Sara Nazif

In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the stochastic nature of influent wastewater and operational and weather conditions cause fluctuations in effluent quality. Data-driven models can forecast effluent quality a few hours ahead as a response to the influent characteristics, providing enough time to adjust system operations and avoid undesired co...

To ensure the preservation of public health during periods of water distribution network (WDN) contamination, implementing effective consequence management (CM) plans is crucial. This study aimed to minimize the number of operational interventions and mitigate adverse effects on public health by considering WDN leakage and demand changes during con...

The main necessity of sustainable water resource management is an accurate estimation of the water demands. Therefore, all the factors affecting water demand in different sectors should be considered. Based on recent investigations, climate change has impacted the hydrologic system and subsequently the water demands. Thus, this study attempts to id...

Contamination intrusion into the municipal water distribution network (WDN) without appropriate action may lead to disaster. This study examined community resilience (CR) and its effects on optimal consequence management (CM) plans. CR was measured by five dimensions: governance, preparedness, social learning, social trust, and collective efficacy....

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play an important role in protecting the quality of water sources. The optimum operation of WWTPs in response to continuous changes in the characteristics of the influent of the WWTP is very important, and it can improve the quality of the effluent of the WWTP. In this study, an approach for optimal operation of...

Climate change and its intensifying impact on the hydrological cycle have been acknowledged in recent years. Considering the importance of available snow to the water resources recharge, especially in semiarid regions, evaluating climate change impacts on snow cover area (SCA) has gained significant attention. In this study, a methodology is presen...

Water distribution networks are susceptible to pollutants entering the system. Continuous monitoring of water quality parameters in distribution networks improves the network performance and warns of pollution in the water distribution network. This research proposes an ARIMA model for water quality parameters (Cl, TOC, and pH) prediction by analyz...

Tertiary treatment methods can result in severe environmental impacts that should be taken into consideration when deciding about the best system for wastewater reuse applications beside technical and economic issues. Life cycle assessment (LCA) commonly is used for evaluating the environmental impacts of these methods. Given the importance of unce...

As a result of urbanization and population growth, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are experiencing increased influent flow rates, pollutant loads, and stricter standards for effluent quality. Therefore, implementing a control strategy is critical for improving the performance of WWTPs in response to highly variable effluent quality. In this st...

Irrigated agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater globally. Despite the clarity of influential factors and deriving forces, estimation of the volumetric irrigation demand using biophysical models is prohibitively difficult. Data-driven models have proven their ability to predict geophysical and hydrological phenomena with only a handful o...

It is crucial to have reasonable control over the production, transmission, storage, and distribution of water, through reliable hardware and software. Cyber sensors can extract water quality information. For obtaining awareness of water status, the collected data needs to be mined. Outlier mining is responsible for finding patterns that are differ...

Flooding in urban area affects the lives of people and could cause huge damages. In this study, a model is proposed for urban flood management with the aim of reducing the total costs. For this purpose, a hybrid model has been developed using SWMM and a quasi-two-dimensional model based on the cellular automata capable of considering surface flow i...

One way to mitigate the risk of consumption of contaminated water in water distribution networks is optimal placement of the quality sensors. A considerable challenge in this respect is the significance of contamination at a junction. Beside the population affected and the volume of the contaminated water consumed, importance of each junction is a...

Urban settings are areas in which wide aspects of human life are supported. In other words, they are context for economic, social, political, and other human activities and growth. Therefore, the proportion of people inhabited in cities is increasing over time. The concentration of people in urban areas leads to new problems including water resourc...

Climate change has a dramatic effect on the hydrologic variables including extreme rainfall amounts. To evaluate the climate change effects, general circulation models (GCMs) have been developed. However, due to the daily temporal scale of GCM outputs which could be insufficient for some hydrological studies, disaggregation models are introduced. T...

The continuous growing demand for water, prolonged periods of drought, and climatic uncertainties attributed mainly to climate change mean surface water reservoirs more than ever need to be managed efficiently. Several optimization algorithms have been developed to optimize multi-reservoir systems operation, mostly during severe dry/wet seasons, to...

