Sartajvir Singh

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• Doctor of Philosophy
• Professor (Full) at Chandigarh University

The Ku-band (13.5 GHz) based scatterometer is the main sensor onboard Scatterometer Satellite (SCATSAT-1) launched on 26th September 2016 by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The SCATSAT-1 satellite sensor provides daily updates on the conditions of atmospheric, oceanographic, agriculture and cryospheric parameters. Moreover, it delivers d...

Detection and validation of spatiotemporal snow cover variability in the Himalayas using Ku-band (13.5 GHz) SCATSAT-1 data The present study evaluates the potential of Ku-band Scatterometer Satellite-1 1 (SCATSAT-1) for quantification of spatiotemporal variability in snow cover area 2 (SCA) over Himalayas (Himachal Pradesh) India. The SCA has been...

Image-based fusion is a state-of-art process to extract vital information by combining the two or more images acquired from different satellite sensors. Recently launched (26 th September 2016) ISRO's (Indian Space Research Organization) Ku-band (13.5 GHz) based Scatterometer Satellite (SCATSAT-1) as an active microwave sensor can offer the day-nig...

A scatterometer, as an active microwave radar sensor, measures the return of radar waves in the form of a backscatter coefficient after reflection or scattering from Earth’s surface. The primary objective of the scatterometer is to record the surface-wind vector observations over the ocean for the study of the climate, monitoring, the forecasting o...

Link to download: https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1ZBPy~6Oif19j The detection of rapid snow cover variations over undulating Himalayan mountain ranges may get challenging due to the existence of steep slopes and a diverse range of spatial variability. In this paper, a change detection algorithm is proposed for the detection of seasonal snow cover v...

This book, New Technologies for Geo-Environmental Hazards: Advanced Computing, IoT, and AI for Risk Mitigation, delves into the transformative role of hyperautomation and smart technologies in managing environmental risks. The volume covers emerging techniques like IoT, AI, UAVs, and advanced remote sensing for real-time monitoring, prediction, and...

This book, Multisensor Remote Sensing Data Fusion for Enhanced Earth Observation, presents a comprehensive exploration of the principles, methodologies, and applications of integrating data from multiple remote sensing sensors. As Earth observation evolves, the demand for accurate, high-resolution, and timely geospatial information has led to the i...

Agricultural land classification is a crucial and demanding task, essential for managing resources and tracking changes in farming activities. Remote sensing (RS) is an excellent technology for monitoring agricultural land and detecting seasonal fluctuations globally. Deep learning models offer promising prospects for crop monitoring. While traditi...

Agriculture is crucial for economic growth, rural development, and food security. Remote sensing aids in cost-effective agricultural mapping, but challenges like limited resolution, atmospheric errors, and cloud interference in satellite imagery hinder accurate monitoring. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces an image fusion-based fr...

The rivers of the Himalayas heavily rely on the abundance of snow, which serves as a vital source of water to South Asian countries. However, its impact on the hydrological system of the region is mainly felt during the spring season. The melting of snow and consequent base flow significantly contribute to the incoming streamflow. This article exam...

Image fusion could adopt the optical and microwave images model to obtain more precise agricultural land cover information features by using the optical and microwave remote sensing sensors characteristics. The source of data has decided to take into account Sentinel-2 L2A and Sentinel-1 VH (Vertical-transmit and Horizontal-receive) datasets for te...

This book offers a comprehensive exploration of how advanced technologies are transforming modern agriculture. This book covers the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and remote sensing technologies, focusing on their applications and benefits for crop monitoring and yield prediction. The chapters build a solid foundation, beginning with an in...

The Western Himalayas receive significant snowfall, and it's essential to monitor the snow cover for various purposes like managing water resources, conducting hydrological research, and predicting avalanches using remote sensing techniques. With the pan-sharpening of different satellite sensor images, the essential features can be obtained to unde...

This study involved an investigation of the long-term seasonal rainfall patterns in central India at the district level during the period from 1991 to 2020, including various aspects such as the spatiotemporal seasonal trend of rainfall patterns, rainfall variability, trends of rainy days with different intensities, decadal percentage deviation in...

The adulteration of cheap solvents in petrol for financial benefit is not legally allowed because it generates harmful air pollutants in the emission. In the present work, a long-period fiber grating (LPFG)-based sensor is proposed to quantify the adulteration of kerosene oil in petrol. The vector coupled-mode theory has been implemented on a 3-lay...

