Sarah Green

• PhD, 1992, MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• Professor (Full) at Michigan Technological University

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex mixture of naturally occurring organic molecules originating from multiple marine and terrestrial sources. DOM plays a significant role in water quality by affecting the photochemistry, trace metal transport, and acidity in aquatic systems. Understanding the chemical composition of DOM helps interpret the...

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a critical part of the global carbon cycle. Currently, it is understood that at least a portion of the chromophoric DOM (CDOM) character can be described through an electronic interaction of charge transfer (CT) complexes. While much work has been done to understand the influence of CT on soil and aquatic reference...

Where light penetration is excellent, the combination of LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) and passive bottom reflectance (multispectral, hyperspectral) greatly aids environmental studies. Over a century ago, two stamp mills (Mohawk and Wolverine) released 22.7 million metric tons of copper-rich tailings into Grand Traverse Bay (Lake Superior). T...

The Straits of Mackinac hydraulically link Lakes Michigan and Huron (Figure 1), and are wide and deep enough (average depth 20 m) to permit the same average water level in both water bodies, technically making them two lobes of a single large lake. The combined Michigan–Huron system forms the largest lake in the world by surface area and the fourth...

Cook et al. reported a 97% scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming (AGW), based on a study of 11,944 abstracts in peer-reviewed science journals. Powell claims that the Cook et al. methodology was flawed and that the true consensus is virtually unanimous at 99.99%. Powell’s method underestimates the level of disagreement because it rel...

Core Ideas Dissolved organic matter character should be evaluated when selecting Fe quantitation methods. The o ‐phenanthroline Method cannot consistently speciate Fe in bogs and fens. Ionic liquid extraction yields superior Fe quantitation over o ‐phenanthroline. Globally, peatland ecosystems store tremendous amounts of C relative to their extent...

The consensus that humans are causing recent global warming is shared by 90%–100% of publishing climate scientists according to six independent studies by co-authors of this paper. Those results are consistent with the 97% consensus reported by Cook et al (Environ. Res. Lett. 8 024024) based on 11 944 abstracts of research papers, of which 4014 to...

Human activities, principally the burning of fossil fuels, are changing the climate. Despite widespread scientific consensus on this fact, communicating the risks posed by climate change to the public remains challenging. We examine the role of contrarian narratives in climate communication, focusing on two terminological claims—(1) that scientists...

The Chapter 4.17 has described the geological evolution of the Great Lakes and their hydrology and introduced selected features of lake physics, chemistry, and biology. In this chapter, two of the most important pollutant classes in the Great Lakes, nutrients and persistent bioaccumulative toxins, and biogeochemically mediated interactions between...

These perspectives on a sustainable future for the Great Lakes evolve from the premise that an ethic supporting that objective is already in place. Given that ethic, the authors work toward the development of a scientific foundation that can guide management decisions and the development and implementation of novel technologies in support of those...

Free radicals are present in cigarette smoke and can have a negative effect on human health. However, little is known about their formation mechanisms. Acetyl radicals were quantified in tobacco smoke and mechanisms for their generation were investigated by computer simulations. Acetyl radicals were trapped from the gas phase using 3-amino-2, 2, 5,...

There are numerous examples of past and present mine disposal into freshwater and marine coastal bays and riverine environments. Due to its high spatial resolution and extended water penetration, coastal light detection and ranging (LiDAR), coupled with multispectral scanning (MSS), has great promise for resolving disturbed shoreline features in lo...

These perspectives on a sustainable future for the Great Lakes evolve from the premise that an ethic supporting that objective is already in place. Given that ethic, the authors work toward the development of a scientific foundation that can guide management decisions and the development and implementation of novel technologies in support of those...

We analyze the evolution of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming (AGW) in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, examining 11 944 climate abstracts from 1991–2011 matching the topics ‘global climate change’ or ‘global warming’. We find that 66.4% of abstracts expressed no position on AGW, 32.6% endorsed AGW, 0.7% rejected AGW...