The continuous growing demand for water, prolonged periods of drought, and climatic uncertainties attributed mainly to climate change mean surface water reservoirs more than ever need to be managed efficiently. Several optimization algorithms have been developed to optimize multi-reservoir systems operation, mostly during severe dry/wet seasons, to...

Flooding in urban area affects the lives of people and could cause huge damages. In this study, a model is proposed for urban flood management with the aim of reducing the total costs. For this purpose, a hybrid model has been developed using SWMM and a quasi-two-dimensional model based on the cellular automata (CA) capable of considering surface f...

In the context of urban flood management, it is necessary to estimate flood depth and area accurately. Therefore, development of a flood simulation models with acceptable accuracy could be the first step to fulfill this goal. This study developed the Storm Water Management Model Two-Dimensional Cellular Automata (SWMM-2DCA) to simulate inundation c...

Rainwater harvesting is a simple, eco‐friendly, and effective way of collecting water from natural precipitation, which has been applied for many years in different countries. Types and characteristics of rainwater storage systems are determined regarding to the selected rainwater harvesting method and the usages of stored water. In other words, in...

In urban areas with a considerable amount of impervious areas, green roofs can be effectively used for natural runoff management in urban areas in addition to other runoff management practices. In this chapter, after an introduction about green roof types and characteristics (components and performance), their effects on urban runoff quantity and q...

One of the ways to reduce the risk of contaminated water consumption is to optimally locate the quality sensors. These sensors warn users in the case of contamination detection. Analyzing the actual conditions of the contamination which enters the network is faced with many uncertainties. These uncertainties include the dose of contamination, time...

Salinization of groundwater resources, especially in arid areas, limits their use. This problem can be aggravated by low annual precipitation, greater evaporation, and an excessive water discharge. The various sources of salinization, particularly in the unconfined aquifers, make it difficult to manage these resources. The sources of salinity can b...

باتوجه به پتانسیل بالای ورود الودگی به شبکه های توزیع آب شهری، اقداماتی که منجر به حفاظت از این شبکه ها می شوند، ضرورت می یابند. در نتیجه توجه ویژه به این دست سامانه ها خصوصا در شرایط بحرانی بروز آلودگی، به دلیل اثرگذاری بالا بر سلامت مردم، امری ناگزیر است. این پژوهش درصدد است با در نظرگیری سناریوی ورود آلاینده به شبکه آبرسانی شهری و بکارگیری روش ت...

One of the ways to reduce the risk of contaminated water consumption is to optimally locate the quality sensors. These sensors warn users in the case of contamination detection. Analyzing the actual conditions of the contamination enter to the network is faced with many uncertainties. These uncertainties include the dose of contamination, time and...

از بارش میتوان به عنوان یکی از مهمترین متغیرهای هواشناسی اثرگذار بر روی منابع آب و وضعیتهای حدی آنها مانند سیل و خشکسالی نام برد. وجود پیچیدگی های عناصر اقلیمی در مقیاس زمانی و مکانی لزوم به کارگیری روشهای کارآمد مانند تحلیل طیفی را برای مطالعه الگوی اقلیمی نشان میدهد. از سویی بررسی رفتار بلندمدت بارش در یک حوزه یکی از مسایل کاربردی در بخش مدیریت م...

One of the major pollutants in the leachate is phenol. Due to safety and environmental problems, removal of phenol from leachate is essential. Most of the adsorption studies have been conducted in batch systems. Practically, large-scale adsorption is carried out in continuous systems. In this research, the adsorption method has been used for phenol...

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to assess the environmental impacts of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), along with 20 tertiary treatment options for reuse in agricultural irrigation, artificial recharge of groundwater, and industrial usages. Impact 2002+ was adopted as the life-cycle impact assessment method. The results indicate that t...

In recent years, the stable isotopes of the water molecule (oxygen-18 and deuterium) has become a useful tool for tracking the water cycle. The concentration of these tracers changes with variations of water molecule within the water cycle. Due to this feature of isotopes, the global large-scale isotope models have been developed. On the other hand...

In recent years, reverse osmosis (RO) systems have been highly utilized in industrial processes. One of the most important operational issues of these systems is membrane fouling, which leads to high operating costs and environmental impacts. The purpose of this research is to optimize RO systems' operation to reduce fouling, increase membrane life...

