Santosh Rai

Manipal Academy of Higher Education | MAHE · Department of Radiology

Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a genetic disease associated with demyelination of the central nervous system, adrenal insufficiency, and accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids in tissue and body fluids. The attempt of this paper is to review the classical and not-so-classical MR imaging manifestations of adrenoleukodystrophy. A review of litera...

The study was undertaken to determine whether a single slice magnetic resonance (MR) myelogram sequence improves the interpretation and diagnostic yield for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine. A total of 100 cases with positive findings were retrospectively reviewed. All patients had initial imaging with sagittal T1-weighted (T1-W) and T...

Eosinophilic meningitis may be caused by non-infectious and infectious agents. Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the commonest causative agent of eosinophilic meningitis. Rats are the primary hosts of this parasite. Humans get infected by ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked hosts (snails or monitor lizard) or food contaminated with the infective t...

Objective: This study was performed to investigate whether diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) are more effective than conventional imaging modalities for evaluation of stroke and selection of candidates for thrombolytic therapy. Methods: Eighty patients who presented within 12 hours of onset of symptoms of...

Purpose: In the study, we investigated whether speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in India use practice and feedback conditions of motor learning principles (MLPs), including biofeedback, in dysphagia therapy in adults using a problem-solution approach. Method: Based on a literature review and clinical experience, we developed and validated a h...

Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the synergistic role and advantages of integrating noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in disorders of the pancreatobiliary (PB) system. Methods In this cross-sectional and retrospective record-based study, radiological (NCCT and MRCP) data were...

Purpose The current study aimed to profile vocal fold morphology, vocal fold symmetry, gender and task-specific data for vocal fold length (VFL) and vocal fold displacement velocity (VFDV) in young normophonic adults in the age range of 18–30 years using ultrasonography (USG). Methods Participants underwent USG across quiet breathing, /a/ phonatio...

IgG4-Related Diseases

Bilateral tendoachilles xanthomatosis is a rare entity and is frequently found in association with the primary hyperlipidemia. It is characterized by the deposition of cholesterol in tendons. An early diagnosis with different imaging modalities changes the course of the disease. This case report illustrates the bilateral tendoachilles xanthomas on...

Cerebrovascular disease, one of the most prevalent and devastating diseases among adults, may arise from various sources, including disorders of the brain vasculature, cardiac and pulmonary disorders, and systemic and genetic diseases. Cerebrovascular disease encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders including stroke and transient ischemic attack....

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) have become an increasing cause of concern among sonologists. In this study, we evaluate the incidence and risk factors for WRMSDs among sonologists in the pre-COVID-19 and present COVID-19 era while identifying high-risk zones for WRMSDs and providing a brief review of optimal working con...

Background: CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core biopsy (CB) are commonly used to characterise lung lesions. There is conflicting information on which method is superior and wide variation in reported complication rates. Our objectives were to establish the efficacy and safety of percutaneous CT-guided FNA and...

The basic anatomy and morphology of subarachnoid cisterns of the brain are interesting and challenging topics with high clinical significance. These enlarged CSF-filled expansions are important as they transmit various neurovascular structures. The cisterns can be classified based on their location as supratentorial, at the level of the tentorium,...

Background – Image-guided percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) using a pigtail catheter bridges the gap between non-invasive and invasive surgical intervention with minimally invasive, image-guided drainage. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy, feasibility, safety, and relevant clinical outcomes of image guided PCD of thoracic, abdominal, and...

Background: Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and is also associated with many pulmonary complications. Decreased cardiopulmonary function and functional capacity is one of the major treatment related side effects of chemoradiation therapy. In this study we aimed to assess and quantify the impact of treatment related si...

Pancoast syndrome is a commonly seen manifestation of lung malignancies, and benign causes are uncommon. We report a case of a patient without any known cause of immunosuppression who presented with Pancoast syndrome and a radiological mass like lesion in the lung apex, that was revealed be due to aspergillosis.

Pancoast syndrome is a commonly seen manifestation of lung malignancies, and benign causes are uncommon. We report a case of a patient without any known cause of immunosuppression who presented with Pancoast syndrome and a radiological mass like lesion in the lung apex, that was revealed be due to aspergillosis.

This letter describes the cytological features in a case of primary neuroendocrine tumour of breast.

Objectives: Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) often experience pulmonary symptoms. This study evaluated if a 7-week inspiratory muscle training (IMT) program during CCRT is feasible, adherent, and safe in patients with HNC. This study also evaluated the effect of IMT on diaphragm thickness, mob...

In clinical practice, lymphomatous involvement of the adrenal gland is rare. Most of these turn out to be Diffuse large B cell lymphomas. Primary Plasmablastic lymphoma(PBL) of adrenal gland is extremely rare. We report a case of PBL of the adrenal gland presenting as lymphomatous meningitis in a 45 year old male patient living with HIV.