Remote sensing is one of the most important methods for analysing the multitemporal changes over a certain period. As a cost-effective way, remote sensing allows the long-term analysis of agricultural land by collecting satellite imagery from different satellite missions. Landsat is one of the longest-running world missions which offers a moderate-...

With the continuous developments in space-borne scatterometers, the applicability of scatterometer satellite datasets is continuously increasing in oceanography, agriculture, cryosphere, hydrology and related Earth-science fields. The scope of this book explores applications of scatterometers in Earth observation as well as algorithms and technique...

The mountain systems of the Himalayan regions are changing rapidly due to climatic change at a local and global scale. The Indian Western Himalaya ecosystem (between the tree line and the snow line) is an underappreciated component. Yet, knowledge of vegetation distribution, rates of change, and vegetation interactions with snow-hydroclimatic eleme...

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Glaciers and snow are critical components of the hydrological cycle in the Himalayan region, and they play a vital role in river runoff. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the glaciers and snow cover on a spatiotemporal basis to better understand the changes in their dynamics and their impact on river runoff. A significant amount of data is necess...

Remote sensing via hyperspectral imaging delivers the crucial earth’s surface information in narrow spectral bands, which may not be possible with multispectral imaging. The classification algorithms play a vital role in highlighting or categorizing the essential features of the earth’s surface with respect to spectral information and generate them...

As the hyperautomation is the future of agriculture, this book provides a comprehensive overview of recently developed principles and procedures of state of art automation in agriculture to improve productivity and resource optimization. it also included newly developed applications and real world applications in the field of hyperautomation to del...

Crop yield prediction is one of the crucial components of agriculture that plays an important role in the decision-making process for sustainable agriculture. Remote sensing provides the most efficient and cost-effective solution for the measurement of important agricultural parameters such as soil moisture level, but retrieval of the soil moisture...

The same sensor or a number of image sensors are used to take a series of photographs in order to gather as much data as possible about the scene. Several imaging techniques are used to retrieve entire information from the source under observation. Image fusion (IF) is used to create a new image that incorporates comprehensive information from many...

Monitoring the Earth’s surface and objects is important for many applications, such as managing natural resources, crop yield predictions, and natural hazard analysis. Remote sensing is one of the most efficient and cost-effective solutions for analyzing land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes over the Earth’s surface through advanced computer algor...

Continuous observation and management of agriculture are essential to estimate crop yield and crop failure. Remote sensing is cost-effective, as well as being an efficient solution to monitor agriculture on a larger scale. With high-resolution satellite datasets, the monitoring and mapping of agricultural land are easier and more effective. Nowaday...

In the present work, the scatterometer satellite (SCATSAT-1) has been implemented and validated to provide the near-real-time estimation of snow cover area (SCA) in the Western Himalayas, India. The SCA derived from standalone SCATSAT-1 L4 (Level-4 India) products i.e., sigma-nought ( σ°), and gamma-nought ( γ°) has been validated with different MO...

Glacier, snow, and ice are the essential components of the Himalayan cryosphere and provide a sustainable water source for different applications. Continuous and accurate monitoring of glaciers allows the forecasting analysis of natural hazards and water resource management. In past literature, different methodologies such as spectral unmixing, obj...

The on-going warming of climate affects the Indian Himalaya’s cryosphere. It increases the risk of hazards caused by snow avalanches to the living creature and ecosystems. Snow avalanche is a downward flow of an unexpected amount of snow from hill top to the valley. A check can be put on snow avalanche by measuring the snow surface temperature (SST...

A scatterometer is an active microwave sensor that acquires the earth’s surface information in one of the microwave bands, i.e., C-band at 4-8 GHz and Ku-band at 12-18 GHz. Recently (26th September 2016), the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched a scatterometer satellite (SCATSAT-1) which operates through the Ku-band (frequency = 13.5...

For several decades, remote sensing has had a crucial role in various fields. With the increase in the quality of earth-observing sensors, the ability of observers has been revolutionized. There are two main types of remote sensing: optical-based and microwave. Optical-based remote sensing measures reflected solar illumination from the object but c...

As an active microwave sensor, the Indian Space Research Organization’s scatterometer satellite (SCATSAT-1) a satellite sensor for ocean studies as well as for land surface applications. SCATSAT-1 provides crucial information about the earth's surface at two different polarization modes: vertical-transmit and vertical-receive as well as and horizon...