This study proposes an algorithm for the improvement of water distribution networks (WDNs) performance using system dynamics. In the first part, the hydraulic and environmental performance of WDNs is investigated. The hydraulic performance is assessed based on the pressure of nodes and the flow velocity in pipes. Furthermore, using life cycle asses...

Supplementary Materials for Improving the Performance of Water Distribution Networks Based on the Value Index in the System Dynamics Framework

The estimation of river run-off is a complex process, but it is of vital importance to the proper operation of reservoirs, the design of hydraulic structures, flood control, drought management and the supply of water and electricity. The high uncertainty in rainfall–run-off modelling and lack of data has made the development of rainfall–run-off mod...

Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) are one of the main parts of water supply systems. Since WDNs play a key role in providing public services and protecting health and environment, evaluation of their performance and costs during their operation time is of high importance. Therefore, this study proposes an index for evaluation of WDN performance in...

با افزایش نیازهای آبی تمایل استفاده از آب های زیرزمینی به عنوان منبع تامین آب بیشتر خودنمایی می کند. عدم شناخت صحیح و درک میزان آسیب پذیری آب های زیرزمینی ممکن است سبب ایجاد آلودگی های شدید در این منابع شود به گونه ای که شاید بهره برداری از آنها ناممکن گردد. با گسترش شهرنشینی و تغییر کاربری اراضی در مناطق مختلف، نیترات و ترکیبات ناشی از آن یکی از م...

Life cycle inventories data has been provided for all pipes diameters, considered in the study, in the supporting information file.

Drinking water distribution networks (DWDNs) are one of the most significant components of urban water systems. Although the environmental aspects of DWDNs’ construction could be very important, limited studies have considered environmental impact (EI) of DWDN. Using Life Cycle Assessment, this paper evaluates the EI of five types of pipe materials...

Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) are one of the pivotal urban infrastructures. The main objective of WDNs is to deliver enough water with the allowable quality and suitable pressure to the consumers. Considering the importance of these networks, adopting appropriate methods for investigating their performance during operation time is necessary. T...

Leakages result in considerable loss of water in water pipe networks. Therefore it is an important issue to detect leakage amount and its approximate location. Leakages in water distribution system are directly related to the operating pressure. In the current study, a new model is proposed for leakage amount and location detection and it is applie...

Wastewater reuse is a necessity especially in arid and semiarid regions. Assessing wastewater reuse applications and the required tertiary treatment technologies with regard to sustainable development issues is a multi-criteria decision making problem that involves a number of conflicting objectives and various types of uncertainties. In this study...

Typically, management and operation of wastewater treatment plants are based on effluent quality and comparing it with standard. Under this approach, only after the occurrence of adverse conditions, managers can be informed. As a result, simulation of treatment processes and evaluation of the performance of different treatment units under the inflo...

Contaminant intrusion into water distribution networks can have disastrous consequences. This event poses a threat to public health and could result in political instability and social problems. After the contaminant and its source are detected, the main issues are consequences management and contaminant withdrawal from the water distribution netwo...

Simulation of the interaction between an urban drainage system (UDS) and surface flow is a challenging issue. Conventional rainfall–runoff models are only able to simulate the flow in UDSs without considering the interaction between surface runoff and UDS. In this study, SWMM (storm water management model), as a well‐known urban drainage simulation...

The toxicity of phenol is such that even in its low concentration in industrial wastewater, it should be removed. Photocatalytic treatment is an appropriate method for treating toxic and difficult to biodegrade organic materials. However, most phenol containing wastewaters such as petrochemical wastewater, contain turbidity that limits photocatalyt...

Mismanagement of urban runoff can result in inundation which causes serious problems in providing urban services. Best management practices (BMPs) are used for urban runoff management. In this study, a method is proposed to determine the robust optimal set of BMPs for runoff management in data-poor catchments in urban areas. This method includes fi...

Saline water can be drained from the plant root zone by developing a drainage network; therefore, the control of soil salinity and the subsurface water level is important because a lack of control strategies will result in high salinity and nutrient concentrations. For the case of large drainage systems, this issue becomes more important due to the...

Due to increasing flood severities and frequencies, studies on coastal vulnerability assessment are of increasing concern. Evaluation of flood inundation depth and extent is the first issue in flood vulnerability analysis. This study has proposed a practical framework for reliable coastal floodplain delineation considering both inland and coastal f...