Acute pancreatitis has multiple aetiologies. Acute pancreatitis is divided into interstitial oedematous pancreatitis or necrotizing pancre­atitis based on morphology. According to the revised Atlanta classification necrotizing pancreatitis is further sub­divided into acute necrotic collec­tion if the disease develops within 4 weeks or walled-off ne...

Lipoid pneumonia (LP) is an unwonted, mostly asymptomatic entity which has no classical radiological appearance. It can be endogenous or exogenous depending upon the type of exposure or underlying milieu. It simulates a number of infective and malignant respiratory conditions and can go undiagnosed or delayed leading to morbidity and mortality. We...

Context: Radiology and pathology are pivotal tools in the investigational artillery for management of wide spectrum of hepatic lesions and early detection is of a paramount importance. Aims: The study aimed at analyzing the efficacy, comparative yield and validity of image-guided aspiration cytology (FNA)/core biopsy (CB) in focal hepatic lesion...

Chest imaging has been recommended mainly for patients with moderate to severe features of COVID‑19 and evidence of worsening respiratory status. As per the guidelines proposed by the WHO task force, the primary indications for HRCT are for symptomatic patients with suspected COVID‑19 when (1) RT‑PCR testing is not available; (2) RT‑PCR testing is...

Aim: In this study, we aim to evaluate the perception and practice of IPC measures by Radiologists during pre-COVID and present COVID times, while conducting a thorough review of current concepts and literature, to provide a standard operating procedure (SOP) for radiology operations. Methods: This study was conducted by Department of Radiodiagn...

An elderly adult woman presented with upper abdominal pain to the urology department. Imaging studies revealed a right adrenal lesion with central necrosis, abutting the large vessels and suggestive of malignancy. Histopathology showed an encapsulated spindle cell tumor with marked nuclear atypia, cystic change, and hemorrhage. S100 immunomarker wa...

Abstract Objective: To review the role of physiotherapy and its effects in hospice care of patients with advanced cancer. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and PEDro. The search strategy was devised, articles were screened, and 2 independent reviewers conducted data extraction. Eligi...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable pulmonary disease that has extensive pulmonary and pathological adaptations. Few of these pathological changes are airway , persistent airflow limitation, finally leading to pulmonary hyperinflation. The diaphragm, which is the primary muscle of inspiration, is put through...

Background: Reduced physical and functional capacity is one of the main treatment-related side effects of chemoradiation therapy in head-and-neck cancer patients. We evaluated a case of a head-and-neck cancer patient who was undergoing chemoradiation and was assessed for various components of cardiopulmonary function that plays a vital role in the...

We report an unusual case of massive haemoptysis in young patient with mass lesion in left upper lobe. Bronchoscopic biopsy, percutaneous CT guided biopsy & serum marker confirmed the lesion to be granulomatous with polyangiitis (GPA). Rarity of the case was endoluminal bronchial lesion in GPA and radiographic presentation of mass lesion on the Com...

Context: Abortion and unintended pregnancy in India is on the rise, and a large proportion of these unintended pregnancies end up in induced abortion. The soaring rate of abortion among Indian women can be influenced by a plethora of reasons. Aims: 1) To identify the rate of second trimester abortion2) To determine the reasons behind second trimest...

Context: Abortion and unintended pregnancy in India is on the rise, and a large proportion of these unintended pregnancies end up in induced abortion. The soaring rate of abortion among Indian women can be influenced by a plethora of reasons. Aims: 1) To identify the rate of second trimester abortion2) To determine the reasons behind second trimest...

Prose and poetry during lockdown– Mid-2020!

Background Percutaneous, image-guided transthoracic fine needle aspiration cytology (TTFNAC) is a rapid, yet accurate, and well-established diagnostic method used in the cytological evaluation of intrathoracic lesions. The study was done to determine the utility of image-guided TTFNAC in diagnosis of intrathoracic lesions. Subjects and Methods A r...

Cavernomas are vascular malformations which are collections of endothelium-lined sinusoids without intervening cerebral parenchyma. Hypothalamic location of cavernoma is extremely rare. We present a case of a 34-year-old male who presented with complaints of recent memory loss and vomiting. On magnetic resonance imaging with gradient sequences and...

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) impairs the function of the diaphragm by placing it at a mechanical disadvantage, shortening its operating length and changing the mechanical linkage between its various parts. This makes the diaphragm's contraction less effective in raising and expanding the lower rib cage, thereby increasi...

Introduction According to the 2011 census report, the 0–6 child sex ratio decreased by 5 points registering 947 female children to 1000 male children in Dakshina Kannada district as compared to the 2001 census. Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of sex selection) Act passed in the year 1994 by Govt. of India was later...

Introduction: Rotational malalignment after intramedullary fixation of fractures of the shaft of femur and tibia has been assessed by many studies but less frequently after intramedullary fixation of intertrochanteric fractures. Intertrochanteric fractures are managed by closed reduction in a traction table and fixation either by dynamic hip screw...

We present a case of multiple osteolytic lesions in a 28-year-old adult who presented with headache, back pain, and hip pain of 6 months. There was no history of localized swelling or rise of temperature, no history of weight loss or evening rise of temperature. On examination, there were no focal neurological deficits. Routine laboratory investiga...

