Sarina Sulaiman

• Doctor of Engineering
• International Islamic University Malaysia

In this study, Cleaner Production (CP) strategy and Carbon Emission Pinch Analysis (CEPA) were used to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emission generated in printing industry. CP audit was conducted in a printing premise to quantify the consumption of materials and energy, waste generated and other aspect such as safety and productivity. The amount of...

Oil can be extracted by centrifugation, hot and cold extraction, enzyme extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and microwave extraction. The use of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) has gained widespread popularity. It helps to produce rapid movement of the solvent and results in a higher acceleration and mass transfer speed. In this study,...

Solid coconut waste (SCW) is a by-product of coconut milk production which still contains virgin coconut oil (VCO). This waste usually is thrown away or left in fields. This study aims to optimize the effects of Microwave power (80–400 W), irradiation time (1–4 minutes), and solvent to feed ratio (SF) (10–30 ml/g) on the extraction of VCO from SCW...

The oil palm industry is known as the primary producer of biomass in Malaysia. The massive production of oil palm biomass has resulted in a significant waste disposal problem. This study aims to assess the potential of waste derived from oil palm plantations and processing mills to be transformed into value-added products for various applications....

Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters is necessary to determine the optimum level of the parameters, including solvent-to-material ratio, power, extraction time, solvent concentration, temperature, and pH. This review focuses on the UAE parameters' effects on the antioxidant activity, their interactions, and the best method of e...

The replacement of traditional diesel fuels with an alternative energy source like biodiesel is an excellent choice to lessen the depletion of non-renewable energy source such as fossil fuels. For application of low-cost heterogeneous catalyst for generation of biodiesel, most of waste-based catalysts are derived from inexpensive CaO resources. In...

The understanding of biogas explosion characteristics is needed to describe the severity of the explosion. Biogas is a flammable gas and will explode when ignited. This study reports the experimental results on biogas explosion characteristics in a standard 20-L spherical vessel under quiescent conditions using electric spark (10 J) as an ignition...

Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) has been utilized in extracting a myriad of phytochemicals, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. This extraction method essentially takes advantage of water present inside cells by exciting the molecules hence increasing the internal temperature and pressure till the cells bursts. MAE is studied extensively due t...

Previously, there were many extraction methods that had been done on extracting the oil such as centrifugation, chilling and thawing, hot and cold extraction, on seeds, waste products and plants. Based on those oil extraction methods (OEM), further study is needed to develop more effective processes as most of the methods were having many disadvant...

In this study, biodiesel was synthesized from a reaction of waste cooking oil (WCO) and methanol in the presence of catalyst which was derived from chicken bone and coconut residue in a packed bed reactor. Calcium oxide (CaO) was extracted from calcined chicken bone and nano-crystal cellulose (NCC) was isolated from coconut residue by acid hydrolyz...

Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) have significant properties such as low density, high specific resistance, excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability, low-cost, low abrasive nature, and reactive surface for easy modification. Water contamination from various sources has become a serious problem in recent years. Hence, this study will serve the...

In this study, aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3.6 H2O) was derived from aluminum foil waste as a heterogeneous acid catalyst in the esterification of waste cooking oil. The parameters of catalyst loading (2–8 wt%), ultrasonic frequency (12–40 kHz), and reaction time (15–60 min) were optimized for maximum biodiesel yield production. Under consta...

Biogas which consists of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) could explode when diluted to a certain degree with air in the presence of ignition source. The maximum explosion overpressure (Pmax), the maximum rate of pressure rise (dP/dt)max, flammability limits, and deflagration index are the most important explosion severities parameters to cha...

In this study, a numerical simulation on the premixed CH4/CO2/Air (methane/carbon dioxide/air) mixture explosion characteristics was conducted by using the Flame Acceleration Simulator (FLACs) software. The domain used in the 20 L spherical vessel with 0.808 m diameter. The effect of various equivalence ratios on the explosion characteristics such...

In this study, calcium oxide were synthesized from fish bone waste and the optimum condition : catalyst amount, temperature and methanol to oil ratio (molar) for biodiesel production were studied. The calcium oxide (CaO) derived from fish bone wastes was then supported on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to easily separate the catalyst and biodiesel. Fish b...

The development of biocomposites has increased due to their biodegradability, renewability, and high specific strength which are comparable with other polymer composites. Even though, the conventional composites are still in high demand due to their durability, however, it cannot decompose and the accumulation of these wastes for a long period is h...