The interaction of electromagnetic (EM) waves with a target medium demonstrates a wide range of properties associated with the medium. However, the task of obtaining information about the targeted medium simply through the interaction of an EM wave is not easy. For this, one must know the basics of the EM wave and its behavior while striking or pro...

Nowadays, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) attracts the interest of many researchers in solving the remote sensing problems especially in various specific domains such as agriculture, snow/ice, object detection and environmental monitoring. In the previous literature, various attempts have been made to extract the critical information through hyperspect...

This article presents the refractive index (RI) sensitivity study of cladding reduced uniform long-period fiber grating. The displacement of resonant wavelength with the change in ambient RI is observed to inspect the sensitivity. Here, the grating period is fixed at a value (550 μm) to analyze RI sensitivity of cladding modes (HE13-HE14). However,...

Himalayas play a significant role in terms of climate influence, the origin of rivers, hydropower generation, tourism, and forest wealth. The monitoring of the rugged terrain Himalayas via remote sensing is one of the efficient solutions to meet future requirements. In remote sensing, the sensors can be categorized as optical and microwave. The opt...

Change detection is one of the vital ways to analyse the multitemporal variations over a specified period using remote sensing data. In recent years, deep learning (DL) algorithms have become the choice of many remote sensing researchers to solve the problems of conventional change detection methods and to improve their accuracy. In the present wor...

With the enlightenment of knowledge and the inception of databases in large number, how to fetch the important information from the raw data is the major problem which is needed to be solved. Machine learning is a technique which is helpful in solving this issue with more accuracy and in a faster way. Machine learning working process is to train th...

Agriculture land is playing a vital role in developing the economy of Indian states and contributes ~ 15% of India’s gross domestic product (GDP). Moreover, agriculture is a major source of livelihood by engaging two-third (~ 66%) of the nation’s population in various activities such as food supply, the raw material to the industries, internal and...

The antarctic region is an essential component of Earth's climate system and heat balance. Therefore, continuous monitoring of various cryospheric parameters (Sea-Ice Extent - SIE, and Snow Water Equivalent - SWE, among others) over Antarctica is essential to understand the state of global climate processes. This study presents a framework to detec...

In our study, we have selected two glaciers from different zones. • The first one is the Samudra Tapu (ST) glacier from the western Himalaya region, and • The second one is the Drang Drung (DD) glacier from the Zanskar range. ST is a debris-covered glacier. On the other hand, DD is a clean glacier. Along with that, these two glaciers are easily acc...

Earth observation via optical-based remote sensing is one of the effective solutions to cover the large swath and to deliver the very high-resolution dataset at the different wavelengths. But the applicability of optical imaging is limited by daytime only and adversely affected by the presence of clouds. In such scenarios, microwave data is more pr...

The novelty resides in the shape and configuration of the “SOIL HEALTH TESTING DEVICE” as illustrated. No claim is made by virtue of this registration in respect of any mechanical or other action of any mechanism whatever or in respect of any mode or principle of construction of the Article. No claim is made by virtue of this registration to any ri...

For ambient refractive index (ARI) higher than cladding region, the refractive index (RI) sensitivity of long-period fiber grating (LPFG) measured in terms of the shift in the cladding mode resonance wavelength (CMRW) is very low. This may be due to the occurrence of a small CMRW shift with a change in ARI. This paper emphasizes the effect of cladd...

The present disclosure pertains to a device for determining and analyzing quality of soil with location. The device including a first section, a second section, a first sensor unit, a second sensor unit, a first set of sensors, a second set of sensors, a controller, a soil sample collector, a location determining unit and a user interface unit. The...

North Indian states are largely covered with agricultural land which plays an important role in nation’s economy development. Remote sensing offers a cost-effective and efficient solution for sustainable monitoring and mapping of agricultural land. In past, various classification algorithms were developed and implemented for agriculture application...

The Ku-band (13.5 GHz)-based Scatterometer Satellite (SCATSAT-1) launched on September 26, 2016, by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) offers the enhanced spatial resolution (~2.2 km) data products in form of Sigma-naught (σ0) and Gamma-naught (γ0). Both forms are available in two polarizations modes: Horizontal transmission and horizont...

Classification is one of an important approach used in remote sensing application. The accuracy assessment of classified dataset is one of the major concerns while considering large scale region. While dealing with large areas like undulating Himalayas where topography is varying at each point, we have to consider each pixel existing over there in...

