Saravanan Thangamani

Saravanan Thangamani
  • MSc., PhD.
  • Professor at SUNY Upstate Medical University

About

110
Publications
12,900
Reads
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2,590
Citations
Current institution
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Current position
  • Professor
Additional affiliations
March 2019 - present
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Position
  • Professor
Description
  • www.thangamani.lab.com
March 2019 - present
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Position
  • Managing Director
Description
  • www.sunycehm.org
April 2006 - August 2008
UConn Health Center
Position
  • PostDoc Position

Publications

Publications (110)
Article
Full-text available
Introduction COVID-19 remains a significant threat to public health globally. Infection in some susceptible individuals causes life-threatening acute lung injury (ALI/ARDS) and/or death. Human surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a C-type lectin expressed in the lung and other mucosal tissues, and it plays a critical role in host defense against various...
Article
Full-text available
Introduction Powassan virus (POWV), a vector-borne pathogen transmitted by Ixodes ticks in North America, is the causative agent of Powassan encephalitis. As obligate hematophagous organisms, ticks transmit pathogens like POWV at the tick bite site, specifically during the initial stages of feeding. Tick feeding and salivary factors modulate the ho...
Article
Full-text available
Eilat (EILV)/chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an insect-based chimeric alphavirus was previously reported to protect mice months after a single dose vaccination. The underlying mechanisms of host protection are not clearly defined. Here, we assessed the capacity of EILV/CHIKV to induce quick and durable protection in cynomolgus macaques. Both EILV/CHIKV...
Preprint
COVID-19 remains a significant threat to public health globally. Infection in some susceptible individuals causes life-threatening acute lung injury (ALI/ARDS) and/or death. Human surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a C-type lectin expressed in the lung and other mucosal tissues, and it plays a critical role in host defense against various pathogens. Th...
Article
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector of many infectious agents, including flaviviruses such as Zika virus. Components of mosquito saliva have pleomorphic effects on the vertebrate host to enhance blood feeding, and these changes also create a favorable niche for pathogen replication and dissemination. Here, we demonstrate that human CD47, which i...
Article
Full-text available
Author Summary The Powassan virus causes a nationally notifiable disease which can cause severe neurological disease in humans owing to the lack of approved vaccines or therapeutics. Although two distinct lineages circulate in North America, clinical differentiation does not typically occur because pathology has been assumed to be similar between l...
Preprint
Full-text available
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which induces chikungunya fever and chronic arthralgia, is an emerging public health concern. Safe and efficient vaccination strategies are needed to prevent or mitigate virus-associated acute and chronic morbidities for preparation of future outbreaks. Eilat (EILV)/CHIKV, a chimeric alphavirus which contains the structur...
Article
Full-text available
Introduction SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)-expressing lung epithelial cells through its spike (S) protein. The S protein is highly glycosylated and could be a target for lectins. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a collagen-containing C-type lectin, expressed by mucosal epithelial cells and media...
Article
Full-text available
Heartland virus was first isolated in 2009 from two patients in Missouri and is transmitted by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum. To understand disease transmission and pathogenesis, it is necessary to develop an animal model which utilizes the natural route of transmission and manifests in a manner similar to documented human cases. Herein...
Preprint
Full-text available
Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFV) can cause severe neuroinvasive disease which may result in death or long-term neurological deficit in over 50% of survivors. Multiple mechanisms for invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by flaviviruses have been proposed including axonal transport, transcytosis, endothelial infection, and Trojan horse routes....
Article
Full-text available
The COVID‐19 pandemic severely affected the medical education worldwide. The infection risk for medical students and healthcare personnel who work with COVID‐19 positive cadavers or tissues remains unclear. Moreover, COVID‐19 positive cadavers have been rejected by medical schools, adversely impacting the continuum of medical education. Herein, the...
Preprint
Full-text available
Heartland virus was first isolated in 2009 from two patients in Missouri and is transmitted by the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. To understand disease transmission and pathogenesis, it is necessary to develop an animal model that utilizes the natural transmission route and manifests in a manner similar to documented human cases. Herein we d...
Preprint
Full-text available
SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)-expressing lung epithelial cells through its spike (S) protein. The S protein is highly glycosylated and could be a target for lectins. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a collagen-containing C-type lectin, expressed by mucosal epithelial cells and mediates its antiv...