Climate change has impacted all phenomena in the hydrologic cycle, especially extreme events. GCMs (general circulation models) are used to investigate climate change impacts but because of their low resolution, downscaling methods are developed to provide data with high enough resolution for regional studies from GCM outputs. The performance of ra...

Water distribution systems (WDSs) are one of the vital infrastructures in urban areas. The common objective considered in WDSs design is providing required water with the minimum construction cost. Less attention is paid to “water quality” as an objective in optimal design of WDSs. The aim of this paper is to include a water quality based objective...

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the optimal operation of water distribution networks (WDNs) as a result of their enhanced quality and reliability with due regard for the economic limitations faced. For this purpose, the present study was designed and implemeted to realize the two objectives of minimizing disinfection costs and max...

The subject of this study concerns Urmia Lake which is one of the most valuable water habitats in Iran and investigation of crisis in the drop n of water level, significant decrease in the lake’s surface area and increase in its salinity.. In order to have better understanding of the processes that affect the lake's water level fluctuations and ass...

The importance of water distribution networks in social health and their role in urban and rural public service has resulted in many studies on these networks' performance. Most of the studies focused on hydraulic and qualitative aspects, while the environmental aspects were less considered. In this study, the environmental impacts of production, t...

Due to water resources limitations, special attention has been paid to wastewater reuse in recent years. The risks associated with wastewater reuse alternatives should be considered in decision-making. Even when selecting the alternative with the least risk, risk management issues are of high importance. This study aims to develop an algorithm for...

Oxic-settling-anoxic (OSA) process is one of the sludge production reduction methods in activated sludge process. In this method, sludge is stored in an anaerobic tank within the sludge return line before entrance into aeration tank. Due to this method's flexibility in application to operating treatment plants and not being energy consuming, its ap...

آبی که در مراحل مختلف تولید یک کالا مورد استفاده قرار می¬گیرد، آب مجازی ذخیره¬شده در کالا نامیده می¬شود. مبادلات کالا بین کشورها یک تجارت بین‌المللی آب مجازی به وجود می‌آورد. کشور ایران دارای اقلیم خشک و نیمه‌خشک می‌باشد و از توزیع نامنظم زمانی و مکانی منابع آب برخوردار است. به نظر می‌رسد بازنگری در سیاست‌های مدیریت منابع آب در جهت توسعه اقتصادی تج...

Water distribution systems, as an urban infrastructure, have an indisputable role in the productivity of a society and the quality of life of its residents. It is necessary to develop policies for evaluation of the urban infrastructure performance and determining the proper time of maintenance and rehabilitation activities to increase system produc...

Background/Objectives: In this study we have investigating Evaluation of Climate Change Impact on runoff. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this study, outputs of HADCM3 (Hadley Center Coupled Model, version 3) GCM (General Circulation Model) under A2 scenario is used to investigate the climate change impact on runoff of Gaveh Rood catchment in west...

Urban runoff management is one of the important issues in urban infrastructure development. Mismanagement of these infrastructures will result in serious problems in various parts. Best Management Practices (BMPs) are considered as modern approach used for urban runoff management. In this study main drainage system’s performance of surface waters o...

In integrated water resources management at the basin level, integrated view of the system and taking into account the interactions between the various components is essential. System dynamic model is a management tools according this approach that in addition to describing complex systems of water resources provide the possibility of user involvem...

In recent decades much attention has been paid to optimal operation of water distribution networks (WDNs). In this regard, the system operation costs, including energy and disinfection chemicals, as well as system reliability should be simultaneously considered in system performance optimisation, to provide the minimum required level of performance...

Simulation of rainfall-runoff process in urban areas is of great importance considering the consequences and damages of extreme runoff events and floods. The first issue in flood hazard analysis is rainfall simulation. Large scale climate signals have been proved to be effective in rainfall simulation and prediction. In this study, an integrated sc...

There is a high level of spatio-temporal variability in rainfall events over a region. Rain gauges provide point measurements that are interpolated to estimate the rainfall in other points of a region or in order to estimate the regional depth of rainfall. Due to limited numbers of rain gauges that can be deployed, it is important to plan for the o...