This paper presents the design of pre-amplifier for electroencephalogram (EEG) measurement using efficient g m /I D methodology. Graphical representation using tradeoff-charts are used to meet the target specifications and decide device dimensions for Three-Current-Mirror Operational Trans-Conductance Amplifier (OTA) topology used in Pre-amplifier....

The response of a long‐period fiber grating (LPFG) based refractometric sensor is directly related to the optical modes' effective index of refraction (EIR). In this paper, the quantitative behavior of EIR is investigated with LPFG surrounded dielectric medium's refractive index (RI) higher than cladding RI and cladding radius. To analyze the impac...

Over Himalayas, the detection of seasonal snow cover variations via remote sensing is challenging due to the presence of rugged terrain and shadow effects. Moreover, traditional per-pixel-based change detection methods less competent to identify the inner-pixel subtle variations with coarse resolution satellite imagery. In the present work, we have...

Continuous and accurate monitoring of earth surface changes over rugged terrain Himalayas is important to manage natural resources and mitigate natural hazards. Conventional techniques generally focus on per-pixel based processing and overlook the sub-pixel variations occurring especially in case of low or moderate resolution remotely sensed data....

The present disclosure pertains to an attendance marking system (100) including a first set of sensors (102) configured to sense one or more entities , an image sensor (104) configured to capture one or more images of the one or more entities, a temperature sensor (104) to sense temperature and a third set of sensors (108) configured to sense retin...

Keywords: Snow cover variability Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) Climate change North Indian Himalayas (NIH) A B S T R A C T The Himalayas is an essential component of the cryosphere due to the large extent of snow or ice cover. The mapping and monitoring of snow cover variability over the Himalayas is the focus of many scient...

The brightness temperature (Tb) is considered a fundamental climate data record that governs the radiance traveling towards the satellite from the top of the atmosphere. It is used to derive the wind speed, cloud liquid water and sea surface temperature. The optical sensors play a vital role in the retrieval of Tb but also affected by the clouds an...

: The scatterometer satellites are originally designed to measure the wind speed and direction with the help of sigma-naught (𝜎 0). With the advantage of near real-time tracking facilities during day and night even in extreme climate conditions, SCATSAT-1 has made tremendous progress in emerging scientific domains such as cryosphere, land hydrolog...

In the present work, the potential of Scatterometer Satellite (SCATSAT-1) data (operated at Ku-band 13.515 GHz) is evaluated to estimate the binary Snow Cover Maps (SCMs) over a part of the Western Himalayas, India. Three classifiers namely, K-Means Clustering (KMC), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Linear Spectral Mixing (LSM) has been implemente...

Remote sensing plays a significant role in monitoring of the undulating the Himalayas. With continuous monitoring, the preservation of natural resources and mitigation of natural hazards is possible. Currently, satellite sensors are not capable enough to deliver the earth surface image at a very high temporal, spectral, and spatial resolution, simu...

The present disclosure discloses an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based imaging system 100 for monitoring and forecasting about hazards and disasters, such as landslide, flood, drought, and the like. The UAV based imaging system 100 can include imaging units 102, such as a tracking camera 102-1 and a main camera 102-2 that can be operatively couple...

A device to determine position of a spot in an area of interest (AOI) is disclosed. The device includes one or more sensors to sense one or more parameters associated with position of at least one or more spot in the AOI, and correspondingly generate a first set of signals, and a global positioning system (GPS) module to determine geo-location of t...

Mapping and monitoring of the glacier changes over different regions of Earth surface is a challenging task due to regional rugged topography and climate conditions. This study focused on the monitoring of snow or ice cover changes over Chhota-Shigri glacier, Western Himalaya, India. A subpixel-based change detection (SCD) approach is proposed, aim...

Different types of electrodes are used for stable monitoring of physiological signals. Commonly used Silver-silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) metal gel-based electrodes and gold metal electrodes used for ECG and EEG respectively introduce substantial noise component and offer very high contact impedance to the subsequent amplifier. A Capacitively Coupled I...

The change detection via remote sensing offers a cost-effective solution to monitor the earth surface variations and manage natural resources. Change vector analysis (CVA) is one of the most appropriate suitable amongst various change detection techniques that attract the interest of researchers due to its potential and overall applicability. Howev...

The present invention relates to wearable multimedia control device comprising a wearable component 1 installed with a scroll wheel 4 for controlling multimedia operations upon scrolling of the scroll wheel 4, a switch 3 fabricated on the wearable component 1 for generating a signal to turn on/off the wearable component 1 and for changing audio/vid...