Due to its high spatial resolution and excellent water penetration, coastal light detection and ranging (LiDAR) coupled with multispectral imaging (MSS) has great promise for resolving shoreline features in the Great Lakes. Previous investigations in Lake Superior documented a metal-rich ''halo'' around the Keweenaw Peninsula, related to past coppe...

Formyl groups at 6- and 2,6-positions initiated Knoevenagel reactions of the Me groups at the 7, and 1,7-positions of 1,3,5,7-tetra-Me BODIPY dyes with arom. aldehydes. Formation of vinyl bonds at the 7-, and 1,7-positions facilitates further Knoevenagel reactions of the Me groups at the 3,5-positions. This approach offers fast, facile and versatil...

A demonstration of pH sensing for natural waters using nanoscaled porous media and electro-osmotic flow sampling has been performed. This paper presents an innovative integration of sensing and nano-scaled fluidic actuation in the combination of pH sensitive optical dye immobilization with the electro-osmotic phenomena in polar solvents like water....

A series of novel highly water-soluble neutral BODIPY dyes have been obtained by functionalization of BODIPY dyes with branched oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether groups at positions 8, 2 and 6 or 4 and 4'. Use of an ortho-substituent group of branched oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether on the meso-phenyl ring of BODIPY dyes and replacement of the...

One-pot Knoevenagel self-condensation reaction of β-formyl BODIPY dye bearing a formyl group at 2-position offered dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric BODIPY dyes containing a formyl capping end group, exhibiting panchromatic absorption.

Key steps in the synthesis of the title compound (VII) are the prenyl-group introduction and a iodine-initiated aminocyclization to form the azaspirocycle.

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide is purified by capping failure sequences with an acrylated phosphoramidite followed by polymerization and product extraction. The method is suitable for large scale oligonucleotide drug purification.

Novel near-Infrared emissive BODIPY polymeric dyes (polymers A and B) were prepared by Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of 2,6-diiodo BODIPY dyes bearing one and two styryl groups at 3,5 positions (5, 6) with 2,6-diethynyl BODIPY dye, respectively. These polymeric dyes (A and B) display absorption maxima at 697 and 738 nm, and emission maxima at...

This paper has been withdrawn.

The synthesis of 3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-8-thia-1-azaspiro[4.5]decane is described. Key steps include the addition of prenyl magnesium bromide to a 4-methoxybenzylimine without reversal of stereochemistry and the iodine-initiated aminocyclization to form the azaspirocycle.

a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Available online xxxx Communicated by G. Fahnenstiel Index words: Winter chlorophyll SeaWiFS Lake Michigan Quagga Between 1990 and 2001, late-winter phytoplankton blooms were common in parts of the lower Great Lakes (southern Lake Michigan, Saginaw Bay and southern Lake Huron, and western Lake Erie), providing...

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are functionalized and solubilized in organic solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, and tetrahydrofuran by using conjugated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s (PPEs) (polymers A and B) and polythiophene (polymer C) via a noncovalent functionalization approach through strong pi-pi stacking interactions between t...

Fluorescamine derivatized 3-amino-2,2,5,5,-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (I) is shown to undergo an irreversible reaction with peroxyl radicals and other radical oxidants to generate a more highly fluorescent diamagnetic product (II) and thus can be used as a highly sensitive and versatile probe to determine oxidant production optically, either by...

Deep-red emissive polymeric BODIPY dyes (polymers A and B), poly(2,6-BODIPY-ethynylene)s, were prepared by palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira polymerization of 2,6-diiodo-functionalized BODIPY monomers with 2,6-diethynyl-functionalized BODIPY monomers. Poly(2,6-BODIPY-ethynylene)s emit in the deep-red region with emission spectral maxima at around 680...

Novel results were obtained when a fulvic acid was isolated from Acros humic acid and fractionated by traditional preparative thin-layer chromatography. Eight colorful bands were directly viewed and analyzed showing very different fluorescence and absorption properties. The fluorescence quantum yield of the bands ranged from 2% to 9.4%, significant...

Stable nitroxides are potential antioxidant drugs. In this study, we have linked nitroxide to natural amino acids with the aim to improve therapeutic activity. The radical scavenging activities of two nitronyl nitroxide-amino acid conjugates (NNR and NNK) were evaluated in PC 12 cell survival assays. The NO scavenging activities of these compounds...