This study was conducted to improve the life-span of the biofilm produced from algae by evaluating the decomposition rate with the effect of cinnamon extraction oil (CEO). The biofilm was fabricated using the solution casting technique. The soil burying analysis demonstrated low moisture absorption of the biofilm, thus decelerating the degradation...

Catalyst is a substance that enables chemical reaction in faster rate. In biodiesel production, catalyst plays as an important role as it can increase the rate of the reaction. The type of catalyst that usually can be found are homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst. However, homogenous catalyst is difficult to separate with the product (biodiesel)...

Green chemical method was applied to synthesize nanoparticles using recombinant bromelain. Among the numerous applications of recombinant bromelain, there is still no research on nanoparticles synthesis which encourages its utilization in this study. Four chemicals which are copper(II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl2.2H2O), cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce...

Scarcity in fuel from fossil fuel has led to exploration of potential substitutes from renewable sources. Biodiesel as one of renewable energy sources is identified as cleaner alternative to petroleum fuel. This paper reports on the study of potassium carbonate, K2CO3 sourced from pineapple and orange peels as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel p...

In this study, solid coconut waste and CaO/PVA was used as raw material and catalyst respectively to produce biodiesel through in situ transesterification. Both, raw material and catalyst were packed in a packed bed reactor. The reaction was fixed for 3 h and the mixing was kept constant at 350 rpm. The highest biodiesel yield of 95% was obtained a...

Biodiesel is an alternative to non-renewable fossil fuels due to its low gas emission and economical value. This study aims to extract caustic potash (KOH) from spent tea and to optimize the transesterfication process based on parameters such as amount of catalyst, reaction temperature and methanol to oil ratio. The spent tea was first dried at 60°...

Many studies have been conducted to develop low cost catalysts to reduce the production cost. Several catalysts such as homogeneous/heterogeneous acid catalysts, homogeneous/heterogeneous base catalysts and biocatalysts (enzymes) have been studied and applied in the synthesis of biodiesel. Base-catalyzed transesterification is commonly used in comm...

Biodiesel or Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) is a non-toxic, biodegradable alternative fuel that is easy to produce and process from vegetable oil or animal fats. In this chapter, identification of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester in palm oil biodiesel using GCMS has been studied. The main component existed in FAME are Caprylic acid C8:0, Capric acid C10:0,...

The purpose of this research project is to investigate the effects of amount of catalyst, the ratio of solid to methanol and different temperature on the biodiesel yield. Solid coconut waste and heterogeneous catalyst derived from the waste, which is calcium oxide (CaO) are used to produce biodiesel and also examine the kinetics of the reactive ext...

The purpose of this research project is to investigate the effects of amount of catalyst, the ratio of solid to methanol and different temperature on the biodiesel yield. Solid coconut waste and heterogeneous catalyst derived from the waste, which is calcium oxide (CaO) are used to produce biodiesel and also examine the kinetics of the reactive ext...

Scarcity of petroleum and constant concern over environmental problems caused by diesel fuels has promoted production of biodiesel from renewable sources. Biodiesel synthesized from transesterification methods in the presence of acid or base catalyst or enzyme requires huge amount of solvent, particularly from alcohol to affirm high production yiel...

The aim of this study is to optimize the transesterification using potassium hydroxide (KOH)-supported polyvinyl alcohol to ease the separation process between glycerol and biodiesel. The design of experiment used was factorial composite design (FCD) and the effects of the amount of catalyst ranging from 0.5 wt% to 10 wt%, methanol to oil ratio fro...

In-situ transesterification method is a simplified method for biodiesel production where the oil was simultaneously extracted and transesterified into alkyl ester in-situ in one single process. This process combines the steps of lipid (oil) extraction and transesterification. The alcohol used was methanol as it is widely available and economically...

Bioprotein is one of the useful products obtained from biotechnology invention. It is a promising replacement for the commercial fish feed supplement. In this study, the enrichment of the bioprotein content after solid state fermentation using palm kernel cake and seaweed by the white rot fungus: Phanerochaete chrysoporium and yeast: Candida utilis...

In this study, heterogeneous catalysts were synthesized from mixture of calcined solid coconut waste and eggshells as a catalyst for the transesterification of palm oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the amount of catalysts (coconut waste:calcined eggshells ratio) for production of b...

This paper studies the effect of calcination time and temperature of mixed waste catalyst for optimization of FAME yield. Fish bone and mixture of coconut waste and eggshells were used to catalyzed the transesterification process. The parameter was tested on different calcination condition and the result shows that the optimum condition was achieve...