Article
Full-text available
Powassan virus is a tickborne flavivirus that can cause lethal or debilitating neurologic illness. It is canonically transmitted by Ixodes spp. ticks but might spill over to sympatric Dermacentor species. We detected Powassan virus lineage I from a pool of field-collected D. variabilis ticks in New York, USA.
Article
Full-text available
Ticks transmit several arthropod-borne pathogens in New York State. The primary human-biting ticks in this region are Ixodes scapularis , Amblyomma americanum , and Dermacentor variabilis . Body regions where tick bites human vary depending on the tick species and life stage, and clothing worn by the host. A community tick submission system was use...
Article
Full-text available
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonosis endemic to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, which causes large outbreaks among humans and ruminants. Single dose vaccinations using live-attenuated RVF virus (RVFV) support effective prevention of viral spread in endemic countries. Due to the segmented nature of RVFV genomic RNA, segments of vac...
Preprint
Full-text available
Ticks transmit several arthropod-borne pathogens in New York state. The primary human-biting ticks in this region are Ixodes scapularis , Amblyomma americanum , and Dermacentor variabilis . Tick body-segment preference varies depending on tick and host species, with the human bite-site located on the head or lower extremities and abdomen. A communi...
Article
Full-text available
A community engaged passive surveillance program was utilized to acquire ticks and associated information throughout New York state. Ticks were speciated and screened for several tick-borne pathogens. Of these ticks, only I. scapularis was commonly infected with pathogens of human relevance, including B. burgdorferi, B. miyamotoi, A. phagocytophilu...
Article
Full-text available
Arboviruses such as flaviviruses and alphaviruses cause a significant human healthcare burden on the global scale. Transmission of these viruses occurs during human blood feeding at the mosquito-skin interface. Not only do pathogen immune evasion strategies influence the initial infection and replication of pathogens delivered, but arthropod saliva...
Preprint
Full-text available
Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne flavivirus that can cause lethal or debilitating neurological illness. It is canonically transmitted by Ixodes genus ticks but may interact with sympatric Dermacentor species. Here, we report the first detection of POWV lineage I from a pool of field-collected D. variabilis in New York state.
Article
Objectives: We sought to determine the habitat associations and pathogen status of Amblyomma maculatum ticks in New York City, New York, USA, a newly expanded portion of their range. Methods: We collected 88 ticks from two New York City parks on Staten Island, one of the five boroughs of New York City, and compared our findings to similar habitat...
Article
Full-text available
Zoonotic viruses threaten the lives of millions of people annually, exacerbated by climate change, human encroachment into wildlife habitats, and habitat destruction. The Powassan virus (POWV) is a rare tick-borne virus that can cause severe neurological damage and death, and the incidence of the associated disease (Powassan virus disease) is incre...
Article
Full-text available
Powassan virus (POWV) is a neuroinvasive flavivirus transmitted to mammals by the bite of ixodid ticks. In this study, we sought to investigate the impact of tick salivary gland extract (SGE) on POWV neuroinvasion. BALB/c mice were footpad inoculated with either a high dose or a low dose of POWV, with and without Ixodes scapularis salivary gland ex...
Article
Full-text available
A chimeric Eilat/ Chikungunya virus (EILV/CHIKV) was previously reported to replicate only in mosquito cells but capable of inducing robust adaptive immunity in animals. Here, we initially selected C7/10 cells to optimize the production of the chimeric virus. A two-step procedure produced highly purified virus stocks, which was shown to not cause h...
Article
Ticks are the primary vector of arboviruses in temperate climates worldwide. They are both the vector of these pathogens to humans and an integral component of the viral sylvatic cycle. Understanding the tick‐pathogen interaction provides information about the natural maintenance of these pathogens and informs the development of countermeasures aga...
Article
Full-text available
The detection of novel or re-emergent pathogens necessitates the development of rapid, easy-to-use diagnostic tests that can be readily adapted and utilized in both clinical laboratories and field settings. Heartland virus (HRTV) is the first pathogenic Phlebovirus responsible for serious and fatal cases in the United States. We developed a qualita...