The present disclosure provides a security system 100 that is installed at a region of interest (ROI), such as, a car, or a building. The security system 100 includes one or more first sensors 102, a processing unit 104, an image capturing unit 106, and a control unit 108. The image capturing unit 106 activates and capture images of a location, who...

To meet the requirements of communication networks and storage capacity, medical images are required to be compressed before storage and transmission. Therefore different compression techniques have been developed with an objective of reduction in data size as per recommendation in medical imaging. During the past few decades, a series of advanced...

Nowadays, medical imaging techniques are not just only used for diagnosis and prognosis of diseases but can also be used as evidence in court. Medical imaging in forensics is a very specialized field in which radiological techniques are used to aid pathologists to determine the cause of death or to identify the remains. Recently, due to tremendous...

This study investigates the refractive index (RI) sensitivity of long period fiber grating (LPFG) by means of 2-layer (2L) and 3-layer (3L) geometry models of optical fiber separately, through mathematical modelling. In order to realize the impact of particularly adopted model on measurement of RI sensitivity, the LPFG response is studied at reduce...

This paper focuses on the usage of non-conventional techniques viz. Bulk-driven (BD) and Bulk-driven-quasi-floating-gate (BDQFG) to design low-voltage (LV) and low-power (LP) pre-amplifier for electroencephalogram (EEG). Gate–Driven (GD) Three-Current-Mirror Operational Trans-conductance Amplifier (OTA) is compared with BD-OTA and BDQFG-OTA. The ef...

This study investigates the refractive index (RI) sensitivity of long period fiber grating (LPFG) by means of 2-layer (2L) and 3layer (3L) geometry models of optical fiber separately, through mathematical modelling. In order to realize the impact of particularly adopted model on measurement of RI sensitivity, the LPFG response is studied at reduced...

The present invention relates to a device 7 for wireless communication comprising, a force sensitive resistive sensor 5 embedded in the device 7 and coupled with central processing unit (CPU) of the device for connecting/disconnecting a communication call, a position sensor embedded in the device and coupled with CPU of the device for detecting ori...

An apparatus to evaluate a gas sensor is disclosed. According to an embodiment the apparatus can include a housing. The housing includes: a platform configured to hold the gas sensor; one or more inlets to allow inflow of one or more gases, wherein the gas sensor interacts with the one or more gases to produce a detectable change in the gas sensor...

change, avalanche analysis, and climate study that arises due to air temperature Remote sensing allows such research activities to be carried out using change detection analysis. Past work has shown that different change detection methods have been designed and summarized using different satellite sensors. Among the different change detection algor...

In recent years, the significant increase in research on spatial information is observed. Classification or clustering is one of the well-known methods in spatial data analysis. Traditionally, classifiers are generally based on per-pixel approaches and are not utilizing the spatial information within pixel, called mixels which is an important sourc...

Remotely sensed data is affected due to presence of shadow effects over undulating terrain surface. The topographic effects suppress the vital information of land surface and also affects the classification of accuracy assessment. In this paper, different shadow removing or topographic correction (TC) algorithms have been implemented with an aim to...

The present disclosure relates to a gas detection device, particularly, for detecting poisonous gases released from domestic and industrial area. The device is based on specially designed sensors assembly to detect effluent gases with ease. The present disclosure relates to gas detection device comprises a sensing layer (L3) and an electrode (L4),...

Detection of snow cover changes is vital for avalanche hazard analysis and flood flashes that arise due to variation in temperature. Hence, multitemporal change detection is one of the practical mean to estimate the snow cover changes over larger area using remotely sensed data. There have been some previous studies that examined how accuracy of ch...

The present disclosure provides a multi-functional scroll wheel assembly integrated with a computing device. The scroll wheel assembly can comprise: a first scroll wheel coupled with a first shaft, wherein the first scroll wheel is coupled with the computing device such that at least a part of the first scroll wheel is concealed inside the computin...

The present disclosure provides an adjustable display. The disclosed adjustable display comprises: a display; a camera configured to capture one or more images of an area in vicinity of said display; and a processing unit operatively coupled with the camera and the display, said processing unit configured to: convert the captured one or more images...

The present disclosure relates to a scroll wheel assembly integrated with a computing device. The assembly includes a scroll wheel configured to receive an input from a user; one or more transducers operatively coupled with the scroll wheel, wherein said set of transducers configured to generate one or more signals based on the received input; and...