Contrary to expectations of fairly uniform and unstratified waters, sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS) and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery revealed a spatially complex chlorophyll a pattern, termed the "doughnut," in southern Lake Michigan during March to April. Phosphorus-rich coastal waters and sediments...

SeaWiFS imagery has revealed a spatially complex, annually reoccurring pattern of chl a in the open waters of Southern Lake Michigan during late winter to early spring (March-April). The circular ring (doughnut) persists for weeks and occurs every year. A cross-lake survey in April 2001 confirmed the doughnut pattern and demonstrated that the gyre...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1992. Includes bibliographical references. by Sarah Anita Green. Ph.D.

1] Carbon (C) cycling in Lake Superior was studied within the Keweenaw Interdisciplinary Transport Experiment in Superior (KITES) project to assess (1) whether the lake is net heterotrophic, (2) sources, sinks and residence time for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), (3) importance of terrigenous organic C subsidies, and (4) factors limiting C flow th...

A direct solar irradiation experiment was conducted for Lake Superior water (initial [DOC] = 2.49 mgC/L) and Sturgeon River water (initial [DOC] = 33.95 mgC/L) in Lake Superior on 22–23 August 1999. Water samples were sealed in quartz tubes and suspended in the lake at 0 m, 6 m, and 24 m. Samples were collected after 5.5 h and 15.5 h of exposure to...

Bio-optical properties of the ocean have been broadly investigated using Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor imagery (SeaWiFS), from which numerous globally and regionally optimized bio-optical algorithms have emerged. As a first step in evaluating bio-optical algorithms for the Laurentian Great Lakes, we tes...

The syntheses and metal-responsive properties of poly(p-phenyleenethynylene)s with grafted new pseudo-crown-ether groups are reported. These polymers exhibit high sensitivities to alkali ions because of their collective optical properties, which are very sensitive to ion-induced conformational changes. The quenching of polymer fluorescence caused b...

Two projects in the Laurentian Great Lakes were funded under the Coastal Ocean Processes Program. In Lake Superior the Keweenaw Interdisciplinary Transport Experiment in Superior (KITES) focused on a region dominated by a strong coastal jet, and a sister project in Lake Michigan, Episodic Events-Great Lakes Experiment (EEGLE), concentrated on the b...

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and dissolved organic matter (DOM) charac-ter were investigated in soil water (15 and 40 cm) and streams at eleven sites in Olympic National Park. In addition, the effect of added nitrogen on soil water DOM concentration and composition was tested. Forested plots covering a gradient of precipitation, cli...

The Chapter 4.17 has described the geological evolution of the Great Lakes and their hydrology and introduced selected features of lake physics, chemistry, and biology. In this chapter, two of the most important pollutant classes in the Great Lakes, nutrients and persistent bioaccumulative toxins, and biogeochemically mediated interactions between...

Offshore transport across the thermal front along the Keweenaw coast in Lake Superior was examined by tracking the trajectories of water particles in the model-simulated three-dimensional (3D) flow field of July 1973. Particles were released at different depths and horizontal locations within the Keweenaw Current during various wind events and were...

Knowledge of actinic flux levels in snowpack is needed to find the influence of snowpack photochemical processes on atmospheric composition. Measurements show that while <0.2% of direct UV and visible light is transmitted through 0.7 cm of snowpack, downwelling actinic flux levels are at least 10% of incident levels at a depth of 10 cm within the s...

Chemical actinometry was used to measure nitrate photolysis rate coefficients, JNO3−, on and in snowpack at Summit, Greenland. Sealed glass tubes containing nitrate and a hydroxyl radical trapping system were buried in snow and exposed for between 2 and 24h. Average JNO3− values for 2-h midday exposures in early June on surface snow were 10–14×10−7...

We used an improved method for trapping carbon-centered radicals (.R) from the gas-phase to compare radical suites trapped from various tobacco smoke and model smoke systems. Using a nitroxide trap, 3-amino-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (3AP), on solid support, we trapped radicals directly from the gas phase, washed them off the support, an...