Article
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The name of the first author in the article by Tulisas et al.[(2009), Acta Cryst. F65, 533–535] is corrected.
Article
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Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne flavivirus that encompasses two genetic lineages, POWV (Lineage I) and deer tick virus (DTV, Lineage II). In recent years, the incidence of reported POWV disease cases has increased, coupled with an expanded geographic range of the DTV tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. POWV and DTV are serologically indistinguish...
Article
Full-text available
Mutations are incorporated into the genomes of RNA viruses at an optimal frequency and altering this precise frequency has been proposed as a strategy to create live-attenuated vaccines. However, determining the effect of specific mutations that alter fidelity has been difficult because of the rapid selection of the virus population during replicat...
Article
Full-text available
Skin is the interface between an attached, feeding tick and a host; consequently, it is the first line of defense against invading pathogenic microorganisms that are delivered to a vertebrate host together with tick saliva. Central to the successful transmission of a tick-borne pathogen are complex interactions between the host immune response and...
Article
Full-text available
Ticks are hematophagous arthropods that transmit a number of pathogens while feeding. Among these is tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a flavivirus transmitted by Ixodes ricinus ticks in the temperate zone of Europe. The infection results in febrile illness progressing to encephalitis and meningitis with a possibility of fatality or long-term n...
Article
Full-text available
Cases of tick-borne diseases, including spotted fever rickettsioses, borreliosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis, in the United States and territories have more than doubled from 2004 to 2016 and account for 77% of all vector-borne disease reports. In an effort to inform control efforts, the presence of tick-borne pathogens and their vec...
Article
Full-text available
Successful tick feeding is facilitated by an assortment of pharmacologically-active factors in tick saliva that create an immunologically privileged micro-environment in the host’s skin. Through a process known as saliva-assisted transmission, bioactive tick salivary factors modulate the host environment, promoting transmission and establishment of...
Article
Full-text available
The presence of bottlenecks in the transmission cycle of many RNA viruses leads to a severe reduction of number of virus particles and this occurs multiple times throughout the viral transmission cycle. Viral replication is then necessary for regeneration of a diverse mutant swarm. It is now understood that any perturbation of the mutation frequenc...
Data
The changes in growth curves at an MOI of 0.01 and 10 for passage 1 and passage 5 viruses and the sensitivity to 5FU following passage 5 compared to passage 1. (TIFF)
Data
Showing the numbers and graph of the mosquitoes assessed for dissemination on individual days. (TIFF)
Data
The relationship of titer to clone for A, B & C infections with low dose for G7R, 3x and 4x RdRp mutants, respectively. D, E & F, infections with high dose for G7R, 3x and 4x RdRp mutants, respectively. All titers were calculated from using standard curves run concurrently with the samples. G. The correlation between number of clones and titer for...
Data
Comparison of the fidelity mutants to the wild type for bodies. A). At 10^6 pfu/ml infection where the bodies were statistically different from the wild-type by two way ANOVA at P<0.0001, all fidelity clones showed differences from the wild-type by Dunnetts multiple comparisons test. B). At 10^5 pfu/ml infection where the bodies were statistically...
Data
The number of stop codons produced along the genome. The genome was sub-divided into 100 bins and the first column corresponds to the bin centers for that bin. This table was used to produce Fig 2C. (DOCX)
Data
The changes in mutation frequency for each individual cell type. The table shows the significance as determined by two-way ANOVA p<0.0001. Individual changes are found in the table. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001. (TIFF)
Data
The number of 68U201 marked clones present in the tissues of mice on days 1–7 post infection. Mice were infected with an equal mixture of 8 clones and perfused to remove infected blood before tissues were sampled. (TIFF)
Article
1. Introduction 2. The need for tick genome resources 3. Data-driven solutions for tick and tick-borne disease control 3.1. The systems biology of tick-host-pathogen interactions 3.2. The link between tick genetics, vector competence and disease transmission 3.3. Genetic frameworks for Ixodes control 4. The Ix1000G roadmap 4.1. Priority area 1: Hig...
Article
Full-text available
Tick-borne viral diseases continue to emerge in the United States, as clearly evident from the increase in Powassan encephalitis virus, Heartland virus, and Bourbon virus infections. Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs) are transmitted to the mammalian host along with the infected tick saliva during blood-feeding. Successful tick feeding is facilitated...
