank exporters of agricultural and food products, biomass has been the traditional energy source, especially in rural areas for decades. Various types of biomass are available in mostly in the form of non-plantation resources. A recent study showed that agricultural residues are the most potential co...

The fly ash from Mae Moh power plants was used for the removal of trace metals in wastewater. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of the utilization of lignite fly ash as a low cost adsorbent. Additionally, the distribution of the fly ash composition was also tested. The study region is the Mae Moh power plants area with th...

Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative fuels for transportation in Thailand. It is a very good candidate for substituting petroleum-diesel in engines because of its similar properties. Obtained from transesterification of fatty materials, biodiesel can be produced from various vegetable and/or animal oils. Regarding raw material supply...

The potential resource for bioenergy is large, especially in agricultural countries such as Thailand, where high biomass yields are available. The major challenge of using dedicated energy crops, especially in Thailand, is the competition of land use for food. The other important concern is the loss of biodiversity. Therefore, use of agricultural r...

The aim of this study is to characterise, in real circulation conditions, the physico- chemistry of the French automotive emissions. Pollutants measured in a road tunnel are not photochemically processed and thus do represent the original emission at its source. Furthermore, the wide distribution of car types encountered in real circula- tion condi...

Following the evolution of plants (their growth, nutrient deficiency, food value etc.) requires the determination of their elemental contents. One needs to determine the chemical composition of plants in order to estimate their impact on biomass burning emissions, one of the most important sources of atmospheric pollution, especially in the tropics...

Afin d'établir un bilan de matière des émissions gazeuses et particulaires des feux de savane, une des principales sources de composés atmosphériques, nous avons été amenés à quantifier la composition chimique élémentaire des végétaux combustibles et des cendres de combustion. Pour ce faire, deux principales techniques ont été utilisées : la Microa...

In order to quantify the biomass burning emissions, the main atmospheric pollution source of tropical and subtropical regions, we carried out the analysis of ashes that are also formed during these fires. To this end, we developed analytical methods to characterize the composition of savannah grass burning ashes by using X-ray fluorescence for mine...

The quantitative analysis by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) of aerosol filters implies the use of calibration curves obtained from synthetic standards which are relatively difficult to make. Several methods have been developed in the last 10 years. Because of transparency to the exciting X-rays, the analysis of thin films requires optimization of the sam...

GHG Emission in term of methane and nitrous oxide w ere estimated using IPCC method with specific emission factor derived from the experimental site in Thailand. The estimation covered rain fed and ir rigation rice fields both first and second cultivation in a year and the typical forest types in Thailand and Cambod ia. GIS emission map of two land...

The main Thai energy resources are natural gas and lignite. As an agricultural based country, Thailand possesses high potential in agricultural residues availability. Considering the current depletion of fossil fuel resource and the main process of thermo-chemical conversion in use for power generation in Thailand, one of the most promising options...

As an agricultural based country, Thailand has a high potential for energy production from agricultural residues. To adequately utilize this resource, it is essential to identify the spatial distribution of agricultural residues for the whole country. To this end, a bioenergy atlas of agricultural residues in Thailand has been developed in this stu...

Bio-ethanol for transport is considered more environmentally friendly than conventional gasoline (CG). However, a clear disadvantage of biofuels is their high costs over conventional fuels. In Thailand, the ex-refinery price of molasses-based ethanol is currently higher than that of 95 octane gasoline (ULG 95). Looking for a new source of such a ga...

When the Executive Body to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution took the decision to establish the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP) in December 2004, it was on the basis of a growing understanding of the issues surrounding the hemispheric and intercontinental transport of air pollutants. It was reco...

The PM 10 Emissions from forest fires in Thailand were estimated on the basis of activity data (fuel load and forest fire area) and emission factors. The estimation is covered the period of 2005 to 2009. Satellite information from MODIS sensor which embarked on the Terra and Aqua was used to assess spatial and temporal distributions of forest fire...

1 Abstract—Emission factors (EFs) of particulate matter (PM) derived from mono and co-firing of Thai lignite and agricultural residues have been investigated. In this study Thai lignite, rice husk and bagasse are used as fuel. In co-firing mode, coal/rice husk was mainly studied up to now. The simplest combustion technology; fixed bed combustor was...

In Chiangmai province, Thailand, forest fire is one of the types of biomass open burning to release pollutants to the atmosphere. In March 2007, the highest particulate matter concentration is approximately as 383µg/m 3 in the atmosphere reported by The Pollutant Control Department, Thailand. A high smog and dust covered in this area in long time p...