The Keweenaw Current, observed along the coast of the Keweenaw Peninsula in Lake Superior during July 1973, was simulated using a 3D, nonorthogonal coordinate transformation, primitive equation coastal ocean model. The model domain covered the entire lake with a high resolution of 250-600 m in the cross-shelf direction and 4-6 km in the alongshelf...

The formation and evolution of the Keweenaw Current in Lake Superior were examined using a nonorthogonal- coordinate primitive equation numerical model. The model was initialized by the monthly averaged temperature field observed in June and September 1973 and run prognostically under different forcing conditions with and without winds. As a Rossby...

Photochemical production and release of gas-phase NOx (NO+NO2) from the natural snowpack at a remote site in northern Michigan were investigated during the Snow Nitrogen and Oxidants in Winter study in January 1999. Snow was collected in an open 34 L chamber, which was then sealed with a transparent Teflon cover and used as an outdoor flow and reac...

Over 500 million tons of copper-rich mine tailings were dumped into lakes, rivers, wetlands, and along the shore of Lake Superior between 1850 and 1968. Metals leaching from mine residues have impacted ecosystems throughout the Keweenaw Peninsula as well as Lake Superior. The objective of this study was to elucidate the chemical processes that rele...

A dynamic kinetic model for the advanced oxidation process (AOP) using hydrogen per oxide and ultraviolet irradiation (H2O2/UV) in a completely mixed batch reactor (CMBR) is developed. The model includes the known elementary chemical and photochemical reactions, and literature reported photochemical parameters and chemical reaction rate constants a...

The renewed interest in naphthenic acid (NA) as a wood preservative has driven the need for analytical techniques to characterize commercial supplies of NA. The compositional heterogeneity of NA makes analytical characterization extremely difficult. Fluoride ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (FI-MS) has proven to be an effective technique i...

Carbon-centered radicals were trapped from gas-phase cigarette smoke and diesel engine exhaust by reaction with a nitroxide, 3-amino-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (3AP). The resulting mixture of stable, diamagnetic adducts was derivatized with naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde (NDA) to produce highly fluorescent products. Derivatives were separat...

Intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer was observed from a nitroxide radical to a diimide acceptor in N,N'-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-N-oxidopiperidin-4-yl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenediimide (DTDI). Irradiation of this substrate produced a zwitterion in which the diimide monoanion, with a lifetime of >200 mu s, was detected by transient absorbance spe...

A kinetic characterization of the excited-state deprotonation of beta-naphthol in sub- and supercritical water establishes large deviations from Arrhenius behavior above 110 degrees C. The fluorescence decay rate constant increases much less with temperature than expected and then decreases at temperatures and pressures beyond the critical point. T...

Complete optical absorption and fluorescence spectra were collected for a diverse suite of 0.2‐ µ m‐filtered marine, riverine, and estuarine waters, as well as for colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) isolated from several of these waters by solid‐phase C 18 extraction. Absorption and fluorescence parameters for these samples arc reported. For s...

We present an experimental model of CDOM solar-stimulated fluorescence. Three-dimensional fluo- rescence spectra of natural waters were used to determine the solar-stimulated emission as a function of depth in the water column. Inclusion of the wavelength-dependent fluorescence quantum yield provides emission values in absolute units of photons s I...

A fluorescence quenching technique was employed to explore the electrostatic properties of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA). Cationic nitroxides were found to be up to 16 times more effective than neutral analogues in quenching the fluorescence of humic materials. This result is attributed to the enhanced Coulombic attraction of cations to the...

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THE natural fluorescence properties of sea water provide a means of elucidating the complex chemical composition and diverse sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sea water1–6. The positions of excitation and emission maxima for a wide range of natural water samples show remarkable similarity7. High-sensitivity fluorescence spectroscopic stu...

Absorbance and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements were employed to examine the mechanism(s) of excited singlet state quenching by nitroxides in a series of nitroxide-fluorophore adducts. This work establishes the following: (1) the absorption and emission energies of the fluorophores are unaffected by the presence of the nitro...