Article
The Flavivirus genus comprises a diverse group of viruses that utilize a wide range of vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. The genus includes viruses that are transmitted solely by mosquitoes or vertebrate hosts as well as viruses that alternate transmission between mosquitoes or ticks and vertebrates. Nevertheless, the viral genetic determinan...
Article
Full-text available
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas) strains that are toxic to mosquito larvae because they express chloroplast transgenes that are based on the mosquitocidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) could be very useful in mosquito control. Chlamydomonas has several advantages for this approach, including genetic controls n...
Article
Full-text available
Emerging and re-emerging diseases transmitted by blood feeding arthropods are significant global public health problems. Ticks transmit the greatest variety of pathogenic microorganisms of any blood feeding arthropod. Infectious agents transmitted by ticks are delivered to the vertebrate host together with saliva at the bite site. Tick salivary gla...
Article
Heartland virus (HRTV) is an emerging tick-borne virus (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) that has caused sporadic cases of human disease in several central and mid-eastern states of America. Animal models of HRTV disease are needed to gain insights into viral pathogenesis and advancing antiviral drug development. Presence of clinical disease following HR...
Article
Full-text available
Ticks are efficient vectors of arboviruses, although less than 10% of tick species are known to be virus vectors. Most tick-borne viruses (TBV) are RNA viruses some of which cause serious diseases in humans and animals world-wide. Several TBV impacting human or domesticated animal health have been found to emerge or re-emerge recently. In order to...
Article
Full-text available
Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti, has recently spread globally in an unprecedented fashion, yet we have a poor understanding of host-microbe interactions in this system. To gain insights into the interplay between ZIKV and the mosquito, we sequenced the small RNA profiles in ZIKV-infected and non-infected Ae. a...
Article
Full-text available
Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti, has recently spread globally in an unprecedented fashion, yet we have a poor understanding of host-microbe interactions in this system. To gain insights into the interplay between ZIKV and the mosquito, we sequenced the small RNA profiles in ZIKV-infected and non-infected Ae. a...
Data
Small RNA read summary in ZIKV-infected and non-infected libraries. (DOCX)
Data
Viral quantification of individual mosquitoes used for high throughput sequencing. (PDF)
Data
Average Ct values of the U6B small nuclear RNA in Zika virus infected and uninfected mosquitoes at days 2, 7, and 14 post infection. (PDF)
Data
Predicted transcripts modulated by miRNAs. (XLSX)
Data
Potential interactions between the host differentially expressed miRNAs and the ZIKV genome. (DOCX)
Article
Full-text available
We are developing Chlamydomonas strains that can be used for safe and sustainable control of mosquitoes, because they produce proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) in the chloroplast. Chlamydomonas has a number of advantages for this approach, including genetic controls that are not generally available with industrial algae....
Article
Full-text available
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have continued to emerge in recent years, posing a significant health threat to millions of people worldwide. The majority of arboviruses that are pathogenic to humans are transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks, but other types of arthropod vectors can also be involved in the transmission of these viruses. To alle...
Article
Full-text available
Powassan virus (POWV, Flaviviridae) is the only North American member of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup of flaviviruses. It is transmitted to small- and medium-sized mammals by Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes cookei, and several other Ixodes tick species. Humans become infected with POWV during spillover transmission from the natural transmission...
Article
During the past two decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the recognition and characterization of novel insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFVs). Some of these agents are closely related to important mosquito-borne flavivirus pathogens. Results of experimental studies suggest that mosquitoes and mosquito cell cultures infected with some ISFVs...
Article
Full-text available
Zika virus has recently spread throughout the Americas. Although Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are considered the primary vector, Culex quinquefasciatus and mosquitoes of other species may also be vectors. We tested Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. taeniorhynchus mosquitoes from the US Gulf Coast; both were refractory to infection and incapable of transmiss...
Article
Full-text available
Tick-borne viruses include medically important zoonotic pathogens that can cause life-threatening diseases. Unlike mosquito-borne viruses, whose impact can be restrained via mosquito population control programs, for tick-borne viruses only vaccination remains the reliable means of disease prevention. For live vaccine viruses a concern exists, that...