The use of cheaper alternative such as waste cooking oil as substitute to vegetable oil can reduce the overall production cost of biodiesel. This research focuses on the investigation of the kinetic of waste cooking oil methanolysis using heterogeneous waste catalyst. Fish bone waste was used as the catalyst for the methanolysis of waste cooking oi...

Transesterification is one of the methods for biodiesel production in which oil or fat is reacted with alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a catalyst to form alkyl ester and glycerol. The cost of biodiesel production is mainly affected by the system used and cost of feedstock. Currently, waste oil or fat is used in the producti...

Bioreactor or fermenter is the heart of a process. Scaling up a bioreactor and maintaining the same optimized process in a recombinant enzyme production in a higher scale is an engineering challenge. Scale-up is about mixing and mass transfer, a combination of art and science. It is more to methodological approach with some combination of rules of...

Economic and environmental evaluation on three different throughputs and comparison between these throughputs were presented. Comparisons are based on simulation of 10, 100 and 1000 kg/batch of recBromelain using SuperPro Designer v8.5. The economic analysis shows that 100 kg/batch gives the most competitive price and maintaining a sizeable profit...

Sago waste which has not been fully utilised is a potential substrate for biotechnological applications. This study is concerned with hydrogen gas production by Escherichia coli (E. coli) using dark fermentation and sago waste as the substrate. Glucose content after acid pre-treatment process for sago waste at 90°C for 40 minutes was 2.150 g/L. Ino...

A b s t r a c t In this study, fish bone waste was used as a new catalyst for biodiesel production. Therefore, instead of throwing away the fish bone waste, it will be utilized as a source for catalyst that can provide significant benefit to the environment. Fish bone also can be alternative source of calcium oxide instead of using eggshell, crab s...

The rising cost of imported fish feed ingredients have called for an intensive research towards the production of high nutritional fish feed using cheap and natural nutrient sources. In this study, seaweed and palm kernel cake were used as alternative protein ingredients in fish feed and the enrichment of its nutritional value was achieved by using...

Microalgae lipid is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. The objective of this work was to study growth factors affecting marine mutant Synechococcus sp. (PCC 7002) for high lipid production. Four growth factors were investigated; nitrogen-phosporus-potassium (NPK) concentration, light intensity, temperature and NaNO 3 concentration on m...

The primary objective of the study was to characterize non-point source pollution from a residential college within the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Runoff from Mahallah Maryam was collected using the event mean concentration (EMC) approach. The residential college is about 10.8 ha in size and its surface runoff empties into th...

In this study, fish bone waste was used as a new catalyst for biodiesel production. Instead of discarding the fish bone waste, it will be utilized as a source for catalyst that can provide significant benefit to the environment. Also, it can be substitute as a calcium oxide source instead of using eggshell, crab shell and snail shell. The XRD and S...

The waste food material namely crab shell, egg shell and fish bone is screened for biodiesel synthesis by trans-esterification reaction to determine the source providing the highest biodiesel yield. The solid oxide materials were calcined at 900°C for 2-4 hrs to convert CaCO3 to CaO species. Trans-esterification is carried out at 65°C for 4 hrs wit...

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel produced using transesterification method where edible or non edible oil and alcohol reacts in the presence of catalyst. Biodiesel is expensive than fossil fuels because of higher raw material and production costs. Solid coconut waste is an alternative raw material from waste and suitable for biodiesel produc...

Solid coconut waste was produced after coconut milk extraction process and may still contain up to 24 wt.% oil content. In this work, extraction of oil from coconut waste using batch and soxhlet extractor was studied. Effect of particle size diameter, type of solvent and solvent to solid ratio on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters; entropy, e...

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel produced using transesterification method where edible or non edible oil and alcohol reacts in the presence of catalyst. Biodiesel is expensive than fossil fuels because of higher raw material and production costs. Solid coconut waste is an alternative raw material from waste and suitable for biodiesel produc...

Biodiesel industry requires a cheaper and economical viable raw material that can replace the vegetable oil. Waste from animal and plant sources became the main option due the availability and cheap. In this study, coconut waste is used to produce biodiesel using methanol, acid sulfuric and KOH. In situ process is used, where all the catalyst, reag...

Biodiesel industry needs a cheaper and economical viable raw material that can replace the currently used vegetable oil. Obtaining cheaper raw materials are one of the continuous targets of many biodiesel producing facilities since 70 to 95 % of the production costs are attributed to raw materials. One of the main options is to use waste material f...