Invasive fungal infections are rare in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It compromises the antileukemia therapy should it happen. Central nervous system fungal infections carry high mortality. We here report the case of a 6.5-year-old girl who developed multiple central nervous system fungal abscesses possibly due to Aspergillus infectio...

Haemangiomas are most common non-malignant vascular tumours of infancy. Here, we describe an antenatally detected mass over the neck causing compressive respiratory compromise at birth requiring resuscitative measures at birth. The mass showed increased vascularity on Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) with extension upto superior mediast...

Melioidosis is an emerging disease in our country caused by the bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis can virtually affect any organ. It has varying clinical presentations ranging from pneumonia to fatal sepsis. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in melioidosis is rare. We present a case of CNS melioidosis from South India. As the i...

The stenosis of aqueduct of Sylvius (AS) is a very common cause of obstruction to cerebrospinal fluid. Multiple etiologies are proposed for this condition. Because treatment is specific for correctable disorder, assessment of etiology gains importance. A case of pediatric hydrocephalus was diagnosed with stenosis of AS on magnetic resonance imaging...

We present a case of acute silicosis presenting with severe breathlessness and respiratory failure. An unusual aspect in our case was the presence of acute silicosis with respiratory failure in backdrop of long-term silica exposure. The other striking aspect in this case was the demonstration of crystalline silica particles under polarizing light i...

Background: HRCT with oblique reconstructions, a modification of routine CT provides minute structural details.The purpose of the study is primarily to understand the capability of HRCT with oblique reconstructions in diagnosis and detection of pathologies of the temporal bone in middle ear infection. A total of 23 referred cases of CSOM were subje...

A 75 year old male admitted with confusion was diagnosed to have small cell cancer in the right lower lobe of lung. On detailed evaluation he was also found to have a m etastatic malignant ulcer over his left inguinal region. The rarity of skin metastases in lung cancer, the infrequent propensity of small cell cancer to metastasize to the skin, the...

Mixed germ cell tumors (GCTs) are aggressive tumors owing to poor response to therapy, frequent recurrence and metastasis. We present here a case of 29-year-old male with recurrent metastatic mixed GCT in the left parietal lobe, with right testicular primary. Interestingly, the recurrent tumor exhibited a seminomatous component, in addition to yolk...

A rare case of right frontal bleed in elderly gentleman secondary to anterior cranial fossa dural arteriovenous fistula was detected on computed tomography angiogram, and complete endovascular embolization was achieved through ophthalmic arteries using glue as embolic material. Successful endovascular treatment along with surgical evacuation of sub...

A 13-year-old male was operated for a space occupying lesion in the brain. A noncontrast computed tomography scan done in the late postoperative period showed massive subdural air collection causing compression of bilateral frontal lobes with widening of interhemispheric fissure and the frontal lobes acquiring a peak like configuration – causing te...

We have attempted an experiment of performing a single organ post mortem angiography in a cadaver kidney using barium suspension, to understand the vascular anatomy and to justify the use of dilute barium suspension as a cheaper and easily available substitute to the more costlier commercially available agents. Through our small experiment we would...

Postpartum complications are diverse. Electrolyte imbalance with hypernatremia can occur secondary to underlying postpartum complication or can arise de novo. Hypernatremia causes demyelination similar to hyponatremia but predominantly involves extra-pontine structures. Here, we present two cases, one classical and another a variant of a recently d...

We report a very rare case of seminal vesicle schwannoma in a 50-year-old male, with left hydroureteronephrosis. Only five cases of seminal vesicle schwannomas have been reported in medical literature until date.

Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, is a rare vascular tumor of undetermined malignant potential. Clinical symptoms and signs are nonspecific, and the diagnosis may be easily missed. We report a case of 23 - year - old female who presented with right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Ultrasonography of the abdomen showed multiple discrete nodule...

We report the rare case of a giant liposarcoma of the posterior mediastinum presenting with symptoms of dysphagia and esophageal reflux due to extrinsic compression. A contrast - enhanced computed tomogram (CT) of the chest revealed a large fat density mass in the mid and posterior mediastinum. CT‑guided biospy showed vacuolated cells (lipoblasts)...

Background Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is considered as the gold standard in the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of computed tomogram angiography (CTA) in the detection and accurate characterization of intracranial aneurysms in suspected cases of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemor...

Aims: The objective of this study is to assess the cases of massive hemoptysis suited for bronchial artery embolization (BAE). The useful role of computed tomography angiography (CTA) in assessing the arteries responsible for the hemoptysis, prior to endovascular imaging and intervention is assessed. Materials and Methods: CTA was performed with a...

Paragangliomas are rare with multicentricity being more common in patients with familial history. Early recognition of the characteristic symptoms of headache, palpitations, and diaphoresis in a patient with hypertension and prompt appropriate intervention can minimize the morbidity associated with such tumors and prevent a potentially fatal outcom...