Article
Full-text available
Previous experimental studies have demonstrated that a number of mosquito-borne flavivirus pathogens are vertically transmitted in their insect vectors, providing a mechanism for these arboviruses to persist during adverse climatic conditions or in the absence of a susceptible vertebrate host. In this study, designed to test whether Zika virus (ZIK...
Article
Full-text available
Powassan virus (POWV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae and is a member of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup. Transmission of POWV from infected ticks to humans has been documented in the USA, Canada, and Russia, causing fatal encephalitis in 10% of human cases and significant neurological sequelae in survivors. We used C57BL/6 mice to investi...
Article
Full-text available
Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne flavivirus that can result in a severe neuroinvasive disease with 50% of survivors displaying long-term neurological sequelae. Human POWV cases have been documented in Canada, the United States, and Russia. Although the number of reported POWV human cases has increased in the past fifteen years, POWV remains on...
Article
Full-text available
Powassan virus (POWV) is an encephalitic tick-borne flavivirus which can result in serious neuroinvasive disease with up to a 10% case fatality rate. The study objective was to determine whether the salivary gland extract (SGE) from Ixodes scapularis ticks facilitates the transmission and dissemination of POWV in a process known as saliva-activated...
Article
Full-text available
Author Summary Mosquito saliva contains a complex repertoire of bioactive factors that are secreted into blood feeding site, the skin. Infected mosquitoes transmit pathogens to the host during feeding via saliva. The bioactive factors in mosquito saliva are responsible for modulating host hemostasis, immune defenses and pain/itch responses, and hav...
Article
Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the detection and characterization of insect-specific viruses in field-collected mosquitoes. Evidence suggests that these viruses are ubiquitous in nature and that many are maintained by vertical transmission in mosquito populations. Some studies suggest that the presence of insect-specific viruses ma...
Article
Full-text available
Emerging Microbes and Infections (EMI) is a new open access, fully peer-reviewed journal that will publish the best and most interesting research in emerging microbes and infectious disease.
Article
Tick borne diseases continue to emerge and have a great impact on public health and agriculture. In addition, many of the tick borne diseases agents, which are classified as Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) viruses, have the potential to be used as biothreat agents. In spite of the known importance of these pathogens, there is an acute shortage of facilit...
Article
Full-text available
Tick salivary glands produce complex cocktails of bioactive molecules that facilitate blood feeding and pathogen transmission by modulating host hemostasis, pain/itch responses, wound healing, and both innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, cutaneous responses at Dermacentor andersoni bite-sites were analyzed using Affymetrix mouse genome arr...
Data
##Assembly-Data-START## Assembly Method :: Bowtie v. 1 Sequencing Technology :: Illumina ##Assembly-Data-END##
Article
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Abbreviations: POWV, Powassan virus; TNF, tumor necrosis factor
Article
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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is one of the most geographically widespread arboviruses and causes a severe hemorrhagic syndrome in humans. The virus circulates in nature in a vertebrate-tick cycle and ticks of the genus Hyalomma are the main vectors and reservoirs. Although the tick vector plays a central role in the maintenance and...
Article
Full-text available
Ixodes species ticks are competent vectors of tick-borne viruses including tick-borne encephalitis and Powassan encephalitis. Tick saliva has been shown to facilitate and enhance viral infection. This likely occurs by saliva-mediated modulation of host responses into patterns favorable for viral infection and dissemination. Because of the rapid kin...
Data
Histopathology of Ixodes scapularis nymphal bite sites at 1 hr PI. Skin biopsies were fixed in formaldehyde prior to decalcification and paraffin embedding. Sections were stained with Geimsa, as described in methods section. Mast cells appear as collections of dark purple granules. (TIF)
Data
Correlation between the microarray and the real-time PCR analysis. FC, fold change; P val, p-value; hpi, hours post-infestation. (DOCX)
Article
Full-text available
Ixodes scapularis ticks are hematophagous arthropods capable of transmitting many infectious agents to humans. The process of blood feeding is an extended and continuous interplay between tick and host responses. While this process has been studied extensively in vitro, no global understanding of the host response to ticks has emerged. To address t...
Data
Gene groups used to allow comparisons between time points. All 233 genes measured in this study were grouped based on characteristics of the encoded protein. These groups were used to allow comparisons between time points throughout our study.
Data
Full-text available
Direct comparison of PCR array and qRT-PCR validation experiments. Fold change and p-values obtained from the PCR array and qRT-PCR validation experiments are directly compared. "Primary" refers to primary infestation, while "secondary" refers to the secondary exposure. A "+" marks fold changes calculated from transcripts below the detection limit...
Data
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Statistical comparison between primary and secondary infestations. Significant changes in gene expression between primary and secondary infestation were measured using LIMMA and the same filtering criteria as before (Methods). Each column shows the genes significantly modulated over the primary infestation during a secondary exposure of mice to I....
Data
Full-text available
Comparison of PCR array, qRT-PCR validation, and protein expression levels. Gene expression and protein levels were compared by transforming protein expression data into fold change in fluorescence intensity over control samples. "ns" refers to non-significant results (p-value > 0.01 for gene expression and > 0.05 for protein expression); "+" denot...
Data
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List of genes measured by qRT-PCR for validation of PCR array results.
Article
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Outbreaks of Mayaro fever have been associated with a sylvatic cycle of Mayaro virus (MAYV) transmission in South America. To evaluate the potential for a common urban mosquito to transmit MAYV, laboratory vector competence studies were performed with Aedes aegypti from Iquitos, Peru. Oral infection in Ae. aegypti ranged from 0% (0/31) to 84% (31/3...
Data
Surface representation for Furin and Subtilisin, and backbone trace representation for CrSPI-1 of the heterotrimer model. (TIF)
Article
Full-text available
Serine proteases play a crucial role in host-pathogen interactions. In the innate immune system of invertebrates, multi-domain protease inhibitors are important for the regulation of host-pathogen interactions and antimicrobial activities. Serine protease inhibitors, 9.3-kDa CrSPI isoforms 1 and 2, have been identified from the hepatopancreas of th...
Data
Interactions associated for rigidity of reactive site loop of CrSPI-1-D1. (DOC)
Data
Site-directed mutagenesis strategy for CrSPI-1-D1. (DOC)
Data
Isothermal Titration Calorimetric (ITC) curve for rCrSPI-1 titrated against subtilisin at 37°C. Each peak represents the injection of rCrSPI-1 0.2 mM into the ITC cell containing subtilisin 0.012 mM, in buffer PBS pH 7.4, 10 mM BME. A sequence of 18 injections, each injection consisting of 2 μL of ligand solution, was performed. The experimental da...
Data
The specificity of CrSPI-1-D1 tetra mutant for thrombin ascertained by comparison with other proteases. SDS-PAGE analysis for the interaction of CrSPI-1-D1 wild type and tetra mutant with different proteases. A) Lane 1 protein marker; Lane 2 CrSPI-1-D1 alone and Lane 3-7 CrSPI-1-D1 wild type incubated with human α-thrombin, chymotrypsin, trypsin, e...
Data
CD spectroscopy profile of reverse phase HPLC purified CrSPI-1-D1. Far-UV CD spectra (260–190 nm) of CrSPI-1-D1 dissolved in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) at a 30 μM protein concentration were collected using a Jasco J-810 spectropolarimeter (Easton, MD). All measurements were carried out at room temperature using 0.1-cm path length cuvettes with...
Data
Alignment of amino acid sequences of non-classical group I Kazal-type inhibitors AEI, CrSPI-1 domain I, domain II and a selected classical Kazal-type inhibitor OMSVP3. The sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL-W. The reactive site is denoted with an arrow. Disulfide bonds are linked as follows: α-β, II-IV, and III-VI for the non classical group I in...
Article
Full-text available
Protease inhibitors play a decisive role in maintaining homeostasis and eliciting antimicrobial activities. Invertebrates like the horseshoe crab have developed unique modalities with serine protease inhibitors to detect and respond to microbial and host proteases. Two isoforms of an immunomodulatory two-domain Kazal-like serine protease inhibitor,...
Article
Full-text available
Mosquito-borne diseases are a worldwide public health threat. Mosquitoes transmit viruses or parasites during feeding, along with salivary proteins that modulate host responses to facilitate both blood feeding and pathogen transmission. Understanding these earliest events in mosquito transmission of arboviruses by mosquitoes is essential for develo...

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